104-776: Jaguar's independent rear suspension (IRS) unit has been a common component of a number of Jaguar production cars since 1961, passing through two major changes of configuration up to 2006 and last used in the Jaguar XK8 and Aston Martin DB7 . This article concentrates on the first generation Jaguar IRS, which firmly established the marque's reputation for suspension sophistication, combining as it did smooth ride with excellent roadholding and low levels of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). The two generations overlap in time due to their being used in both full size and sports models that were updated at different times. When first introduced, it
208-511: A Land Rover , the drive shaft to the front axle is noticeably shorter and more steeply articulated than the rear shaft, making it a more difficult engineering problem to build a reliable drive shaft, and which may involve a more sophisticated form of universal joint. Modern light cars with all-wheel drive (notably Audi or the Fiat Panda ) may use a system that more closely resembles a front-wheel drive layout. The transmission and final drive for
312-475: A brake drum in the centre of the disc rotor. The following Jaguar cars were fitted with the first generation IRS as part of their original specification. The second column indicates the vehicle's approximate rear track , according to whether the narrow, medium, or wide version of the suspension assembly was used. Because of its self-contained design the first-generation IRS was popular to retrofit to other cars, as well as among hot-rodders. It has been fitted as
416-449: A drivetrain that cannot be connected directly because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement between them. As torque carriers, drive shafts are subject to torsion and shear stress , equivalent to the difference between the input torque and the load. They must therefore be strong enough to bear the stress, while avoiding too much additional weight as that would in turn increase their inertia . To allow for variations in
520-462: A Daimler bus plant but later a Jaguar engine and axle plant, was closed by Ford in 1997 when it moved all Jaguar engine production to its Bridgend facility. In 2000, Ford turned its Halewood plant over to Jaguar following the discontinuation of its long running Escort that year for Jaguar's new X-Type model. It was later joined by the second-generation Land Rover Freelander 2, from 2007. Jaguars ceased being produced at Halewood in 2009 following
624-402: A chain-drive in bicycles for the past century, never becoming very popular. A shaft-driven bicycle (or "Acatène", from an early maker) has several advantages and disadvantages: Drive shafts are one method of transferring power from an engine and PTO to vehicle-mounted accessory equipment, such as an air compressor . Drive shafts are used when there is not enough space beside the engine for
728-429: A drive shaft is used to transfer a certain speed or torque from the internal combustion engine to a dynamometer . A "shaft guard" is used at a shaft connection to protect against contact with the drive shaft and for detection of a shaft failure. At a transmission test stand a drive shaft connects the prime mover with the transmission. An automotive drive shaft can typically last about 120,000 kilometres. However, if
832-434: A holding company for the acquisition of the two businesses from Ford – Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover. That acquisition was completed on 2 June 2008. On 1 January 2013, the group, which had been operating as two separate companies (Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover), although on an integrated basis, underwent a fundamental restructuring. The parent company was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC, Jaguar Cars Limited
936-482: A model name on an SS 2½-litre sports saloon . A matching open two seater sports model with a 3½-litre engine was named SS Jaguar 100 . On 23 March 1945, the S. S. Cars shareholders in general meeting agreed to change the company's name to Jaguar Cars Limited. Said chairman William Lyons "Unlike S. S. the name Jaguar is distinctive and cannot be connected or confused with any similar foreign name." Though five years of pent-up demand ensured plenty of buyers production
1040-449: A modification to a number of other vehicles, including the following: Jaguar made several fundamental changes to the design of the IRS for the new XJ40 model, launched in 1986. The shape of the subframe changed to an approximate triangle, bolted to the front of the differential and attached to the car at approximately the same points as the radius arms of the first generation IRS. The rear of
1144-408: A more comprehensive due diligence by Tata. On 18 March 2008, Reuters reported that American bankers Citigroup and JP Morgan would finance the deal with a US$ 3 billion loan. On 26 March 2008, Ford announced that it had agreed to sell its Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors of India, and that they expected to complete the sale by the end of the second quarter of 2008. Included in
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#17328593179241248-553: A path followed in the 1950s to prove the engineering integrity of the company's products. Jaguar's sales slogan for years was "Grace, Space, Pace", a mantra epitomised by the record sales achieved by the MK VII, IX, Mks I and II saloons and later the XJ6. During the time this slogan was used, but the exact text varied. The core of Bill Lyons' success following the Second World War was
1352-611: A prestige motorcar manufacturer had few rivals. The company's post-War achievements are remarkable, considering both the shortages that drove Britain (the Ministry of Supply still allocated raw materials) and the state of metallurgical development of the era. In 1950, Jaguar agreed to lease from the Ministry of Supply the Daimler Shadow 2 factory in Browns Lane , Allesley, Coventry, which at
