Misplaced Pages

#36963

109-848: Jaime is a common Spanish and Portuguese male given name for Jacob (name), James (name), Jamie, or Jacques. In Occitania Jacobus became Jacome and later Jacme . In east Spain, Jacme became Jaime , in Aragon it became Chaime , and in Catalonia it became Jaume . In western Spain Jacobus became Iago ; in Portugal it became Tiago . The name Saint James developed in Spanish to Santiago , in Portuguese to São Tiago . The names Diego (Spanish) and Diogo (Portuguese) are also Iberian versions of Jaime . In

218-461: A French department , and that is made up of a union of ten commonwealths and 157 of the 159 Basque communes, plus one Béarnese community. The oldest human remains that are known of in the territory of the current French Basque Country are approximately 150,000 years old. Some houses have been found on the terraces of the river Adour , in Ilbarritz ( Bidart ), Saint-Pierre-d'Irube and Mouguerre . In

327-514: A doublet of the word Occident formed in the Lower Empire , giving it the original meaning of "western regions", and not a region where (necessarily) the Occitan language was spoken. Like the Occitan language, Occitania has been designated under various successive names. The terms are not exclusive: one can find authors who use different terms in the same time period. Occitania or Pays d'Oc are

436-530: A collection of laws of the ancien régime , it only becomes current at 19th century. Thus, the duke of Angoulême conspired with a view to the establishment of a Kingdom of Occitania or of a Vice-Royalty of Occitania at the time of the Restoration. The term was popularized by the publications of Raynouard and Rochegude , and known in its contemporary sense by the English historian Sharon Turner . It appeared in

545-582: A constant element during that last decades in elected posts for the main political parties, with representation from the French Socialist Party , The Republicans , and nationalist parties. 64% of Basque-French mayors support such a creation. The Association des Élus is an association that groups political posts such as regional councilors, general councilors and mayors of the French Basque Country, from both political spectrums, whose goal

654-623: A contiguous and compact Occitan-speaking territory is currently the most widespread. Northern Italy and the Catalan Countries were also homes of troubadour using the Koiné Occitan literary. In the same way, the Basque Country and Aragon benefited from Occitan stands , old or newer, which notably gave rise to the appearance of an Occitan dialect south of the Pyrenees. We can also note

763-618: A death toll of approx. 1,600 in Labourd . The Basques started to be forcibly recruited for the French army, with large numbers of youths in turn deciding to run away or defect among allegations of mistreatment, so starting a trend of exile and emigration to the Americas that was to last for more than a century. The mutual hostility and lack of trust between the new regime and the European monarchies led to

872-589: A district thriving on whale hunting . In 1579, an important handbook for navigation was published by Martin Oihartzabal , the Navigational Pilot , offering guidance and useful landmarks found in Newfoundland and other Basque traditional fisheries. In 1677, it was translated to Basque by Pierre Etxeberri. However, during the 17 and 18th century, that activity saw a gradual decline as the English took over from

981-403: A formally independent state until 1620–24, when this separation was suppressed. In 1634, Axular , in his literary work Gero , gives a rough description of the extent of Basque at the time: The language comprised all the provinces now known as Basque Country "and [in] so many other places". After Axular's accomplished book, other Basque writing authors followed suit, especially in Labourd ,

1090-512: A matter of concern discussed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Dominique Garat . As of 1814, traditional cross-Pyrenean trade fell conspicuously, starting a period of economic stagnation. Eventually, trade across the Pyrénées border was cut off after the First Carlist War , with large numbers further departing to the Americas in search for a better life. In Soule, the emigration trend was mitigated by

1199-468: A process of municipal meetings, on 2 May 2016, both conditions were met. On 1 January 2017, the Agglomeration Community of Basque Country , was created: an intercommunal cooperation movement (EPCI), which promotes a greater level of autonomy, with the French administrative categorization as an official territorial administrative structure with greater abilities than a pays , but fewer than

SECTION 10

#1732851705037

1308-427: A scholar of Basque-Irish origin, Antoine d'Abbadie (Anton Abbadia), followed by several more editions up to 1897. Other political and cultural events in fellow Basque districts to the south of the Pyrenees had an impact in the French Basque Country, especially in church-related circles (periodicals like Eskualduna , 1887), the only institution that still spoke to the people in their language. This could not prevent

1417-701: A southern third of France (commonly known as Midi , including Monaco ), the Occitan Valleys and Guardia Piemontese , in Italy , as well as the Val d'Aran , in Spain . The practice of Occitan is not the same uniformly throughout the territory. In addition, there is a linguistic transition area in the north called Croissant where the terms of d'oil and Occitan interfere strongly (see Croissant ). Instead, some territories are not generally considered to be part of Occitania according to

1526-560: Is a bird bone with three holes in it in the shape of a txistu . Moving into the Mesolithic era, humans began to live outside of caves, despite the fact that these were still used until a much later date. Also, during this era, the artefacts of ceramics , agriculture , and raising livestock were discovered. During the Neolithic era (4000–3000 B.C.E.), new techniques for the use of metals and agriculture arrived. The present-day territory

