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50-562: A number of branches of Jeungsanism trace their origins to Goh Pan-Lye (Subu, literally "Head Lady," 1880–1935, although in Kang's circle there was more than one "Subu"), a female disciple of Kang Jeungsan. Around September 1911, Goh gathered around her a number of Kang's followers. Eventually, Goh's male cousin, Cha Gyeong-Seok (1880–1936), a leading disciple of Kang, became the leader of Goh's branch. Dissatisfied with this situation, Goh separated from Cha in 1919 and established her own new religion. In

100-490: A female disciple of Kang Jeungsan. Around September 1911, Goh gathered around her a number of Kang's followers. Eventually, Goh’s male cousin, Cha Gyeong-Seok (1880-1936), a leading disciple of Kang, became the leader of Goh's branch. Dissatisfied with this situation, Goh separated from Cha in 1919 and joined forces with Lee Sangho (1888–1967), who, together with his brother Lee Jeongnip (1895–1968), established various organizations and finally Jeungsangyo Headquarters. The Lees were

150-497: A lineage originating from Goh is Jeung San Do , founded by Ahn Un-san (1922–2012), a former disciple of the Lee brothers, who established his first religious organization in 1945. After further divisions, Ahn founded the current Jeung San Do in 1974 together with his son, Ahn Gyeong-jeon (b. 1954). Jeung San Do believes that, as Kang was God the Father, Goh, revered with the title of Tae-mo-nim,

200-509: A reasonable degree of accuracy. However, the recognition of chaos has led to improvements in weather forecasting , as now forecasters recognize that measurements are imperfect and thus run many simulations starting from slightly different conditions, called ensemble forecasting . Of the seminal significance of Lorenz's work, Kerry Emanuel , a prominent meteorologist and climate scientist at MIT, has stated: "By showing that certain deterministic systems have formal predictability limits, Ed put

250-449: A sequence of data again, and to save time he started the simulation in the middle of its course. He did this by entering a printout of the data that corresponded to conditions in the middle of the original simulation. To his surprise, the weather that the machine began to predict was completely different from the previous calculation. The culprit: a rounded decimal number on the computer printout. The computer worked with 6-digit precision, but

300-837: A successor, and both his main disciples and some of his relatives established separate branches, which in turn separated into further rival organizations, generating more than 100 religious orders within the general family of Jeungsanism. All recognize Kang as Sangje , the Supreme God of the Universe, and believe that he reordered the whole universe through his mission and rituals, but they differ on who Kang's successors should have been. Some of them have divinized and worship as deities their own founders, or other leaders of Jeungsanism, in addition to Kang. A number of branches trace their origins to Goh Pan-Lye (Subu, literally “Head Lady,” 1880-1935, although in Kang's circle there were two different "Subus"),

350-495: A symposium, named MIT on Chaos and Climate, in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Lorenz and Charney . The two-day event featured presentations from world-renowned experts on the many scientific contributions that the two pioneers made on the fields of numerical weather prediction , physical oceanography , atmospheric dynamics , and experimental fluid dynamics , as well as the personal legacy they left behind of integrity, optimism, and collaboration. A video produced for

400-493: A synonym of Jeung San Do (증산도), a Korean new religious movement , or to designate a family of more than 100 Korean new religious movements that recognize Kang Jeungsan ( Gang Il-Sun ) as the incarnation of the Supreme God of the Universe, Sangje . Kang Jeungsan, recognized by his disciples as the Supreme God incarnated, died on June 24, 1909, at the Donggok Clinic he had established in 1908. Kang had not clearly designated

450-499: A whole, therefore, the name " Jeung San Do " signifies the highest truth that surpasses all existing religions and teachings. Sangjenim means "Highest Emperor", and is cognate of the Chinese Shangdi . It is the governing spirit of the universe, and Jeung San Do believe he was incarnated as Gang Il-sun , although God for Jeung San Do also exists as God the mother, incarnated on earth as Goh Pan-Lye. Jeung San Do teaches that, at