1456-520: A profit. Under Ford's ownership Jaguar expanded its range of products with the launch of the S-Type in 1999 and X-type in 2001. After PAG acquired Land Rover in May 2000 purchase by Ford, the brand became closely associated with Jaguar. In many countries they shared a common sales and distribution network (including shared dealerships), and some models shared components, although the only shared production facility
1560-406: A ratchet handle similar to a car's hand brake or parking brake , as opposed to an air brake button or lever. Risk factors for drivers include parking on a steep slope when heavily loaded, not applying the brake with enough force, changing the load or load balance while parked on a slope, or parking where one side of the vehicle is able to slip. Using chocks on the wheels is one way of preventing
1664-435: A rear differential to a rear wheel may be called a half-shaft. The name derives from the fact that two such shafts are required to form one rear axle . Early automobiles often used chain drive or belt drive mechanisms rather than a drive shaft. Some used electrical generators and motors to transmit power to the wheels. In British English , the term drive shaft is restricted to a transverse shaft that transmits power to
1768-411: A vertical bolt passing through a large Metalastic bush that is pressed into the forward end of the radius arm. Safety straps retain the radius arms in proximity to the vehicle body should one of the front securing bolts happen to come loose. As a consequence of the radius arm forward attachments not being on the axis of the lower link arm inner pivots, it would appear at first glance that free movement of
1872-402: Is also required to send power the length of the vehicle. Two forms dominate: The torque tube with a single universal joint and the more common Hotchkiss drive with two or more joints. This system became known as Système Panhard after the automobile company Panhard et Levassor which patented it. Most of these vehicles have a clutch and gearbox (or transmission) mounted directly on
1976-506: Is credited for Jaguar's unprecedented prosperity immediately after privatisation. In early 1986 Egan reported he had tackled the main problems that were holding Jaguar back from selling more cars: quality control, lagging delivery schedules, poor productivity. He laid off about one third of the company's roughly 10,000 employees to cut costs. Commentators later pointed out he exploited an elderly model range (on which all development costs had been written off) and raised prices. He also intensified
2080-479: Is in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. An automobile may use a longitudinal shaft to deliver power from an engine/transmission to the other end of the vehicle before it goes to the wheels. A pair of short drive shafts is commonly used to send power from a central differential , transmission , or transaxle to the wheels. In front-engined, rear-wheel drive vehicles, a longer drive shaft
2184-404: Is known as the tail shaft. The Shay , Climax and Heisler locomotives, all introduced in the late 19th century, used quill drives to couple power from a centrally mounted multi-cylinder engine to each of the trucks supporting the engine. On each of these geared steam locomotives , one end of each drive shaft was coupled to the driven truck through a universal joint while the other end
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#17328593179242288-434: Is needed to turn the power 90° from the shaft to the rear wheel, losing some power in the process. BMW has produced shaft drive motorcycles since 1923; and Moto Guzzi have built shaft-drive V-twins since the 1960s. The British company, Triumph and the major Japanese brands, Honda , Suzuki , Kawasaki and Yamaha , have produced shaft drive motorcycles. Lambretta motorscooters type A up to type LD are shaft-driven
2392-453: Is the sports car and luxury vehicle brand of Jaguar Land Rover , a British multinational car manufacturer with its headquarters in Whitley, Coventry , England. Jaguar Cars was the company that was responsible for the production of Jaguar cars until its operations were fully merged with those of Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover on 1 January 2013. Jaguar's business was founded as
2496-430: Is the driving half-shaft with a universal joint at each end. The lower link pivots adjacent to the differential casing at its inboard end and where it meets the wheel carrier at the wheel hub casting (violet) at its outboard end. The pivot bearings at each end of the lower link are widely spaced so as to provide maximum longitudinal rigidity. Suspension is provided by two coil spring and damper units (yellow) on each side of
2600-597: Is the first car in its segment with an aluminium monocoque structure. Originally announced at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show with sales scheduled for 2015. Production of the XE ceased in mid 2024. The Jaguar XF is a mid-size executive car introduced in 2008 to replace the S-Type . In January 2008, the XF was awarded the What Car? 'Car of the Year' and 'Executive Car of the Year' awards. The XF
2704-502: Is the first compact executive Jaguar since the 2009 model year X-Type and is the first of several Jaguar models to be built using Jaguar's new modular aluminium architecture, moving the company away from the Ford derived platforms that were used in the past for the X-Type and XF. The use of Jaguar's own platform allows the XE to feature either rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive configurations, and it