1635-663: Is a small part of Occitania. The extent of Occitania may vary according to the criteria used: On the other hand one always speaks Occitan in the French Basque Country and in the Catalan Countries (the Val d'Aran and the Fenolheda ), and internal allophone enclaves (Petite Gavacharie of Poitevin-Saintongeais language, ancient Ligurian enclaves of eastern Provence, the quasi-Ligurian-Occitan enclave of Monaco ...). This leads to variations in whether small internal or external enclaves are taken into account. The definition of

1744-596: Is defined by language for 95% of people, culture (94%), characterization by a common history (69%), an ethnic group (50%), a nation (20%). Occitania, as defined by the modern Occitan linguistic territory, covers most of the current Southern France , the Alpine valleys of the Western Piedmont , in Italy , Val d'Aran in Spain and Monaco an area of approximately 190,000 km2. It had about fifteen million inhabitants in 1999 with about 20% inhabitants born outside

1853-415: Is not a monolithic language with for example a single dictionary where each speaker finds exactly their vocabulary, but a juxtaposition of dialects. Also, many studies have focused on the differences between Provençal, Languedoc, etc. We must also remember the many common features of the Occitan cultural space , which are generally considered partisans. Robert Lafont develops this idea in the introduction of

1962-448: Is obvious is his general inscription in the Occitan family[...] that loves vertical structures, the state or the church." Finally, for André Armengaud, these common social characteristics make it possible to write a historical synthesis. But since 1979, no other "History of Occitan" has been undertaken. If the term Occitania appeared in French from the mid-16th century, then in 1732 in

2071-584: Is probably an imitation of the name [Aqu] itania (Aquitaine). The term Occitania is a synonym for Languedoc and the Mediterranean coast in the Middle Ages. The first attestation of the use of Occitanie in French dates from 1556. The first certificate of Occitania in Italy dates 1549. In German , the word Occitania was found in 1572. All of the Occitan language countries have had various designations throughout history. The word Occitania has been

2180-474: Is regulated and receives subventions from the Regional Council of Aquitaine . In 2012, the French government proposed the creation of a single commonwealth for all of the towns in French Basque Country, under two conditions: being approved by at least half of the 158 communes in the historic territory, and that at least half of the nearly 300,000 residents be represented within this historic territory. After

2289-733: Is that of Roman Law which is better maintained in the Occitan Early Middle Ages society than in Northern France thanks to the promulgations of Visigoth and Burgundians laws. From the mid-11th century, the teaching of the Corpus Juris Civilis taken shortly after Bologna in the universities of Toulouse, Montpellier, Avignon, Perpignan... will promote a massive renaissance of Roman Law in Occitania. With regard to education: Pierre Goubert and Daniel Roche write, to explain

SECTION 20

#1732851705037

2398-692: Is to achieve the division of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department into Basque and Béarnese departments respectively (24 of the existing mainland departments have smaller populations than the French Basque Country). The Council of the Development of the French Basque Country was created in 1994, and in 1995 the Council of the Elected of the French Basque Country ( Association des Élus du Pays Basque )

2507-672: Is used particularly in a historical sense and anthropological by designating a region extending north to the Loire , ignoring contemporary linguistic boundaries. In a book written by experts in medieval history, are included in Occitania of the year 1000 both the provinces of the north (now mainly in Poitou-Charentes) and Catalonia (without the Balearic Islands and the Valencian country) – p. 484 . The seven-pointed star , adopted as emblem by

2616-585: The Dax ). The three Basque provinces were then shaken by traumatic events after the intervention of the French Convention Army during the War of the Pyrenees (1793–95). Besides prohibiting the native Basque language for public use, with Bertrand Barère even declaring that "fanaticism speaks Basque", an indiscriminate mass-deportation of civilians followed resulting in the expulsion from their homes of thousands and

2725-623: The Treasury of Felibritge and in the statutes of this organization in 1911. In the Interwar period , a Felibritgan school, the Escòla Occitana was created in 1919 in the Toulousean Languedoc. The Institute of Occitan Studies was born in 1930. These initiatives (as well as others) remain closely linked, notably because of the dual membership of their main animators at Felibritge . After

2834-510: The Ardèche , the southern Isère and some fringes of the Loire ) and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur . In the Centre-Val de Loire Occitan is spoken in some communes in southern Cher and Indre. Occitanie Maps The geographical delimitation of Occitania most commonly accepted was specified between 1876—beginning of research on the linguistic boundaries —and the 20th century. Occitania roughly covers

2943-631: The Arrondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie , and the Arrondissement of Pau . French Basque Country includes all of Bayonne and Canton of Montagne Basque in Oloron-Sainte-Marie. Additionally, it includes the following territories in Béarn : Esquiule , Aramits , Géronce , and Arette (in the Canton of Oloron-Sainte-Marie-1 ). The French Basque Country included three pre-existing historic territories before

3052-510: The Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebastián Euroregion . It is a popular tourist destination and is somewhat distinct from neighbouring parts of the southern Basque Country, since it was not industrialized as Biscay or Gipuzkoa and remained agricultural and a beach destination. The department of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques is divided into three districts or arrondissements : The Arrondissement of Bayonne ,