500-421: Is Korean food streamer vessel for cooking Korean rice cakes, Tteok ( 떡 ). It signifies a vast vessel by metaphor that can contain everything in the world. To conclude, " jeung " (甑) denotes the process of rising, maturation, fruition or growth. " Jeung san " is also a traditional Korean descriptive term for the highest mountain in a region or "steamer mountain". " Do " (道) denotes Tao , the way. Considered as

550-629: Is the Butterfly Effect in Edward Lorenz 's Chaos Theory. According to that theory, a butterfly flapping its wings in America could cause or prevent a tornado in Indonesia. This of course illustrates the improbability of predicting any event in a highly complex system due to the difficulty of knowing all variables. But, what if someone were enlightened to the point of omnipotence? What if someone did know all

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600-551: The Empire of Japan completed the annexation of Korea in 1910, they were merely pawns or workmen ( ilkkun ) of Sangjenim; racial brothers who saved Korea from domination by the Western great powers . The Japanese, according to this narrative, provided the "service" ( pongsa ) of modernizing Korea as penance for the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) . Accordingly, resistance against Japan

650-475: The Korean peninsula and ended with the crushing defeat of the farmers and Japan's annexation of the country. After observing the death and misery brought on by these events, Jeung San Sangjenim resolved to save the world from suffering. He traveled for three years to observe human behavior and the shape, qi , and spirit of the land. In 1901, after a period of intensive meditation he attained perfect enlightenment into

700-637: The Swedish Academy of Sciences , considered to be nearly equal to a Nobel Prize . He was also awarded the Kyoto Prize for basic sciences in the field of earth and planetary sciences in 1991, the Buys Ballot Award in 2004, and the Tomassoni Award in 2008. In 2018, a short documentary was made about Lorenz's immense scientific legacy on everything from how we predict weather to our understanding of

750-417: The linear statistical models in meteorology, as most atmospheric phenomena involved in weather forecasting are non-linear . It was during this time that his discovery of deterministic chaos came about. In 1961, Lorenz was using a simple digital computer, a Royal McBee LGP-30 , to simulate weather patterns by modeling 12 variables, representing things like temperature and wind speed. He wanted to see

800-561: The "Renewal of Heaven and Earth". The Jeungsanist theory stresses the concept of Tao , the way of nature. Jeungsanism is often understood as having stemmed from Korean Sinism and Chinese millenarian Taoism , and is defined as one of the Korean indigenous religions . Jeung San Do means "the Way [ dao/do/ Tao , 道] of the Jeung (甑)[ siru ] San (山)[mountain]". The word " jeung " is siru in Korean, which

850-406: The 1920s around Jo Cheol-Je, known to his disciples as Jo Jeongsan (1895–1958). Jo had never personally met Kang, but claimed to have received a revelation from him in 1917. Eventually, he was recognized as the mysterious successor Kang had announced in his prophecies by the deceased Kang’s sister (Seondol, c.  1881 – 1942), mother (Kwon, 1850–1926) and daughter (Sun-Im, 1904–1959), although

900-674: The 1920s, Cha's branch, known as Bocheon-gyo , became the largest Korean new religious movement and possibly the largest religion in Korea, with some 6 million followers. It declined rapidly after Cha's death in 1936, and fragmented into several competing group, as did Goh's organization. Jeung San Do is the largest among the branches claiming a lineage originating from Goh. It was founded by Ahn Un-san (born in 1922), who established his first religious organization in 1945. After further divisions, Ahn founded Jeung San Do in 1974 together with his son, Ahn Gyeong-jeon (b. 1954). Jeung San Do believes that, as Kang

950-636: The Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Equations to Atmospheric Models" and performed under advisor James Murdoch Austin , described an application of fluid dynamical equations to the practical problem of predicting the motion of storms. Lorenz spent the entirety of his scientific career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . In 1948, he joined the MIT Department of Meteorology as a research scientist. In 1955, he became an assistant professor in