2808-688: The International Motor Show Germany in Frankfurt in September 2015. The Jaguar E-Pace is a compact SUV , officially revealed on 13 July 2017. Production of the E-Pace will be stopped in December 2024. The Jaguar I-Pace is an electric SUV , officially revealed on 1 March 2018. It is Jaguar's first electric car. Amid slowing sales and a change in corporate vision, Jaguar has announced that
2912-664: The Jaguar XJ (X350) in 2003, Jaguar XK (X150) in 2006, Jaguar XF (X250) in 2007, revised Jaguar XJ (X351) in 2010, Jaguar XF Sportbrake (X250) in 2012 and Jaguar F-Type (X152) in 2013. A heavily revised version will also underpin future Land Rover products starting with the Range Rover (L405) . Key: 1st Gen. IRS , 2nd Gen. IRS , Multi-link Gen. IRS , and Mondeo Gen. IRS Jaguar cars Jaguar ( UK : / ˈ dʒ æ ɡ j u ər / , US : / ˈ dʒ æ ɡ w ɑːr / )
3016-548: The Le Mans 24 hours race , firstly in 1951 and again in 1953. Victory at the 1955 Le Mans was overshadowed by it being the occasion of the worst motorsport accident in history . Later in the hands of the Scottish racing team Ecurie Ecosse two more wins were added in 1956 and 1957. In spite of such a performance orientation, it was always Lyons' intention to build the business by producing world-class sporting saloons in larger numbers than
3120-550: The Swallow Sidecar Company in 1922, originally making motorcycle sidecars before developing bodies for passenger cars. Under the ownership of SS Cars , the business extended to complete cars made in association with Standard Motor Company , many bearing Jaguar as a model name. The company's name was changed from SS Cars to Jaguar Cars in 1945. A merger with the British Motor Corporation followed in 1966,
3224-528: The differential and inboard brakes (if fitted). The differential is a Salisbury 4HU or Dana unit with a hypoid spiral bevel gear. It provides final drive reduction ratios ranging from 2.88:1 to 4.55:1, depending upon the Jaguar model. The bolts that attach the differential to the subframe have small holes through their heads so that they can be safety wired to prevent them coming undone, which would otherwise be difficult to detect since they can only be accessed when
Jaguar independent rear suspension - Misplaced Pages Continue
3328-412: The hull . The thrust, the axial force generated by the propeller, is transmitted to the vessel by the thrust block or thrust bearing, which, in all but the smallest of boats, is incorporated in the main engine or gearbox. Shafts can be made of stainless steel or composite materials depending on what type of ship will install them. The portion of the drive train which connects directly to the propeller
3432-407: The transfer case was placed between transmission and final drives in both axles. This split the drive to the two axles and may also have included reduction gears, a dog clutch or differential. At least two drive shafts were used, one from the transfer case to each axle. In some larger vehicles, the transfer box was centrally mounted and was itself driven by a short drive shaft. In vehicles the size of
3536-702: The twin-cam straight six engine, conceived pre-war and realised while engineers at the Coventry plant were dividing their time between fire-watching and designing the new power plant. It had a hemispherical cross-flow cylinder head with valves inclined from the vertical; originally at 30 degrees (inlet) and 45 degrees (exhaust) and later standardised to 45 degrees for both inlet and exhaust. As fuel octane ratings were relatively low from 1948 onwards, three piston configuration were offered: domed (high octane), flat (medium octane), and dished (low octane). The main designer, William Heynes , assisted by Walter Hassan ,
3640-403: The (unitary construction) vehicle body, beneath the rear passenger compartment. Each radius arm attaches to its lower link at a point just outboard of the bottom spring mountings and pivots vertically about its fixing bolt. The fixing bolts pass through a small Metalastik bush, which consist of a metal sleeve held within a rubber bush. Where the radius arm meets the vehicle body, it is attached by
3744-663: The 2-seat plan that was lost with the introduction of the Series III E-Type, which was available only in a 2+2-seat configuration. It was developed following the positive reaction to Jaguar's C-X16 concept car at the 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show. Sales began in 2013 with three engine choices; two variants of the AJ126 V6 petrol engine and the AJ133 V8 petrol engine. Production ended in June 2024, by which time 87,731 examples had been built. The XE
3848-610: The British Army's Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) family of vehicles, as well as the Fox armoured reconnaissance vehicle , the Ferret Scout Car , and the Stonefield four-wheel-drive all-terrain lorry. Properly maintained, the standard production XK Engine would achieve 200,000 miles of useful life. Two of the proudest moments in Jaguar's long history in motor sport involved winning
3952-720: The Great Eastern Hotel in London, Lyons and BMC chairman George Harriman announced, "Jaguar Group of companies is to merge with The British Motor Corporation Ltd., as the first step towards the setting up of a joint holding company to be called British Motor (Holdings) Limited". In due course BMC changed its name to British Motor Holdings at the end of 1966. BMH was pushed by the Government to merge with Leyland Motor Corporation Limited, manufacturer of Leyland bus and truck , Standard - Triumph and, since 1967, Rover vehicles. The result
4056-605: The I-Pace will be discontinued by 2025. The F-Type convertible was launched at the 2012 Paris Motor Show , following its display at the Goodwood Festival of Speed in June 2012, and is billed as a successor to the legendary E-Type . In fact, the Series III E-Type already had a successor, in the form of the XJS , which was in turn replaced by the XK8 and XKR. The F-Type nevertheless returns to