3161-580: The Early Middle Ages ( Aquitanica or the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse , or the share of Louis the Pious following Thionville divisio regnorum in 806 ). Currently, the region has a population of 16 million, and between 200,000 and 800,000 people are either native or proficient speakers of Occitan. More commonly, French , Piedmontese , Catalan , Spanish and Italian are spoken. Since 2006,

3270-452: The Felibritge symbolized the seven provinces of Occitania, one of which was Catalan. Occitanie is indeed divided by this association into seven maintenances (sections) of which one was that of Catalonia-Roussillon. In 2016, the name Occitanie is used for the French administrative region Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées which is located on part of the traditional Occitania and includes

3379-463: The Frankish Empire , Occitania was split into different counties , duchies and kingdoms , bishops and abbots . Since then, the country has never been politically united, although Occitania remained intact through a common culture. Nonetheless, Occitania suffered a tangle of varying loyalties to nominal sovereigns: from the 9th to the 13th centuries, the dukes of Aquitaine , the counts of Foix ,

Jaime - Misplaced Pages Continue

3488-588: The French Revolution suppressed it radically, as it did elsewhere in France, eventually creating the department of Basses-Pyrénées , half-Basque and half-Gascon ( Béarn , a former sovereign territory). Louis XVI of France summoned the Estates General to discuss problems of state. This assembly united the three estates: nobles, clerics, and the common people (the third estate ). Third estate representatives of

3597-683: The Middle Paleolithic era (700,000–100,000 years BP ), Neanderthals inhabited this area. At the beginning they lived in the open air and later in caves, like the one in Isturits . Cro-magnon people appeared during the Upper Paleolithic (9,000–50,000 years BP). Many artistic objects from the Magdalenian era (9,000–14,000 years BP) have been found in Isturits. The most well-known object found

3706-556: The Occitan language has been an official language in Catalonia , which includes the Aran Valley , where Occitan gained official status in 1990. At the time of the Roman empire, most of Occitania was known as Aquitania . The territories conquered early were known as Provincia Romana (see modern Provence ), while the northern provinces of what is now France were called Gallia ( Gaul ). Under

3815-545: The Papacy in the beginning of the 13th century. The great defeat resulting from the Battle of Muret (1213) and the subsequent Treaty of Corbeil (1258) ratified the loss of Catalan influence in Occitania and its gradual replacement by the French dynasty of the House of Capet . Regarding to linguistic affinity and closeness, after some early Romance-language scholars considered them to be

3924-595: The Principality of Catalonia nor the Catalan Countries have ever been part of Occitania. On the contrary, from the 11th century the Catalan expansion towards the Occitan regions of Languedoc and Provence (through family ties of feudal nobility) gave rise to a long-term confrontation between the countal dynasties of Barcelona and Toulouse , but finally they had to ally against the Cathar Crusade promoted by France and

4033-626: The Roussillon . Occitania comes from the medieval Latin Occitania . The first part of the name, Occ- , comes from Occitan òc and the expression langue d'oc , in Italian lingua d'oc . It is an appellation promoted by Dante Alighieri of Occitan by the way of saying "yes" in Old Occitan-Catalan ; as opposed to the "langue de si" (Italian) and the "langue d'oïl" (Old French). The ending -itania

4142-678: The Second World War , the creation of the Institute of Occitan Studies was presided over by a resistant (at a time when the Felibritge like the SEO were tainted by lawsuits of collaboration), but above all its action in terms of linguistic reform, particularly its desire to adapt the classical norm to Provençal , marked a break with a large fraction of the Felibritge François Fontan created

4251-607: The United States , Jaime is used as an independent masculine given name , along with given name James. For females, it remains less popular, not appearing on the top 1,000 U.S. female names for the past 5 years. Occitania Occitania has been recognized as a linguistic and cultural concept since the Middle Ages . The territory was united in Roman times as the Seven Provinces ( Latin : Septem Provinciae ) and in

4360-408: The counts of Toulouse and the Counts of Barcelona competed for control over the various pays of Occitania. Occitan literature flourished during this time period: in the 12th and 13th centuries, the troubadours invented courtly love ( fin'amor ), and the Lenga d'Òc spread throughout European cultivated circles; the terms Lenga d'Òc , Occitan , and Occitania first appeared at the end of

4469-409: The "History and Anthology of Occitan Literature". The reference to troubadours is essential. This socio-linguistic argument is modulated according to the authors but it is accepted by all the current scholarship, including the authors who speak of "domain d'oc", since by definition, their study of the d'oc domain rests on the consciousness of the existence of a common culture. The different speakers of

Jaime - Misplaced Pages Continue

4578-444: The 13th century. From the 13th to the 17th centuries, the kings of France gradually conquered Occitania. By the end of the 15th century, the nobility and bourgeoisie had started learning French, while the peasantry generally continued to speak Occitan; this process began from the 13th century in the two northernmost regions, northern Limousin and Bourbonnais. In 1539, Francis I issued the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts that imposed

