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21-620: Linguists in China consider the dialect spoken in Changdong, Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County , Guangxi to be the standard. This standard is also spoken by Iu Mien in the West, however, because most are refugees from Laos , their dialect incorporates influences from the Lao and Thai languages. Iu Mien has 78% lexical similarity with Kim Mun (Lanten), 70% with Biao-Jiao Mien , and 61% with Dzao Min . In China, it

42-726: A majority of the Slavic languages , characterized by free word order , are synthetic languages . Nouns in Russian inflect for at least six cases, most of which descended from Proto-Indo-European cases, whose functions English translates by instead using other strategies like prepositions , verbal voice , word order, and possessive 's . Modern Hebrew is more analytic than Classical Hebrew mostly with nouns. Classical Hebrew relies heavily on inflectional morphology to convey grammatical relationships, while in Modern Hebrew, there has been

63-749: A moderately high ratio of morphemes per word, but since it has almost no inflectional affixes at all to convey grammatical relationships, it is a very analytic language. English is not totally analytic in its nouns since it uses inflections for number (e.g., "one day, three days; one boy, four boys") and possession ("The boy's ball" vis-à-vis "The boy has a ball"). Mandarin Chinese, by contrast, has no inflections on its nouns: compare 一天 yī tiān 'one day', 三天 sān tiān 'three days' (literally 'three day'); 一個男孩 yī ge nánhái 'one boy' (lit. 'one [entity of] male child'), 四個男孩 sì ge nánhái 'four boys' (lit. 'four [entity of] male child'). Furthermore English

84-475: A series of root/stem words is accompanied by prepositions , postpositions , particles and modifiers , using affixes very rarely. This is opposed to synthetic languages , which synthesize many concepts into a single word, using affixes regularly. Syntactic roles are assigned to words primarily by word order . For example, by changing the individual words in the Latin phrase fēl-is pisc-em cēpit "the cat caught

105-511: A significant reduction of the use of inflectional morphology. A related concept is that of isolating languages , which are those with a low morpheme-per-word ratio (taking into account derivational morphemes as well). Purely isolating languages are by definition analytic and lack inflectional morphemes. However, the reverse is not necessarily true, and a language can have derivational morphemes but lack inflectional morphemes. For example, Mandarin Chinese has many compound words , which gives it

126-525: A syllable final by itself, where it has an extremely restricted distribution, occurring only after the (alveolo-)palatal consonants /tɕ/, /dʑ/, and /ɲ/ . The sound /ɛ/ may be a secondary development from /aɪ/ in this context, although Bruhn does not discuss this issue. Iu Mien is a tonal language with six observed tonemes . In the Iu Mien United Script (the language's most common writing system), tones are not marked with diacritics; rather,

147-411: A word's tone is indicated by a special marker letter at the end of the word. If a word lacks a marker, then it is to be pronounced with a middle tone. Iu Mien is an analytic language and lacks inflection . It is also a monosyllabic language , with most of its lexicon consisting of one syllable . The language follows a SVO word order. Some other syntactic properties include the following: In

168-919: Is commonly used in a relative rather than an absolute sense . The most prominent and widely used Indo-European analytic language is Modern English , which has lost much of the inflectional morphology that it inherited from Proto-Indo-European , Proto-Germanic and Old English over the centuries and has not gained any new inflectional morphemes in the meantime, which makes it more analytic than most other Indo-European languages. For example, Proto-Indo-European had much more complex grammatical conjugation , grammatical genders , dual number and inflections for eight or nine cases in its nouns , pronouns , adjectives , numerals , participles , postpositions and determiners , Standard English has lost nearly all of them (except for three modified cases for pronouns ) along with genders and dual number and simplified its conjugation. Latin , German , Greek , and Russian and

189-533: Is considered to be weakly inflected and comparatively more analytic than most other Indo-European languages . Persian has features of agglutination , making use of prefixes and suffixes attached to the stems of verbs and nouns, thus making it a synthetic language rather than an analytic one. Persian is an SOV language, thus having a head-final phrase structure. Persian utilizes a noun root + plural suffix + case suffix + postposition suffix syntax similar to Turkish. For example: Mashinhashunra niga mikardam meaning 'I

210-538: Is spoken in Liuxiang 六巷乡, and Longhua 龙化村 of Changdong 长垌乡. Mao Zongwu (2004) notes that Jiongnai speakers are also given the exonym "Hualan Yao" 花蓝瑶. L.-Thongkum (1993:170) proposes the following classification scheme for the languages of the four Mienic-speaking groups, which go back to what she calls the Proto-Mjuenic language. Analytic language An analytic language is a type of natural language in which

231-582: Is spoken in the following counties (Mao 2004:302–303). There are 130,000 speakers in Hunan province , and 400,000 speakers in Guangxi , Yunnan , Guangdong , Guizhou and Jiangxi provinces. In Vietnam, Dao people belonging to the Đại Bản, Tiểu Bản, Quần Chẹt, Ô Gang, Cóc Ngáng, and Cóc Mùn subgroups speak Iu Mien dialects. There are 31 cited consonant phonemes in Iu Mien. A distinguishing feature of Iu Mien consonants