4160-465: The Jaguar brand will be fully electric by 2025. The Swallow Sidecar Company was founded in 1922 by two motorcycle enthusiasts, William Lyons and William Walmsley . In 1934, Walmsley elected to sell-out and in order to buy the Swallow business (but not the company which was liquidated) Lyons formed SS Cars , finding new capital by issuing shares to the public. Jaguar first appeared in September 1935 as
4264-552: The NSU Prima scooter is also shaft-driven Motorcycle engines positioned such that the crankshaft is longitudinal and parallel to the frame are often used for shaft-driven motorcycles. This requires only one 90° turn in power transmission, rather than two. Bikes from Moto Guzzi and BMW, plus the Triumph Rocket III and Honda ST series all use this engine layout. Motorcycles with shaft drive are subject to shaft effect , where
Jaguar independent rear suspension - Misplaced Pages Continue
4368-764: The Swallow Sidecar company (SSC) was located in Blackpool . The company moved to Holbrook Lane, Coventry in 1928 when demand for the Austin Swallow became too great for the factory's capacity. The company started using the Jaguar name whilst based in Holbrooks Lane. In 1951, having outgrown the original Coventry site they moved to Browns Lane, which had been a wartime "shadow factory" run by The Daimler Company . The Browns Lane plant ceased trim and final operations in 2005,
4472-517: The US, Tata Motors of India and a consortium comprising Mahindra & Mahindra (an automobile manufacturer from India) and Apollo Management all initially expressed interest in purchasing the marques from Ford. Before the sale was announced, Anthony Bamford , chairman of British excavator manufacturer JCB had expressed interest in purchasing the company in August 2006, but backed out upon learning that
4576-467: The United Kingdom , the most recent prime ministerial car delivery being an XJ (X351) in May 2010. The company also held royal warrants from Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Charles . Ford owned Jaguar Cars, also buying Land Rover in 2000, until 2008 when it sold both to Tata Motors . Tata created Jaguar Land Rover as a subsidiary holding company. At operating company level, Jaguar Cars
4680-673: The X350 XJ having already moved to Castle Bromwich two years prior, with the XK and S-Type following. The Browns Lane plant, which continued producing veneer trim for a while and housed the Jaguar Daimler Heritage centre until it moved to the British Motor Museum site, has now been demolished and is being redeveloped. Jaguar acquired the Whitley engineering centre from Peugeot in 1986,
4784-426: The alignment and distance between the driving and driven components, drive shafts frequently incorporate one or more universal joints , jaw couplings , or rag joints , and sometimes a splined joint or prismatic joint . The term driveshaft first appeared during the mid-19th century. In Stover's 1861 patent reissue for a planing and matching machine , the term is used to refer to the belt-driven shaft by which
4888-454: The chassis climbs when power is applied. This effect, which is the opposite of that exhibited by chain-drive motorcycles, is counteracted with systems such as BMW's Paralever , Moto Guzzi's CARC and Kawasaki's Tetra Lever . On a power-driven ship, the drive shaft, or propeller shaft, usually connects the propeller outside the vessel to the driving machinery inside, passing through at least one shaft seal or stuffing box where it intersects
4992-489: The clutch and transmission at the rear of the car and the drive shaft between them and the engine. In this case the drive shaft rotates continuously with the engine, even when the car is stationary and out of gear. However, the Porsche 924/944/928 models have the clutch mounted to the back of the engine in a bell housing and the drive shaft from the clutch output, located inside of a hollow protective torque tube, transfers power to
5096-450: The clutch disengaged, the engine and flywheel inertia is relatively low and is not burdened with the added rotational inertia of the driveshaft. The Porsche torque tube is solidly fastened to both the engine's bell housing and to the transaxle case, fixing the length and alignment between the bell housing and the transaxle and greatly minimizing rear wheel drive reaction torque from twisting the transaxle in any plane. A drive shaft connecting
5200-435: The crossbeam at the top and the lower links at the bottom. The use of two spring and damper units on each side is unusual and allows the use of smaller springs, taking up less space and protruding less into the luggage area. It also equalises the load transmitted to the front and rear of the crossbeam Some models were also fitted with an anti-roll bar , a torsion bar arrangement intended to reduce body roll on cornering. For
5304-458: The crossbeam's mounting points, thus inducing a small amount of passive rear wheel steering , which may result in significantly improved handling. When the Jaguar components are re-used in other vehicles, the differential is often rigidly mounted to the chassis, different radius arm configurations are used, and the passive rear wheel steering effect is lost. Springing and damping are provided by four coilover spring and damper units which attach to
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#17328593179245408-454: The deal were the rights to three other British brands, Jaguar's own Daimler , as well as two dormant brands Lanchester and Rover . On 2 June 2008, the sale to Tata was completed at a cost of £1.7 billion. On 18 January 2008, Tata Motors, a part of the Tata Group , established Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) as a British-registered and wholly owned subsidiary. The company was to be used as