1000-501: The IAS's Meteorological Research Group and a leading dynamical meteorologist at the time. (Charney would later join Lorenz at MIT in 1957 as a professor of meteorology.) In 1953, Lorenz took over leadership of a project at MIT that ran complex simulations of weather models that he used to evaluate statistical forecasting techniques. By the late 1950s, Lorenz was skeptical of the appropriateness of

1050-522: The Japanese occupation of Korea and Japan's hostility to new religions. He reorganized it in 1948, and in 1950 changed its name into Taegeukdo, with headquarters in Busan . Jo died in 1958. His disciples continued as a single religious order until 1968, recognizing as Jo's successor Park Wudang (1918–1996, or 1917–1995 according to the lunar calendar normally used by the movement). In 1968, however, Park's authority

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1100-567: The Jeungsanism family, and possibly the largest Korean new religion in general. At Park's death in 1996, controversies erupted within Daesoon Jinrihoe between those advocating and those denying the deification of Park as a third divine figure, together with Kang and Jo. The branch that rejected the deification maintained the control of the headquarters in Yeoju and was followed by a large majority of

1150-527: The affairs of Heaven, Earth, and humanity. About this he said: Since ancient times, a few have mastered the writing of the Heavens, a few have mastered the principles of Earth, but no one has mastered the nature of humans. I am the first to master the nature of humans. In that year, Sangjenim began a spiritual work that cannot be easily explained or understood. It was called the work of renewing Heaven and Earth ( 天地公事 ). For 9 years, he conducted works of renewal in

1200-585: The age of 90. Lorenz received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Dartmouth College in 1938 and a master's degree in mathematics from Harvard in 1940. He worked as a weather forecaster for the United States Army Air Forces during World War II , leading him to pursue graduate studies in meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . He earned both a master's and doctoral degree in meteorology from MIT in 1943 and 1948. His doctoral dissertation, titled "A Method of Applying

1250-472: The age of seven, Sangjenim attained a sudden spiritual awakening while watching a performance of traditional music and dance. When he was twenty-four, he witnessed the tumultuous events of the Donghak (Eastern Learning) Uprising in which an ill-equipped but determined army of farmers fought the troops of both the Korean government and the Japanese. This insurrection sparked a war between China and Japan fought on

1300-467: The basis for computer-aided atmospheric physics and meteorology . He is best known as the founder of modern chaos theory , a branch of mathematics focusing on the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions . His discovery of deterministic chaos "profoundly influenced a wide range of basic sciences and brought about one of the most dramatic changes in mankind's view of nature since Sir Isaac Newton," according to

1350-490: The book "The Essence of Chaos," in the chapter "Our Chaotic Weather" from 1993, authored by Edward Lorenz and Krzysztof Haman , the authors delved into the challenges of weather forecasting. The work discusses the consequences of chaos in the atmosphere and its impact on weather prediction. They describe a scenario in which meteorologists, in the computer age, generate multiple long-term weather forecasts based on different yet similar initial atmospheric conditions. Differences in

1400-488: The committee that awarded him the 1991 Kyoto Prize for basic sciences in the field of earth and planetary sciences. Lorenz was born in 1917 in West Hartford, Connecticut . He acquired an early love of science from both sides of his family. His father, Edward Henry Lorenz (1882-1956), majored in mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and his maternal grandfather, Lewis M. Norton , developed

1450-531: The concept of available potential energy . In the 1950s, Lorenz became interested in and started work on numerical weather prediction , which relied on computers to forecast weather by processing observational data on such things as temperature, pressure, and wind. This interest was sparked, in part, after a visit to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, where he met Jule Charney , then head of

1500-422: The daughter eventually started her own separate branch with her husband Kim Byeong-cheol (1905–1970). Sun-Im's branch, known as Jeung San Beob Jong Gyo, is headquartered in Korea's North Jeolla province, and after protracted litigation with other branches obtained the mortal remains of Kang, which are currently at its headquarters. Jo organized his movement as Mugeukdo in 1925, but had to disband it in 1941 due to