4687-405: The 3rd century, when use of the name Aquitania was extended to cover the region up to the river Loire , as Novempopulania ( Aquitania Tertia ). Its name in Latin means the nine peoples , as a reference to the nine tribes that inhabited it: The region reached a high level of Romanization , as many of the toponyms with Latin or Celtic suffixes, such as -acum or -anum , demonstrate. In

4796-445: The Basque Municipal Community amounts to 309,723 inhabitants distributed in 158 municipalities. It is delimited in the north by the department of Landes , in the west by the Bay of Biscay , in the south by the Southern Basque Country and in the east by Béarn (although in the Béarnese village of Esquiule , Basque is spoken), which is the eastern part of the department. Bayonne and Biarritz (BAB) are its chief towns, included in

4905-459: The Basque language from further receding, it becoming confined to local and domestic circles. In 1914, Basque ceased to be the trading language used by the local middle- and higher-class customers at the Mauleon marketplace (Soule). Basque young men could not avoid becoming entangled in World War I when they were drafted to the front. While across the border Gipuzkoa and Biscay thrived on their shipbuilding and steel processing industry supplying

5014-407: The Basque provinces attending the Estates-General of 1789 and the following national assemblies in Paris rejected the imposition of an alien political-administrative design, regarding the events with a blend of disbelief and indignation. The brothers Garat, representatives of Labourd, defended against a hostile audience the specificity of their province and that of the Basques, putting forward instead

5123-512: The Basques. The 16th century was probably the most tragic for the inhabitants of the French Basque Country in its history. The recurring French-Spanish conflict between 1512 and 1659 and the French Wars of Religion that lasted 30 years sowed terror and misery. On the other hand, the accusations made in the Parliament of Bordeaux motivated Labourd in sending the councilor Pierre de Lancre . He burned around 200 women, children and priests by forcing them to confess through torture. Pierre de Lancre

5232-476: The Catalan nation. Occitania includes the following regions: Occitan or langue d'oc ( lenga d'òc ) is a Latin -based Romance language in the same way as Spanish , Italian or French . There are six main regional varieties, with easy inter-comprehension among them: Provençal (including Niçard spoken in the vicinity of Nice ), Vivaroalpenc , Auvernhat , Lemosin , Gascon (including Bearnés spoken in Béarn ) and Lengadocian . All these varieties of

5341-430: The Duchy was created, the Frankish kings Theuderic II and Theudebert II exercised better military control over the area, including better tax collection and judicial administration, placing Duke Genial at the forefront. Later, between 635 and 638, King Dagobert I set out on a campaign to repress the Vascon inhabitants that eventually led to their submission. In the 8th century, a second autonomous Duchy of Gascony

5450-419: The Early Middle Ages, under the Visigothic Kingdom and several Merovingian and Carolingian sovereigns. In the year 805 in Thionville , Charlemagne declared the partition of his empire into three autonomous territories along linguistic and cultural boundaries: what is now modern Occitania was to be formed from the reunion of a broader Provence and Aquitaine. Instead, however, at the 9th century division of

5559-432: The European war effort, continental Basques under the age of 49 were required to travel to the front in north-east France. From the beginning and as the slaughter of the trenches wore on, thousands of Basques objected to military service, defected and fled to the south or the Americas. However, war took a heavy toll; 6,000 died at the front, equivalent to 3% of the French Basque population. It also produced strengthened

SECTION 50

#1732851705037

5668-416: The Northern Region ' ), is a region lying on the west of the French department of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques . Since 1 January 2017, it constitutes the Basque Municipal Community (Basque: Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa ; French: Communauté d'Agglomeration du Pays Basque ) presided over by Jean-René Etchegaray  [ fr ] . It includes three former historic French provinces in the north-east of

5777-1003: The Occitan language are written and valid. Standard Occitan is a synthesis which respects soft regional adaptations. Catalan is a language very similar to Occitan and there are quite strong historical and cultural links between Occitania and Catalonia . The regions of Ancien Régime that make up Occitania are the following: Auvergne (Auvèrnhe), Forez (west and south fringe), Bourbonnais (southern half), Couserans (Coserans), Dauphiné (southern half), County of Foix (County of Fois), County of Nice (County of Nissa), Périgord (Peiregòrd), Gascony , Guyenne (Guiana), Languedoc (Lengadòc), Angoumois (eastern end), Limousin (Lemosin), Poitou (Poetou) (southeastern extremity), La Marche (la Marcha), Provence (Provença), Comtat Venaissin (lo Comtat Venaicin), Velay , Vivarais (Vivarés). Traditional Occitan Provinces (currently in France): X. Bourbonnais (southern half) – approx. 3,200 km2 (est.) The administrative regions covering Occitania are

5886-398: The Pyrénées. Since 963, the town Saint-Sever has been referred to as caput vasconiae , interpreted as meaning "the limit of Vasconia" or "prominence of Vasconia" (on account of its location on a hill overlooking the plains of Vasconia). The evangelization of the territory that today comprises French Basque Country was slow and precarious. Beginning in the 9th century, and in part due to