5512-471: The deal. The sale was initially expected to be announced by September 2007, but was delayed until March 2008. Private equity firms such as Alchemy Partners of the UK, TPG Capital , Ripplewood Holdings (which hired former Ford Europe executive Sir Nick Scheele to head its bid), Cerberus Capital Management and One Equity Partners (owned by JPMorgan Chase and managed by former Ford executive Jacques Nasser ) of
5616-453: The differential casing (four in total), the spring and damper units attaching to the crossbeam at the top and the lower link at the bottom. The lower links are further located longitudially by two radius arms (see photo above), each of which runs forward from the outer lower link to a point on the vehicle body, and is pivoted at each end via rubber bushings. In order to insulate the passenger compartment from noise, vibration and harshness (NVH),
5720-430: The differential was further supported by a pair of link rods attaching it to the car's rear floor structure. Rubber bushes at the attachment points provided the necessary levels of NVH suppression. The fixed-length driveshaft as the upper suspension link remained, but the lower wishbone became a fabricated steel box section with a much wider base. Putting the front and rear pivots of the wishbones so far apart meant that
5824-404: The discontinuation of the X-Type; Halewood now becoming a Land Rover-only plant. Since Jaguar Land Rover was formed following the merger of Jaguar Cars with Land Rover, facilities have been shared across several JLR sites, most of which are used for work on both the Jaguar and Land Rover brands. The F-Pace is a compact luxury crossover SUV – the first SUV from Jaguar. It was unveiled at
5928-516: The discs. For the 1993–1996 model XJS , the brakes were moved to the outboard position. This was achieved using the hub carriers from the Second Generation IRS, which by that time had already been in production for seven years for the XJ6 (XJ40) . Moving the rear brakes outboard eliminated the heat transfer problem and allowed for easier servicing. The parking brake then used brake shoes inside
6032-413: The drive force generated by the engine to the axles. Several different types of drive shaft are used in the automotive industry: The slip-in-tube drive shaft is a new type that improves crash safety. It can be compressed to absorb energy in the event of a crash, so is also known as a "collapsible drive shaft". These evolved from the front-engine rear-wheel drive layout. A new form of transmission called
6136-579: The effort to improve Jaguar's quality. In the US the price increases were masked by a favourable exchange rate. Ford made offers to Jaguar's US and UK shareholders to buy their shares in November 1989; Jaguar's listing on the London Stock Exchange was removed on 28 February 1990. In 1999 it became part of Ford's new Premier Automotive Group along with Aston Martin , Volvo Cars and, from 2000, Land Rover . Under Ford's ownership, Jaguar never made
6240-463: The engine, with a drive shaft leading to a final drive in the rear axle. When the vehicle is stationary, the drive shaft does not rotate. Some vehicles (generally sports cars, such as the Chevrolet Corvette C5 / C6 / C7 , Alfa Romeo Alfetta and Porsche 924/944/928 ), seeking improved weight balance between front and rear, use a rear-mounted transaxle . In some non-Porsche models, this places
6344-619: The facility having been part of Chrysler Europe which the French firm had owned since the late 1970s. The decision to offload the site to Jaguar came as Peugeot discontinued the Talbot brand for passenger cars. In 2016, Jaguar also moved into part of the old Peugeot/Chrysler/Rootes site in Ryton-on-Dunsmore which closed a decade earlier – this now is the home of Jaguar Land Rover's classic restoration operation. Jaguar's Radford plant , originally
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#17328593179246448-478: The first 32 years of production of the first generation IRS, the disc brakes were mounted at the inboard ends of the driveshafts in order to minimise unsprung weight at the outboard end. The hydraulic brake calipers were mounted directly onto the differential. Care was taken to prevent heat generated by the brakes from damaging the differential output seals, although this was never totally successful. The parking brake used separate mechanical calipers acting on
6552-448: The front axle are combined into one housing alongside the engine, and a single drive shaft runs the length of the car to the rear axle. This is a favoured design where the torque is biased to the front wheels to give car-like handling, or where the maker wishes to produce both four-wheel drive and front-wheel drive cars with many shared components. The automotive industry also uses drive shafts at testing plants. At an engine test stand ,
6656-405: The independent rear suspension was designed to be carried in a separate crossbeam assembly attached to the vehicle body by four rubber vee-blocks. The only other points of contact with the vehicle body (i.e. the radius arms) are by means of metal sleeved (Metalastik) rubber bushes , so there is no metal-to-metal contact between the suspension and vehicle body. The fabricated steel crossbeam carries
6760-500: The introduction of the first XJR, and the first XKR was introduced in 1997. Jaguar R, R-S and SVR models are designated to compete with the likes of Mercedes-AMG , BMW M and Audi S and RS . Drive shaft A drive shaft , driveshaft , driving shaft , tailshaft ( Australian English ), propeller shaft ( prop shaft ), or Cardan shaft (after Girolamo Cardano ) is a component for transmitting mechanical power , torque , and rotation, usually used to connect other components of