1550-465: The department and was promoted to professor in 1962. From 1977 to 1981, Lorenz served as head of the Department of Meteorology at MIT. In 1983, the MIT Department of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography merged with the Department of Geology to become the current MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, where Lorenz remained a professor before becoming an emeritus professor in 1987. In

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1600-416: The first and second patriarchs respectively of Jeungsangyo Headquarters. In the 1920s, Cha's branch, known as Bocheon-gyo , became the largest Korean new religious movement and possibly the largest religion in Korea, with some six million followers. It declined rapidly after Cha's death in 1936, and fragmented into several competing group, as did Goh's organization. The largest among the branches claiming

1650-654: The first course in chemical engineering at MIT in 1888. Meanwhile, his mother, Grace Peloubet Norton (1887-1943), instilled in Lorenz a deep interest in games, particularly chess. Later in life, Lorenz lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts with his wife, Jane Loban (1919–2001), and their three children, Nancy, Cheryl, and Edward. He was an avid outdoorsman, who enjoyed hiking, climbing, and cross-country skiing. He kept up with these pursuits until very late in his life. On April 16, 2008, Lorenz died at his home in Cambridge from cancer at

1700-419: The forecast results arise due to the sensitivity of the system to initial conditions. Lorenz's insights on deterministic chaos resonated widely starting in the 1970s and 80s, when it spurred new fields of study in virtually every branch of science, from biology to geology to physics. In meteorology, it led to the conclusion that it may be fundamentally impossible to predict weather beyond two or three weeks with

1750-527: The form of rituals, proclamations, and conversations with humans and spirits and utilized the qi of various places and people. He established a federation of gods called the Creative Government, composed of regional gods, the founding spirits of family lines, gods that founded and advanced civilizations, enlightened spirits, spirits with unresolved bitterness and grief, and the spirits of revolutionaries. With this assembly of spirits, he intended to correct

1800-506: The giant Maitreya Buddha statue at the Geumsansa temple before incarnating as Kang Jeungsan, Kim's branch taught that, after he died, Kang took to reside again in the statue. Kim gained some support for this belief among the Buddhist monks at Geumsansa, but in 1922 was expelled from the monastery by the abbot, an incident that led to the decline of his branch. Another important branch emerged in

1850-531: The last nail in the coffin of the Cartesian universe and fomented what some have called the third scientific revolution of the 20th century, following on the heels of relativity and quantum physics." Late in his career, Lorenz began to be recognized with international accolades for the importance of his work on deterministic chaos. In 1983, along with colleague Henry Stommel , he was awarded the Crafoord Prize from

1900-629: The late 1940s and early 1950s, Lorenz worked with Victor Starr on the General Circulation Project at MIT to understand the role the weather system played in determining the energetics of the general circulation of the atmosphere. From this work, in 1967, Lorenz published a landmark paper, titled "The Nature and Theory of the General Circulation of the Atmosphere," on atmospheric circulation from an energetic perspective, which advanced

1950-490: The members, while another four branches (and possibly more) recognized Park as either a god or the Maitreya Buddha and separated from the main organization, with which two of them maintain, however, a dialogue. Edward Lorenz Edward Norton Lorenz (May 23, 1917 – April 16, 2008) was an American mathematician and meteorologist who established the theoretical basis of weather and climate predictability , as well as

2000-446: The present state—and in any real system such errors seem inevitable—an acceptable prediction of an instantaneous state in the distant future may well be impossible....In view of the inevitable inaccuracy and incompleteness of weather observations, precise very-long-range forecasting would seem to be nonexistent." His description of the butterfly effect , the idea that small changes can have large consequences, followed in 1969. In