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252-467: Is the presence of voiceless nasals and laterals. It appears that all single consonant phonemes except /ʔ/ can occur as the onset . Unlike Hmong , which generally prohibits coda consonants, Iu Mien has seven single consonant phonemes that can take the coda position. These consonants are /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, [p̚], [t̚], [k̚], and /ʔ/ . Some of the stops can only occur as final consonants when accompanied by certain tones ; for example, /ʔ/ only occurs with

273-742: The Vietnamese language , this alphabet does not use any diacritics to distinguish tones or different vowel sounds, and only uses the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet . This orthography distinguishes 30 initials, 128 finals, and eight tones. Hyphens are used to link adjectives with the nouns they modify. The alphabet is similar to the RPA used to write the Hmong language and the Hanyu Pinyin transcription scheme used for Chinese. The following films feature

294-572: The Iu Mien language: Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County Jinxiu ( Chinese : 金秀 ; pinyin : Jīnxiù ; Zhuang : Ginhsiu ) is a county of eastern Guangxi , China, located in an area of relatively high concentrations of the Yao people . It is administered as the Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County of Laibin City. Established in 1952, with the name of Dayaoshan Autonomous Zone , in 1966, it

315-513: The above table, has a phoneme /ɛ/ that does not have its own spelling, but is represented in various contexts either as ⟨e⟩ or ⟨ai⟩ (which are also used for /e/ and /aɪ/ , respectively). In all cases where /ɛ/ is spelled ⟨e⟩ , and nearly all cases where it is spelled ⟨ai⟩ , it does not contrast with /e/ or /aɪ/ , respectively, and can be viewed as an allophone of these sounds. The only potential exception appears to be when occurring as

336-671: The aforementioned vowels through /i/ - or /u/ -on-gliding (having /i/ or /u/ before the vowel). Such vowels attested by Bruhn include ⟨ia⟩ , ⟨iaa⟩ , ⟨ie⟩ , ⟨io⟩ , ⟨iu⟩ , ⟨ior⟩ , ⟨iai⟩ , ⟨iaai⟩ , ⟨iau⟩ , ⟨iaau⟩ , ⟨iei⟩ , ⟨iou⟩ , ⟨ua⟩ , ⟨uaa⟩ , ⟨uae⟩ , ⟨ue⟩ , ⟨ui⟩ , ⟨uo⟩ , ⟨uai⟩ , ⟨uaai⟩ , and ⟨uei⟩ . The dialect studied by Bruhn, and described in

357-433: The fish" to fēl-em pisc-is cēpit "the fish caught the cat", the fish becomes the subject, while the cat becomes the object. This transformation is not possible in an analytic language without altering the word order. Typically, analytic languages have a low morpheme -per- word ratio, especially with respect to inflectional morphemes . No natural language, however, is purely analytic or purely synthetic. The term analytic

378-599: The owners of the lands, as the dates of their first arrivals are estimated at around 1,000 years ago. They lived in settled villages and enjoyed some economic stability. The Pan 盘 and Shanzi 山子 are more recent arrivals, and they lived as tenants of the other established Yao people, living a nomadic life that did not allow them to accumulate many material possessions. The languages spoken by each five Yao groups are as follows (L.-Thongkum 1993). Unless indicated otherwise, all locations are in Jinxiu County. Additionally, Jiongnai

399-497: The past, the lack of an alphabet caused low rates of literacy amongst the Iu Mien speakers. It had been written with Chinese characters in China; however, this is extremely difficult for Iu Mien speakers from other countries such as Laos and from groups who now live in the West. In an effort to address this, an Iu Mien Unified Script was created in 1984 using the Latin script, based on an earlier orthography developed in China. Unlike

420-818: The tone ⟨c⟩ or ⟨v⟩ . Iu Mien vowels are represented in the Iu Mien United Script using combinations of the six letters, ⟨a⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , and ⟨r⟩ . According to Bruhn, the monophthongs are ⟨i⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨ai⟩ , ⟨er⟩ , ⟨ae⟩ , ⟨a⟩ , ⟨aa⟩ , and ⟨or⟩ . The diphthongs are ⟨ai⟩ , ⟨aai⟩ , ⟨au⟩ , ⟨aau⟩ , ⟨ei⟩ , ⟨oi⟩ , ⟨ou⟩ , ⟨eu⟩ . Furthermore, additional diphthongs and triphthongs can be formed from

441-500: Was renamed as Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County. It has an area of 2,517 square kilometres (972 sq mi), much of it mountainous, and a population in 2004 of approximately 150,000. The county administers 3 towns and 7 townships: Towns: Townships: Practically isolated from the outside world until the 1930s, Jinxiu was inhabited by five different branches of Yao: Chashan 茶山, Ao 坳, Hualan 花蓝, Pan 盘, and Shanzi 山子. The first three branches (Chashan 茶山, Ao 坳, Hualan 花蓝) were considered

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