6864-500: The likes of Bentley and Porsche. In June 2024, the company stopped production of every model except for the F-Pace, aligning goals to fully electrify the marque by 2025. Instead, three brand new electric models will be introduced on the new JEA platform, starting with a four-door electric grand tourer in 2025. In November 2024, Jaguar announced a new logo and branding ahead of its relaunch in 2026 as an electric-only brand. From 1922
6968-497: The low regard for many of the group's products insufficient capital could be provided to develop and begin manufacture of new models, including Jaguars, particularly if Jaguar were to remain a part of the group. In July 1984, Jaguar was floated off as a separate company on the London Stock Exchange – one of the Thatcher government's many privatisations – to create its own track record. Installed as chairman in 1980, Sir John Egan
7072-500: The machine is driven. The term is not used in his original patent. Another early use of the term occurs in the 1861 patent reissue for the Watkins and Bryson horse-drawn mowing machine . Here, the term refers to the shaft transmitting power from the machine's wheels to the gear train that works the cutting mechanism. In the 1890s, the term began to be used in a manner closer to the modern sense. In 1891, for example, Battles referred to
7176-476: The mechanicals to Jaguar. In mid-1965 British Motor Corporation (BMC), the Austin - Morris combine, bought Pressed Steel. Lyons became concerned about the future of Jaguar, partly because of the threat to ongoing supplies of bodies, and partly because of his age and lack of an heir. He therefore accepted BMC's offer to merge with Jaguar to form British Motor (Holdings) Limited. At a press conference on 11 July 1965 at
7280-435: The pivot bearings provides both torsional and fore-and-aft rigidity to the hub carrier. This prevents the hub carrier from twisting relative to the differential and is also necessary because, with driveshafts acting as the upper suspension links, the hub carrier has no other way of resisting fore-and-aft movement. The top and lower link pivots use roller bearings , reducing friction relative to plain bearings and improving both
7384-402: The radius arms could be (and were) eliminated. The original twin springs on each side were replaced by a single spring and damper, acting against the car's body instead of the rear subframe. The brakes were moved to the outboard ends of the driveshafts to enable better heat dissipation and easier servicing. The net result was a reduction in overall weight, but the unsprung weight increased due to
7488-410: The rear mounted transaxle (transmission + differential). Thus the Porsche driveshaft only rotates when the rear wheels are turning as the engine-mounted clutch can decouple engine crankshaft rotation from the driveshaft. So for Porsche, when the driver is using the clutch while briskly shifting up or down (manual transmission), the engine can rev freely with the driver's accelerator pedal input, since with
7592-474: The relocation of the brakes more than offsetting the weight reductions on springs and dampers, and the NVH isolation deteriorated slightly. In 1993 on late XJ40 models, the attachment of the lower wishbone to the hub carrier was changed to use a bolt with eccentric head, enabling the rear toe-in adjustment that was not possible before without bending the arms. The following Jaguar and Aston Martin cars were fitted with
7696-473: The resulting enlarged company now being renamed as British Motor Holdings (BMH), which in 1968 merged with Leyland Motor Corporation and became British Leyland , itself to be nationalised in 1975. Jaguar was spun off from British Leyland and was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1984 until it was acquired by Ford in 1990. Since the late 1970s, Jaguar manufactured cars for the Prime Minister of
7800-450: The rules of the auction process, this announcement would not automatically disqualify any other potential suitor. However, Ford (as well as representatives of Unite ) would now be able to enter into detailed discussions with Tata concerning issues ranging from labour concerns (job security and pensions), technology (IT systems and engine production) and intellectual property, as well as the final sale price. Ford would also open its books for
7904-479: The sale would also involve Land Rover, which he did not wish to buy. On Christmas Eve of 2007, Mahindra and Mahindra backed out of the race for both brands, citing complexities in the deal. On 1 January 2008, Ford announced Tata as the preferred bidder. Tata Motors also received endorsements from the Transport And General Worker's Union (TGWU)- Amicus combine as well as from Ford. According to
8008-603: The second generation IRS as part of their original specification: For the launch of the Jaguar S-Type (X200) model, Jaguar , under Ford ownership, developed a new and complex multi-link suspension unit for the Ford DEW98 platform. The driveshafts had now ceased to be a structural part of the suspension, so they could be fitted with constant-velocity joints that allowed their length to vary with suspension travel. This system with modifications has now been incorporated into
8112-446: The shaft between the transmission and driving trucks of his Climax locomotive as the drive shaft, and Stillman referred to the shaft linking the crankshaft to the rear axle of his shaft-driven bicycle as a drive shaft. In 1899, Bukey used the term to describe the shaft transmitting power from the wheel to the driven machinery by a universal joint in his Horse-Power . In the same year, Clark described his Marine Velocipede using
