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21-861: Iu Mien and Kim Mun are similar to each other, having a lexical similarity percentage of 78%. In China , Kim Mun is spoken in the following counties (Mao 2004:304-305). Ethnologue lists several counties in Vietnam where Kim Mun is spoken. Van Ban district of Lao Cai province is one of the primary areas where Kim Mun is spoken in Vietnam. In Vietnam, Dao people belonging to the Quần Trắng, Thanh Y, and Áo Dài subgroups speak Kim Mun. Kim Mun speakers are also scattered across northern Laos. Daniel Arisawa has performed fieldwork with an isolated speaker of Kim Mun (originally from Laos) in Lampang province , northern Thailand (along

42-448: A consonant and the palatal approximant [j] . The common laminal "palatalized" alveolars, which also contrast with palatals, have a unique place of articulation and should be called alveolo-palatal consonants . Palatal consonants have their primary articulation toward or in contact with the hard palate , whereas palatalized consonants have a primary articulation in some other area and a secondary articulation involving movement towards

63-525: A syllable final by itself, where it has an extremely restricted distribution, occurring only after the (alveolo-)palatal consonants /tɕ/, /dʑ/, and /ɲ/ . The sound /ɛ/ may be a secondary development from /aɪ/ in this context, although Bruhn does not discuss this issue. Iu Mien is a tonal language with six observed tonemes . In the Iu Mien United Script (the language's most common writing system), tones are not marked with diacritics; rather,

84-411: A word's tone is indicated by a special marker letter at the end of the word. If a word lacks a marker, then it is to be pronounced with a middle tone. Iu Mien is an analytic language and lacks inflection . It is also a monosyllabic language , with most of its lexicon consisting of one syllable . The language follows a SVO word order. Some other syntactic properties include the following: In

105-655: Is tonal and monosyllabic . Linguists in China consider the dialect spoken in Changdong, Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County , Guangxi to be the standard. This standard is also spoken by Iu Mien in the West, however, because most are refugees from Laos , their dialect incorporates influences from the Lao and Thai languages. Iu Mien has 78% lexical similarity with Kim Mun (Lanten), 70% with Biao-Jiao Mien , and 61% with Dzao Min . In China, it

126-584: Is spoken in the following counties (Mao 2004:302–303). There are 130,000 speakers in Hunan province , and 400,000 speakers in Guangxi , Yunnan , Guangdong , Guizhou and Jiangxi provinces. In Vietnam, Dao people belonging to the Đại Bản, Tiểu Bản, Quần Chẹt, Ô Gang, Cóc Ngáng, and Cóc Mùn subgroups speak Iu Mien dialects. There are 31 cited consonant phonemes in Iu Mien. A distinguishing feature of Iu Mien consonants

147-469: Is the presence of voiceless nasals and laterals. It appears that all single consonant phonemes except /ʔ/ can occur as the onset . Unlike Hmong , which generally prohibits coda consonants, Iu Mien has seven single consonant phonemes that can take the coda position. These consonants are /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, [p̚], [t̚], [k̚], and /ʔ/ . Some of the stops can only occur as final consonants when accompanied by certain tones ; for example, /ʔ/ only occurs with

168-742: The Vietnamese language , this alphabet does not use any diacritics to distinguish tones or different vowel sounds, and only uses the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet . This orthography distinguishes 30 initials, 128 finals, and eight tones. Hyphens are used to link adjectives with the nouns they modify. The alphabet is similar to the RPA used to write the Hmong language and the Hanyu Pinyin transcription scheme used for Chinese. The following films feature

189-481: The palatalization or slender of velars. Spanish marginally distinguishes palatal consonants from sequences of a dental and the palatal approximant, e.g. in lleísmo Spanish the laterals ll (/l̠ʲ/→ʎ) and ly (/lj/→lɟʝ), and for all Spanish speakers, in the case of nasals: So is the difference between Russian clusters ня and нъя (the Russian palatal approximant never becomes [ɟʝ]). However, phonetically speaking,

210-427: The Iu Mien language: Palatal consonant Palatals are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). Consonants with the tip of the tongue curled back against the palate are called retroflex . The most common type of palatal consonant is the extremely common approximant [j] , which ranks among the ten most common sounds in

231-578: The Spanish one is simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal while the Russian soft one is alveolopalatal laminal (except for /rʲ/ which is apical with a secondary articulation). Neither are true palatals like the Irish one. Sometimes the term palatal is used imprecisely to mean "palatalized". Also, languages that have sequences of consonants and /j/, but no separate palatal or palatalized consonants (e.g. English ), will often pronounce