2050-514: The printout rounded variables off to a 3-digit number, so a value like 0.506127 printed as 0.506. This difference is tiny, and the consensus at the time would have been that it should have no practical effect. However, Lorenz discovered that small changes in initial conditions produced large changes in long-term results. Lorenz's discovery, which gave its name to Lorenz attractors , showed that even detailed atmospheric modelling cannot, in general, make precise long-term weather predictions. His work on

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2100-513: The topic, assisted by Ellen Fetter , culminated in the publication of his 1963 paper "Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow" in Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences , and with it, the foundation of chaos theory . He states in that paper: "Two states differing by imperceptible amounts may eventually evolve into two considerably different states ... If, then, there is any error whatever in observing

2150-511: The universe. Lorenz is remembered by colleagues and friends for his quiet demeanor, gentle humility, and love of nature. He was described as "a genius with a soul of an artist" by his close friend and collaborator Jule Charney . In 2011, The Lorenz Center, a climate think tank devoted to fundamental scientific inquiry, was founded at MIT in honor of Lorenz and his pioneering work on chaos theory and climate science . In February 2018, The Edward Lorenz Center and Henry Houghton Fund hosted

2200-447: The variables? Such a person could not only predict the future, but with the rippling effect of seemingly small actions could actually change the future. About the method he used in the work of renewal, Sangjenim said: There are opportunities for human action ... There is a program for each heavenly principle. The work of renewal is based on creating the opportunity and establishing the program. If I were to abandon this method and perform

2250-486: The work forcibly, it would bring disaster upon the world and kill multitudes. That is not My intention. According to Jeun Sang Do, Gang Il-sun revealed to humanity that the universe embodies a four-fold cycle. A "cosmic year" contains four cosmic seasons corresponding to birth, growth, harvest, and rest. According to Jeung San Do, the History of Korea is that of a chessboard used by America, China, Russia, and Japan. While

2300-434: The wrongs of the past and chart a new course for the future. His work of renewing Heaven and Earth shifted the course of Heaven, Earth, and humanity and planted the seeds for a new enlightened and harmonious world of humans and gods. According to his followers, Sangjenim differed from other prophets in that he not only spoke about the future but, through his spiritual work, actually transformed it. One way of understanding this

2350-662: Was God the Father, Goh, revered with the title of Tae-mo-nim, was God the mother and between 1926 and 1935 performed her own reordering of the universe. Jeung San Do is the movement within Jeungsanism with the most visible presence abroad, although it is not the largest branch in Korea. The central text of Jeungsanism, the Dojeon, was first published in Korean in 1992. The name "Dojeon" is used by other branches of Jeungsanism for their own, different sacred texts. Jeung San Do's version contains detailed description of Jeungsan Sangjenim 's and Taemonim's ("Great Mother") lives and of Cheonjigongsa ,

2400-545: Was God the mother and between 1926 and 1935 performed her own reordering of the universe. Jeung San Do is the movement within Jeungsanism with the most visible presence abroad, although it is not the largest branch in Korea. Another leading disciple of Kang Jeungsan was Kim Hyeong-Ryeol (1862–1932). He originally accepted Cha's leadership. In 1914, however, he left and established an independent religious order with Kang Jeungsan's widow, Jeong (1874–1928). While Jeungsanism in general believes that Sangje remained for thirty years in

2450-401: Was contested by a number of senior executives and by one of Jo's sons, Jo Yongnae, who opposed the reforms Park had introduced. The group opposed to Park kept the headquarters near Busan and the name Taegeukdo, while Park moved to Seoul and reorganized his branch in 1969 as Daesoon Jinrihoe . Although statistics are a matter of contention, Daesoon Jinrihoe seems to be the largest new religion in

2500-470: Was ill-advised, and Chinilpa collaborationist organizations such as Iljinhoe should not be condemned. Koreans merely had to "wait patiently", as Jeung San Do taught, for the guests to vacate the board in order to assume ownership of the Korean Peninsula . Jeungsanism Jeungsanism ( Korean :  증산교 ; RR :  Jeungsangyo ) is an English word with two different uses: as

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