8216-422: The smoothness and speed of suspension response. The position and shape of the rubber vee-blocks and Metalastik bushes are designed to ensure sufficiently rigid suspension mounting for good control whilst successfully isolating the body from NVH. The lower link itself is not designed to carry normal acceleration and braking forces, so it is located by two radius arms that run forward from each lower link to points on
8320-555: The sports car market could support. Jaguar secured financial stability and a reputation for excellence with a series of elegantly styled luxury saloons that included the 3-litre and 3½ litre cars, the Mark VII, VIII, and IX, the compact Mark I and 2, and the XJ6 and XJ12. All were deemed very good values, with comfortable rides, good handling, high performance, and great style. Combined with the trend-setting XK 120, XK 140, and XK 150 series of sports car, and nonpareil E-Type, Jaguar's elan as
8424-449: The suspension would be impossible without some components bending, or the trailing arm elastomeric bushes being compressed unduly. However, as described above, the crossbeam is rubber mounted to the body. The crossbeam and lower links maintain the correct toe angle of one wheel relative to the other, however due to the relative angles of the trailing radius arms, body roll results in the entire cross-beam and lower links pivoting slightly about
8528-404: The term to refer to the gear-driven shaft transmitting power through a universal joint to the propeller shaft. Crompton used the term to refer to the shaft between the transmission of his steam-powered Motor Vehicle of 1903 and the driven axle. The pioneering automobile industry company, Autocar , was the first to use a drive shaft in a gasoline-powered car. Built in 1901, today this vehicle
8632-469: The time was being used by Daimler and moved to the new site from Foleshill over the next 12 months. Jaguar purchased Daimler, not to be confused with Daimler-Benz or Daimler AG , in 1960 from BSA . From the late 1960s, Jaguar used the Daimler marque as a brand name for their most luxurious saloons. Pressed Steel Company Limited made all Jaguar's ( monocoque ) bodies leaving provision and installation of
8736-428: The top link, which rotates to transmit drive from its inner pivot at the output of the differential/brake unit to its outer pivot at the wheel carrier. The wheel carrier takes the form of a splined stub axle (for knock-off wheels ) or a stub axle and hub plate (for 5-lug wheels). In later XJS models with outboard rear brakes, the wheel carrier, brake discs and parking brake drum were a single cast steel unit. In all cases
8840-566: The vehicle as a complete assembly. This feature has made it suitable for adaptation as a non-standard component on other vehicles, like from kit-car builders and low-volume specialty car makers. The complete rear suspension assembly is carried in a steel crossbeam cradle (shown ghosted in the diagram below), which is attached to the vehicle body via four rubber vee-blocks and also carries the differential (blue) and inboard brakes (red). The rear wheels are located transversely by top links and wheel carriers (green) and lower links (cyan). The top link
8944-488: The vehicle body also provides a smoother ride. Jaguar's first IRS system took five years to develop. A Mark 2 saloon fitted with a prototype IRS demonstrated a reduction in unsprung weight of 190 lb (86 kg) compared with a live axle. Its first production applications were in the E‑;Type sportscar from its launch in 1961, as well as in the late 1961 introduced, line-topping Jaguar Mark X saloon. The assembly
9048-433: The vehicle experiencing any of the signs below, drivers should get it checked as soon as possible. A cardan shaft park brake works on the drive shaft rather than the wheels. These brakes are commonly used on small trucks. This type of brake is prone to failure and has led to incidents where the truck has run away on a slope, leading to safety alerts being issued. Heavy vehicles that have this type of park brake usually have
9152-550: The vehicle from moving on a slope. Drive shafts have been used on motorcycles since before WW1, such as the Belgian FN motorcycle from 1903 and the Stuart Turner Stellar motorcycle of 1912. As an alternative to chain and belt drives, drive shafts offer long-lived, clean, and relatively maintenance-free operation. A disadvantage of shaft drive on a motorcycle is that helical gearing , spiral bevel gearing or similar
9256-401: The wheel carrier runs in bearings mounted in a large cast aluminium hub carrier. Each lower link is fabricated from a steel tube with a two-pronged fork welded to each end. The outer end of the lower link pivots about a fulcrum shaft, which runs longitudinally through the bottom of each hub carrier. The inner fulcrum mounting is adjacent to the bottom of the differential casing. Wide spacing of
9360-412: The wheels, especially the front wheels. The shaft connecting the gearbox to a rear differential is called a "propeller shaft", or "prop-shaft". A prop-shaft assembly consists of a propeller shaft, a slip joint and one or more universal joints. Where the engine and axles are separated from each other, as on four-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive vehicles, it is the propeller shaft that serves to transmit
9464-441: The whole suspension assembly is removed from the car. A limited slip differential was standard on some models and optional on others. The first generation IRS always had the disc brakes mounted inboard, the brake units being located immediately adjacent to the differential and braking its output shafts. The top link is a fixed-length half-shaft universally jointed at each end. The universal joints act as inner and outer pivots for