5995-423: The Voynet Law (LOADDT) from 25 June 1999. These are based on the notion of a country in the traditional sense, as a society belonging to a place, culture, etc., promoting the organization and development of the territory in a global manner. The creation of an institution of greater substance than what was represented by the geographical organization of pays and more specifically of a Basque department, has been

6104-410: The Wise and Richard Lionheart agreed to divide the country, Labourd remaining under Angevin sovereignty and Lower Navarre under Navarrese control. All vacant land, forests, and waters under this Viscounty belonged to the King and everyone had the right to use them, whether they were nobles or not. Nobles did not have any feudal rights and justice rested solely in the hands of the King. The Biltzar,

6213-406: The administration until the French Revolution of 1789. It was taken up again in the 19th century by the literary association of Felibritge then it is again claimed since the 20th century, especially since the end of the 1960s. According to Frédéric Mistral's dictionary " Treasury of Felibritge ", the term Occitania is sometimes used by scholars to describe Southern France in general but mainly for

6322-419: The area was eventually incorporated as part of the independent Duchy of Vasconia in 602, a mixed ethnic polity stretching south of the river Garonne that broke up during the 8th to 9th centuries, following the Carolingian expansion, the pressure of Norman raids, and introduction of feudalism. At this time, the County of Vasconia was created, extending around the river Adour . According to Iñaki Bazán, after

6431-451: The area was made an official pays of France named Pays Basque , i.e., a representative body promoting several activities, but without its own budget. Neither Basque nor any of the other regional languages in France, such as Catalan, Breton or Occitan, have official recognition in France. According to the second article of the French Constitution, "the language of the Republic is French", and, despite several attempts to add "with respect to

6540-434: The capital of Soule . A slow but continuous French institutional evolution has been produced as a response to the historical claims of the French Basque Country. By an order from 29 January 1997 from the prefect of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques , a "Basque Country" was recognized as a pays , according to the French administrative category, in accordance with the laws called: the Pasqua Law (LOADT) from 4 February 1995, and

6649-488: The coast, with Biarritz the most noteworthy case, in a colonie de peuplement type of settlement (Manex Goihenetxe, Eneko Bidegain). Upper-class tourism gained momentum from 1854 onwards ( Kanbo , Saint-Jean-de-Luz , Biarritz , Hendaye, etc.), as the high nobility (e.g., Eugénie de Montijo ) chose to take healing baths at spa resorts and sought to be closer to nature. In 1851, the first Lore Jokoak took place in Urruña (restored floral games tradition) organized by

SECTION 60

#1732851705037

6758-505: The creation of the First Coalition against revolutionary France. At first, French Basque Country stayed at the margins of the conflict, since Spain stayed neutral, but in 1793, France declared war on Spain . The political situation after the mass-deportation of civilians improved when General Moncey led the French to a counterattack in June 1794, expelling the Spanish, and even entering Gipuzkoa . Jacques Pinet and Jean-Baptiste Cavaignac went to Spain to manage conquered territory, courting

6867-410: The departmental division of France in 1789, with a few modifications: The most important city in the territory is Bayonne (French: Bayonne , in Gascon and Basque: Baiona ). The ancient Roman Lapurdum , from which the toponyms Labourd and Lapurdi originate, is a part of the Biarritz-Anglet-Bayonne agglomeration community (BAB) alongside Biarritz and Anglet (Basque: Angelu ),

6976-471: The end of the Hundred Years' War , Labourd and Soule passed to the Crown of France as autonomous provinces ( pays d'état ). After the conquest of Upper Navarre by Castile in 1512–21, the still independent north Pyrenean part of Navarre took the lead of the Huguenot party in the French Wars of Religion . In this time, the Bible was first translated into the Basque language . Eventually, Henry III of Navarre became King of France but kept Navarre as

7085-434: The establishment circa 1864 of a flourishing espadrille industry in Mauleon that attracted workers from Roncal and Aragon too. Others took to smuggling, a rising source of revenue. The mid-1800s were years of decay and yearning for the time before the French Revolution . The Basques were divided into Republicans, laicist Jacobins (but for a nuanced position held by Xaho ), and Royalists (traditional Catholics), with

7194-442: The establishment of a Basque department. However, eventually the brothers Garat from Labourd voted for the new design out of hopes to get a say in future political decisions. In 1790, the Lower Pyrenees department project arrived, uniting the ancient Basque countries with Béarn . The reorganization favored the Bayonne bishopric that included the entire department (up to the Lescar and Oloron coasts that disappeared, and part of

7303-403: The fall of the Roman Empire, the ancient province began to be referred to as Wasconia according to texts by Frankish chroniclers, mainly Gregory of Tours and the Chronicle of Fredegar from the 6th century, and was differentiated from the trans-Pyrenean territories that later chroniclers in the Ravenna Cosmography called Spanoguasconia . In the year 418, the Visigoths moved to

7412-401: The first overtly Occitan nationalist party in 1959. In France, Occitania has been confronted with a problem of recognition of Occitan since 1992; the French is the only "language of the Republic". In 1994, it was made compulsory in the public space (places of commerce and work, public transport, etc.) and in the administration (laws, regulations, documents, judgments, etc.). In 2015, with