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252-513: The above table, has a phoneme /ɛ/ that does not have its own spelling, but is represented in various contexts either as ⟨e⟩ or ⟨ai⟩ (which are also used for /e/ and /aɪ/ , respectively). In all cases where /ɛ/ is spelled ⟨e⟩ , and nearly all cases where it is spelled ⟨ai⟩ , it does not contrast with /e/ or /aɪ/ , respectively, and can be viewed as an allophone of these sounds. The only potential exception appears to be when occurring as

273-671: The aforementioned vowels through /i/ - or /u/ -on-gliding (having /i/ or /u/ before the vowel). Such vowels attested by Bruhn include ⟨ia⟩ , ⟨iaa⟩ , ⟨ie⟩ , ⟨io⟩ , ⟨iu⟩ , ⟨ior⟩ , ⟨iai⟩ , ⟨iaai⟩ , ⟨iau⟩ , ⟨iaau⟩ , ⟨iei⟩ , ⟨iou⟩ , ⟨ua⟩ , ⟨uaa⟩ , ⟨uae⟩ , ⟨ue⟩ , ⟨ui⟩ , ⟨uo⟩ , ⟨uai⟩ , ⟨uaai⟩ , and ⟨uei⟩ . The dialect studied by Bruhn, and described in

294-402: The apical palatalized alveolar nasal ("lenis") /nʲ/ (slender n ), nonetheless most modern Irish speakers may either merge the latter two or depalatalize the apical palatalized consonant. So is the difference between the two Migueleño Chiquitano stops. In both languages alveolo-palatal consonants correspond to the palatalization or slender of alveolars while palatal consonants correspond to

315-595: The border of Mae Mo district and Ngao district ). Iu Mien The Iu Mien language ( Iu Mien : Iu Mienh , [ju˧ mjɛn˧˩] ; Chinese : 勉語 or 勉方言 ; Thai : ภาษาอิวเมี่ยน ) is the language spoken by the Iu Mien people in China (where they are considered a constituent group of the Yao peoples ), Laos , Vietnam , Thailand and, more recently, the United States in diaspora. Like other Mien languages , it

336-466: The hard palate. Palatal and palatalized consonants are both single phonemes , whereas a sequence of a consonant and [j] is logically two phonemes. However, (post)palatal consonants in general do not contrast with palatalized velars, which in theory have slightly wider place of articulation than postpalatals. Irish distinguishes the dorsal palatal nasal /ɲ/ (slender ng ) from both the laminal alveolo-palatal nasal ("fortis") /ȵ/ (slender nn ) and

357-498: The past, the lack of an alphabet caused low rates of literacy amongst the Iu Mien speakers. It had been written with Chinese characters in China; however, this is extremely difficult for Iu Mien speakers from other countries such as Laos and from groups who now live in the West. In an effort to address this, an Iu Mien Unified Script was created in 1984 using the Latin script, based on an earlier orthography developed in China. Unlike

378-635: The raising of the tongue surface towards the hard palate. For example, English [ʃ] (spelled sh ) has such a palatal component, although its primary articulation involves the tip of the tongue and the upper gum (this type of articulation is called palatoalveolar ). In phonology , alveolo-palatal , palatoalveolar and palatovelar consonants are commonly grouped as palatals, since these categories rarely contrast with true palatals. Sometimes palatalized alveolars or dentals can be analyzed in this manner as well. Palatal consonants can be distinguished from apical palatalized consonants and consonant clusters of

399-500: The sequence with /j/ as a single palatal or palatalized consonant. This is due to the principle of least effort and is an example of the general phenomenon of coarticulation . (On the other hand, Spanish speakers can be careful to pronounce /nj/ as two separate sounds to avoid possible confusion with /ɲ/ .) For a table of examples of palatal /ɲ ʎ/ in the Romance languages , see Palatalization (sound change) § Mouillé . Symbols to

420-819: The tone ⟨c⟩ or ⟨v⟩ . Iu Mien vowels are represented in the Iu Mien United Script using combinations of the six letters, ⟨a⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , and ⟨r⟩ . According to Bruhn, the monophthongs are ⟨i⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨ai⟩ , ⟨er⟩ , ⟨ae⟩ , ⟨a⟩ , ⟨aa⟩ , and ⟨or⟩ . The diphthongs are ⟨ai⟩ , ⟨aai⟩ , ⟨au⟩ , ⟨aau⟩ , ⟨ei⟩ , ⟨oi⟩ , ⟨ou⟩ , ⟨eu⟩ . Furthermore, additional diphthongs and triphthongs can be formed from

441-636: The world's languages. The nasal [ɲ] is also common, occurring in around 35 percent of the world's languages, in most of which its equivalent obstruent is not the stop [c] , but the affricate [ t͡ʃ ] . Only a few languages in northern Eurasia, the Americas and central Africa contrast palatal stops with postalveolar affricates—as in Hungarian , Czech , Latvian , Macedonian , Slovak , Turkish and Albanian . Consonants with other primary articulations may be palatalized , that is, accompanied by

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