9568-511: Was British Leyland Motor Corporation , a new holding company which appeared in 1968, but the combination was not a success. A combination of poor decision making by the board along with the financial difficulties of, especially, the Austin-Morris division (previously BMC) led to the Ryder Report and to effective nationalisation in 1975. Over the next few years it became clear that because of
9672-454: Was Halewood Body & Assembly – which manufactured the technically related X-Type and the Freelander 2. Operationally the two companies were effectively integrated under a common management structure within Ford's PAG. On 11 June 2007, Ford announced that it planned to sell Jaguar, along with Land Rover and retained the services of Goldman Sachs , Morgan Stanley and HSBC to advise it on
9776-583: Was also awarded Car of the Year 2008 from What Diesel? magazine. Engines available in the XF are 2.2-litre I4 and 3.0-litre V6 diesel engines, or 3.0 litre V6 and 5.0-litre V8 petrol engines. The 5.0 Litre engine is available in supercharged form in the XFR. From 2011, the 2.2-litre diesel engine from the Land Rover Freelander was added to the range as part of a facelift. Production of the XF ceased in mid 2024. Jaguar began producing R models in 1995 with
9880-552: Was also employed in the E Type, itself a development from the race winning and Le Mans conquering C and D Type Sports Racing cars refined as the short-lived XKSS, a road-legal D-Type. Few engine types have demonstrated such ubiquity and longevity: Jaguar used the Twin OHC XK Engine , as it came to be known, in the Jaguar XJ6 saloon from 1969 through 1992, and employed in a J60 variant as the power plant in such diverse vehicles as
9984-540: Was determined to develop the Twin OHC unit. Bill Lyons agreed over misgivings from Hassan. It was risky to take what had previously been considered a racing or low-volume and cantankerous engine needing constant fettling and apply it to reasonable volume production saloon cars. The subsequent engine (in various versions) was the mainstay powerplant of Jaguar, used in the XK 120, Mk VII Saloon, Mk I and II Saloons and XK 140 and 150. It
10088-538: Was entirely dependent for their bodies on external suppliers, in particular then independent Pressed Steel and in 1966 that carried them into BMC, BMH and British Leyland. Jaguar made its name by producing a series of successful eye-catching sports cars, the Jaguar XK120 (1948–54), Jaguar XK140 (1954–57), Jaguar XK150 (1957–61), and Jaguar E-Type (1961–75), all embodying Lyons' mantra of "value for money". The sports cars were successful in international motorsport,
10192-462: Was hampered by shortage of materials, particularly steel, issued to manufacturers until the 1950s by a central planning authority under strict government control. Jaguar sold Motor Panels , a pressed steel body manufacturing company bought in the late 1930s, to steel and components manufacturer Rubery Owen , and Jaguar bought from John Black 's Standard Motor Company the plant where Standard built Jaguar's six-cylinder engines. From this time Jaguar
10296-423: Was manufactured in three different sizes with differing track widths to suit different models. The first generation Jaguar IRS continued to be updated and used until production of the XJS ended in 1996, though a derivative of the IRS continued to be used by Aston Martin in the DB7 until 2004. The IRS is built into a fabricated steel crossbeam-like subframe unit, that allows it to be relatively easily removed from
10400-597: Was merged in 2013 with Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover as the single design, manufacture, sales company, and brand owner for both Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles. Since the Ford ownership era, Jaguar and Land Rover have used joint design facilities in engineering centres at Whitley in Coventry and Gaydon in Warwickshire and Jaguar cars have been assembled in plants at Castle Bromwich and Solihull . On 15 February 2021, Jaguar Land Rover announced that all cars made under
10504-511: Was observed in Germany and the United States . In 2020, the former CEO of the French company Renault, Thierry Bolloré , replaced Ralf Speth as the head of Jaguar Land Rover. In 2023, JLR announced plans to move Jaguar further upmarket, following years of zero-profitability and poor sales. The holding company detailed its plans to downsize Jaguar into a lower volume brand, competing closer to
10608-537: Was powered by the crankshaft , transmission or another truck through a second universal joint. A quill drive also has the ability to slide lengthways, effectively varying its length. This is required to allow the bogies to rotate when passing a curve. Cardan shafts are used in some diesel locomotives (mainly diesel-hydraulics, such as British Rail Class 52 ) and some electric locomotives (e.g. British Rail Class 91 ). They are also widely used in diesel multiple units . The drive shaft has served as an alternative to
10712-499: Was relatively rare for British cars to have independently sprung rear wheels, most production cars of the time using live rear axles . Independent suspension systems offer the advantage of lower unsprung mass to improve roadholding, and when properly designed, the ability to maintain the roadwheels perpendicular to the road surface during cornering and in response to uneven road surfaces, further improving roadholding. The reduction in transfer of vertical undulations in road surface to
10816-451: Was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Limited and the assets (excluding certain Chinese interests) of Land Rover were transferred to it. The consequence was that Jaguar Land Rover Limited became responsible in the UK for the design, manufacture and marketing of both Jaguar and Land Rover products. Sales in 2013 amounted to 76,668 units, an increase of 42% compared to 2012. The most significant growth
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