7521-459: The first printed text in Basque. With the conquest of the castles of Mauléon and Bayonne in 1449 and 1451 respectively, Labourd and Soule were under the domain of the French crown. When Henry III of Navarre took the French throne at the end of the 16th century (as Henry IV ), Lower Navarre was incorporated into the French Royal patrimony (becoming the King of France and Navarre). The three Basque provinces still enjoyed considerable autonomy until

7630-405: The following: Occitanie region (except the Pyrénées-Orientales where a majority speak Catalan , although the Fenouillèdes region, in the North-West of the department, that is to say of Occitan language and culture), Nouvelle-Aquitaine (except the peripheries where one speaks basque , poitevin and saintongeais ), Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (in the southern half, namely almost all the Drôme and

7739-437: The former province of Languedoc. The langue d'oc is a territorialized language, that is to say, spoken mainly on a territory whose boundaries can be described. This part attempts to describe the origins of the Occitanie concept, the different names that this territory has taken and the creation of the modern concept of Occitania. The speakers of the Occitan language do not use a single meaning of their language because Occitan

7848-417: The historical use of an Occitan scripta as official language. The name Occitanie appeared in the Middle Ages on the basis of a geographical, linguistic and cultural concept, to designate the part of the French royal domain speaking the langue d’oc. Its current definition is variable. In the most common usage, Occitania designates the territory where the Occitan has remained in use until today, within

7957-609: The independent commander of Vasconia, but got involved in the Carolingian dynastic wars over succession after taking over Bordeaux (844), supporting the young Pepin II to the throne of Aquitaine. He became Duke of Vasconia after submitting to Charles the Bald (851). At this point, the Basque language was losing ground to Vulgar Latin and written Latin and was increasingly confined to the lands around

8066-594: The language share many common traits (tonic accentuation, close vocabulary, frequent use of the subjunctive, etc.) that allow mutual understanding. For Occitanists, this intercomprehension means that Occitan is one language; for others, it means that these languages are very close but all agree that the speakers in this defined space understand each other. The social characteristics of Occitania are not eternal and intangible because factors of endogenous mutations and European influences, especially of Northern France, can blur these social peculiarities. The best studied example

8175-463: The last third of the 6th century. Venantius Fortunatus ' chronicles cite the clashes with the Frankish king Chilperic I and the comes from Bordeaux , Galactorio, up until 580, while Gregory of Tours wrote about the incursions Duke Austrobald faced in 587 after the defeat of Duke Bladastes in 574 at Soule . After the Basque rebellions against Roman feudalism in the late 4th and 5th centuries,

8284-412: The late 13th century. The somewhat uncommon ending of the term Occitania is most likely from a French clerk who joined the òc [ɔk] and Aquitània [ɑkiˈtanjɑ] in a portmanteau term, thus blending the language and the land in just one concept. On 28 September 2016, Occitanie became the name of an administrative region that succeeded the regions of Midi-Pyrénées and Languedoc-Roussillon ; it

8393-460: The late Roman empire, both Aquitania and Provincia Romana were grouped in the Seven Provinces or Viennensis. Provence and Gallia Aquitania (or Aquitanica ) have been in use since medieval times for Occitania (i.e. Limousin , Auvergne , Languedoc and Gascony ). The historic Duchy of Aquitaine should not be confused with the modern French region called Aquitaine : this is a reason why

8502-660: The later territory around the Nive (Errobi) and the coast. In 1020, Gascony ceded its jurisdiction over Labourd , then also including Lower Navarre , to Sancho the Great of Pamplona . This monarch made it a Viscounty in 1023 with its capital in Bayonne, which gave vassals to the King and Queen of Navarre until 1193. The area became disputed by the Angevin Dukes of Aquitaine until 1191 when Sancho

8611-491: The latter eventually prevailing in the area. Shepherding and small-scale mining and agriculture were the main economic activities, and were accompanied by the increased presence of customs officials, both locals and non-Basques. The railway arrived at Hendaye in 1864 (Mauleon in 1880), increasing the flow of freight and people from outside the Basque Country, resulting in the growth of the non-Basque population especially on

8720-408: The limits defined between 1876 and the 20th century. If Occitan language and culture are almost always associated with it, we also find references to a common history, an ethnic group, a homeland, to a people or to a nation . The first sociological study in the Occitan language to learn how the Occitan define themselves was started in 1976. The survey shows that the Occitan reality

8829-399: The low literacy in Occitania in the 18th century, that there exists in these territories a confidence maintained in the old vulgar languages. The relations to education are today completely reversed between Northern and Southern France thanks to the anthropological imprint of the family strain . From a demographic point of view, the influence of the family was still felt in 2007 because of

8938-451: The modern definition: Written texts in Occitan appeared in the 10th century: it was first used in legal texts, and then in literary, scientific, and religious texts. Spoken dialects of Occitan are many centuries older and appeared as soon as the 8th century, at least, as revealed through toponyms and Occitanized words left in Latin manuscripts. Occitania was often politically united during

9047-496: The most frequently used terms today. However the term Provence is still used when the Felibritge sing the Copa Santa for example during the annual festival of Estello . The term "Occitania" now covers a linguistic region. This meaning was used in medieval times attested since 1290. On 29 May 1308, during the Council of Poitiers, it appears that the king of France was declared to reign over two nations: one of lingua gallica and

9156-477: The most populated urban space in the territory. It is the political capital of its subprefecture and economic capital of the largest region, which includes the French Basque country and the south of Landes. Other important places are Saint-Jean-de-Luz (Basque: Donibane Lohizune ), Hendaye ( Hendaia ), Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port ( Donibane Garazi ), the capital of Lower Navarre, and Mauleón ( Maule ),

9265-542: The name of the region, organized by the Regional Council Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées took place in spring 2016 to give a name to the new region regrouping Midi-Pyrenees and Languedoc-Roussillon . Occitanie came first (44.90% of the vote), with 91,598 voters. Second was Languedoc-Pyrenees with 17.81% of the votes, then Pyrenees-Mediterranean (15.31%), Occitanie-Catalan Country (12.15%) and finally Languedoc (10.01%). This new region

9374-482: The north of what is now French Basque Country, these (toponyms) become more frequent: e.g., Loupiac and Gaillan. However, in the southeast of the territory, the less Romanized area, toponyms with Basque suffixes are abundant: -ousse , -ous -ost , and -oz , such as Biscarrosse and Almandoz, for example; some inscriptions have words similar to those in Basque on them. After the Germanic invasions that caused

9483-783: The notion in the Basque psyche that it is an integral part of the French nation, fostered by the above weekly Eskualduna on the grounds that "God champions France." During World War II , the French Basque Country was part of Occupied France and the coast was fortified as part of the Atlantic Wall . Over the last 200 years, the territory has shown a slow demographic rise: 126,493 (in 1801); 162,365 (1851); 226,749 (1979) (79% in Labourd, 13% in Lower Navarre, 8% in Soule); 259,850 (1990) (81%; 13%; 6% respectively); 262,000 (1999 census). On 29 January 1997

9592-406: The only existing assembly, was in charge of distributing taxes and charges, and its delegates were chosen by the etxeko-jaun of the parishes. Furthermore, parish assemblies that administered the collective goods of each parish existed. In 1215, Bayonne separated from Labourd, ruling from that moment on through its council. From the end of the 12th century until the French Revolution , Ustaritz

9701-575: The other of lingua occitana. This partition between Occitan language and langue d'oïl in the Gallo-Roman space is very ancient since it started with Romanisation itself. In 1381, the King Charles VI of France considered that his kingdom comprised two parts: the country of langue d'oc , or Occitania, and the oil-language country or Ouytanie " Quas in nostro Regno occupare solebar tam in linguae Occitanae quam Ouytanae ". "Occitania" remained in force in

9810-460: The peregrination to Santiago de Compostela , a stable and long-lasting ecclesiastic organization was established in the region. The most important trails leading to Santiago pass through the region, and this greatly influenced the development of the trails and the villas in the territory up to the present day. The lands to the south of the Adour became Labourd, encompassing initially a bigger region than

9919-530: The possibility of annexing it to France. After the fall of Robespierre , General Moncey forced the removal of Pinet and Cavaignac, who had managed to have a falling out with the Gipuzkoans. Due to this, they threw themselves into a desperate guerilla war, an antecedent to that of 1808. On July 22, the Treaty of Basel was signed and the conflict ended, giving rise to a period of relative peace and prosperity. It became

10028-404: The prospect of creating a large region gathering " Midi-Pyrénées " and " Languedoc-Roussillon ", the name "Occitanie" came at the head of an online survey organized by the regional press (23% of the 200,000 voting, in front of "Occitanie-Pays catalan" 20%). Note, however, a variable support rate depending on the geographical origin of the voters. As part of the territorial reform, a consultation on

10137-457: The region in accordance with a federation pact or foedus made with Rome, but they were forced to leave in 507 as a consequence of their defeat against the Merovingians led by King Clovis I at the battle of Vouillé . After Clovis I's death in 511, the heirs to his throne consolidated their northern possessions centered on Neustria and Austrasia , placing them under the direct control of

10246-528: The regional languages that are part of our heritage" by 44 deputies in 2006, the proposal was rejected by 57 votes against and 44 in favor. Basques continue to practice many Basque cultural traditions. The town of Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle (Senpere, in Basque) is well known for its Herri Urrats celebration. According to a 2006 survey, 22.5% were bilinguals (French-Basque), 8.6% were French speakers who understand Basque, and 68.9% were not Basque speakers. But

10355-417: The results were very different in the three zones. In the inner land (Lower Navarre and Soule), 66.2% speak or understand Basque. In the coast (Labourd), the figure stands at 36.9%. And in the B.A.B. urban zone (Bayonne- Anglet-Biarritz), only 14.2% speak or understand Basque (20% of B.A.B. can speak or understand Gascon ). The proportion of French-Basque bilinguals fell from 26.4% in 1996 to 22.5% in 2006. On

10464-476: The same language, Catalan intellectuals (among them Pompeu Fabra and Joan Coromines ) solemnly proclaimed in a 1934 manifesto that Catalan was a distinct language from Occitan, as established by the common consensus of current scientific linguistics. Moreover, the Parliament of Catalonia passed in 2015 a law recognizing Aran Valley 's "national identity", understood as an "Occitan national reality" apart from

10573-415: The small number of families with many children. In politics, many debates have also taken place around the expression Red Southern coined by Maurice Agulhon to find out if the "pays d'oc" was more " republic " than the northern half of France. Emmanuel Todd analyzing the regions that voted for Jean-Luc Mélenchon , calling himself a "Republican" in the 2012 presidential elections, declares that " what

10682-562: The sovereign, while the rest of their territories were organized into autonomous entities led by powerful officials of the kingdom: counts, dukes, patricians, and vice chancellors, in accordance with the Merovingian tradition of decentralizing power. In Wasconia and the Pyrenean periphery in Vasconum saltus , armed incursions and confrontations with Merovingian potentates were frequent during

10791-578: The subject of whimsical etymologies (for example, Languedoc was formerly understood as "land of the Goths" or "language of the Goths" ), as well as the rapprochement to the Occitan language exemplified in the names of the regions Languedoc and Occitania, we find in La Minerve Française , a collective work published in Paris in 1818, a history of name-changes of the provinces which reveals the word Occitanie to be

10900-468: The term Occitania was revived in the mid-19th century. The terms "Occitania" and "Occitan language" ( Occitana lingua ) appeared in Latin texts from as early as 1242–1254 to 1290 and during the early 14th century; texts exist in which the area is referred indirectly as "the country of the Occitan language" ( Patria Linguae Occitanae ). The name Lenga d'òc was used in Italian ( Lingua d'òc ) by Dante in

11009-418: The territory and about 20% of natives who left. On the other hand, in the absence of a linguistic census, we only imperfectly know the number of speakers of Occitan. If the preceding notions are generally limited to the modern linguistic boundaries of Occitan, this term can also be used to designate a larger territory. The term "Occitania" becomes commonplace more and more in the vocabulary of scientists. It

11118-402: The traditional Basque Country totalling 2,967 km (1,146 sq mi): Lower Navarre (French: Basse-Navarre ; Basque: Nafarroa Beherea ), until 1789 nominally Kingdom of Navarre , with 1,284 km (496 sq mi); Labourd ( Lapurdi ), with 800 km (310 sq mi); Soule ( Zuberoa ), with 785 km (303 sq mi). The population included in

11227-534: The use of French in administration. But despite measures such as this, a strong feeling of national identity against the French occupiers remained as Jean Racine wrote on a trip to Uzès in 1662: "What they call France here is the land beyond the Loire , which to them is a foreign country." French Basque Country The French Basque Country ( French : Pays basque français ; Spanish : País Vasco francés ), or Northern Basque Country ( Basque : Ipar Euskal Herria , or Iparralde , lit.   '

11336-557: Was created. On 15 January 2005, the Euskal Herriko Laborantza Ganbara (Chamber of Agriculture for the Basque Country), was created as a house for the representation and promotion of the interests of livestock farmers and agriculturists of the French Basque Country, promoted by the agrarian union, Laborarien Batasuna . Initially, this institution wasn't recognised, and its function was illegal. Now, its function

11445-505: Was created. By the end of the 9th century, Guillermo Sanchez was named the duke of all Vascons. Some years later, Guy Geoffroy united the duchies of Vasconia and Aquitania (with the Poitiers county). During this period, northern Basques very likely participated in the successive battles of Roncevaux against the Franks, in 778, 812 and 824. Count Sans Sancion detached from the Franks and became

11554-661: Was inhabited by the Tarbelli and the Sibulates , tribal divisions of the Aquitani. When Caesar conquered Gaul , he found all the region south and west of the Garonne inhabited by a people known as the Aquitani , who were not Celtic and are nowadays assumed to have been early Basques (see Aquitanian language ). In early Roman times, the region was initially known as Aquitania , but by the end of

11663-468: Was renamed Occitanie (with the subtitle Pyrenees-Mediterranean ), according to the vote of the regional councillors on June 24, 2016, and after final validation by the Government of France and Conseil d'État . Despite the historic and political dependencies between the 10th and 13th centuries that eventually led to the creation of a common Occitan-Catalan cultural environment during Middle Ages, neither

11772-462: Was responsible for the witch hunt in Labourd . He believed women had a sinful nature, and that they were so dangerous that one judge alone could not judge a woman because men are weak. He said that a tribunal made up of several men was necessary to do so. However, after overcoming the disasters suffered, a sort of renaissance was lived during the 17th century. Among other things, Rabelais published his Gargantua and Pantagruel , and Etxepare wrote

11881-575: Was the capital of Labourd. Bayonne continued to be the economic hub of the area until the 19th century. However, above all, it was the port of Navarre that connected it to the North of Europe. Meanwhile, Soule ( Zuberoa ) was constituted as an independent viscounty, generally supported by Navarre against the pretensions of the Counts of Béarn , though at times also it admitted a certain Angevin overlordship. With

#36963