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84-517: The Jaguar C-X75 is a hybrid-electric , 2-seat, concept car produced by British automobile manufacturer Jaguar Cars in partnership with the derivative of the Formula One team, Williams Advanced Engineering , which debuted at the 2010 Paris Motor Show . The powertrain of the C-X75 concept is rated at 778 hp (789 PS; 580 kW) through four YASA electric motors, each of which drives one of

168-493: A 2.3-litre five-cylinder petrol engine with an output of 100 kilowatts (136 PS; 134 bhp). The intent was to produce a vehicle which could operate on the engine in the country, and electric mode in the city. Mode of operation could be selected by the driver. Just ten vehicles are believed to have been made; one drawback was that due to the extra weight of the electric drive, the vehicles were less efficient when running on their engines alone than standard Audi 100s with

252-416: A Top Gear magazine article that states "They built seven. Two are ‘star cars’, cosmetically perfect specimens with proper glitzy interiors; the other five are grafters, used for skidding about and doing the fun stuff". Hybrid electric vehicle Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative brakes which convert the vehicle's kinetic energy to electric energy, which

336-553: A plug to connect to the electrical grid . PHEVs have a much larger all-electric range as compared to conventional gasoline-electric hybrids, and also eliminate the " range anxiety " associated with all-electric vehicles, because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted. In December 2018, Toyota do Brasil announced the development of the world's first commercial hybrid electric car with flex-fuel engine capable of running with electricity and ethanol fuel or gasoline. The flexible fuel hybrid technology

420-696: A 1.5-liter hybrid system similar to the one used in the Prius c. Sales of the Honda Vezel Hybrid SUV began in Japan began in December 2013. The Range Rover Hybrid diesel-powered electric hybrid was unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show , and retail deliveries in Europe are slated to start in early 2014. Ford Motor Company , the world's second largest manufacturer of hybrids after Toyota Motor Corporation , reached

504-446: A 2.0-litre four-cylinder engine . Research and Development was advancing in the 1990s with projects such as the early BMW 5 Series (E34) CVT hybrid-electric vehicle In 1992, Volvo ECC was developed by Volvo . The Volvo ECC was built on the Volvo 850 platform. In contrast to most production hybrids, which use a gasoline piston engine to provide additional acceleration and to recharge

588-404: A PHEV-20 can travel 20 miles without using its internal combustion engine, or about 32 kilometers, so it may also be designated as PHEV32km. The all-electric range for BEVs has steadily increased in the last decade. In model year 2010 BEVs, the average AER is 127 km (78.9 mi), while in model year 2021 BEVs the average AER is 349 km (216.9 mi). In model year 2021 BEVs,

672-752: A clear AER. However blend-mode PHEVs which use the ICE and electric motor in series do not have a clear AER because they use both gasoline and electricity at the same time. This motor design uses only the battery to power the drivetrain and uses the internal combustion engine to generate electricity for the battery. Equivalent AER is the AER of vehicles following this architecture. One example of this calculation can be found in Argonne National Labs report titled "TEST PROCEDURES AND BENCHMARKING Blended-Type and EV-Capable Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles." This procedure uses

756-459: A comparably sized gasoline car since the hybrid's gasoline engine is usually smaller than that of a gasoline-powered vehicle. If the engine is not used to drive the car directly, it can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy. Ferdinand Porsche developed the Lohner–Porsche in 1901. But hybrid electric vehicles did not become widely available until the release of

840-465: A core design concept of most modern production HEVs, was developed in 1967 for the American Motors Amitron and called Energy Regeneration Brake by AMC. This completely battery powered urban concept car was recharged by braking, thus increasing the range of the automobile. The AMC Amitron was first use of regenerative braking technology in the U.S. A more recent working prototype of

924-448: A devoted base of owners. A second-generation Insight was launched in 2010. In 2004, Honda also released a 6-cylinder hybrid version of the Accord but discontinued it in 2007, citing disappointing sales, although production of a 4-cylinder hybrid began in 2012. The Ford Escape Hybrid , the first hybrid electric sport utility vehicle (SUV), was released in 2005. Toyota and Ford entered into

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1008-422: A four-cylinder ICE and an electric motor. Below 15 mph (24 km/h) the electric motor alone drove the vehicle, drawing power from a battery pack, and above this speed the "main" engine cut in to take the car up to its 35 mph (56 km/h) top speed. About 600 were made up to 1918. The Woods hybrid was a commercial failure, proving to be too slow for its price, and too difficult to service. In England,

1092-465: A future Jaguar museum, and one was kept by Jaguar for running demonstrations. One of these prototypes was also featured in the 2015 James Bond film, Spectre. A Jaguar C-X75 (painted in dark orange) appears in the 2015 James Bond film Spectre as Mr. Hinx's car (licensed ROMA 860K). It takes part in a car chase around Rome against James Bond, who drives an Aston Martin DB10 . Jaguar supplied seven examples to

1176-403: A given driving cycle . In the case of a Battery electric vehicle (BEV), it means the maximum range per recharge , typically between 150 and 400 miles. For a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), it means the maximum range in charge-depleting mode, typically between 20 and 40 miles. PHEVs can travel considerably further in charge-sustaining mode which utilizes both fuel combustion and

1260-535: A licensing agreement in March 2004 allowing Ford to use 20 patents from Toyota related to hybrid technology, although Ford's engine was independently designed and built. In exchange for the hybrid licenses, Ford licensed patents involving their European diesel engines to Toyota. Toyota announced calendar year 2005 hybrid electric versions of the Toyota Highlander Hybrid and Lexus RX 400h with 4WD-i, which uses

1344-402: A lightweight strong structure, the chassis was planned to be made of carbon-fibre , and the engine was to be mid-mounted for optimum weight distribution and to retain the concept's silhouette. The C-X75 production version was expected to deliver CO 2 emissions of less than 99 g/km, a sub-three second 0–60 mph acceleration time, a top speed in excess of 320 km/h (200 mph) and

1428-511: A patent application for a gasoline-electric hybrid rail-car propulsion system in early 1889, and for a similar hybrid boat propulsion system in mid-1889. He went on to test and market the Patton Motor Car, a gas-electric hybrid system used to drive tram cars and small locomotives . A gasoline engine drove a generator that served to charge a lead acid battery in parallel with the traction motors. A conventional series-parallel controller

1512-504: A racing hybrid in 1902. In 1905, Henri Pieper of Germany/Belgium introduced a hybrid vehicle with an electric motor/generator, batteries, and a small gasoline engine. It used the electric motor to charge its batteries at cruise speed and used both motors to accelerate or climb a hill. The Pieper factory was taken over by Impéria , after Pieper died. The 1915 Dual Power , made by the Woods Motor Vehicle electric car maker, had

1596-491: A rear electric motor to power the rear wheels, negating the need for a transfer case. In 2006, General Motors Saturn Division began to market a mild parallel hybrid , the 2007 Saturn Vue Green Line , which utilized GM's Belted Alternator /Starter ( BAS Hybrid ) system combined with a 2.4-litre L4 engine and an FWD automatic transmission. The same hybrid powertrain was also used to power the 2008 Saturn Aura Green Line and Malibu Hybrid models. As of December 2009 , only

1680-424: A reduced all-electric range of 50 km (31 miles) as compared to the 110 km (68 miles) for the concept car. In December 2012, Jaguar's Global Brand Director announced the cancellation of production due to the then still ongoing 2008–2012 global recession , as the carmaker considered that "it seems the wrong time to launch an £800,000 to £1 million supercar". The company expected to take advantage of part of

1764-527: A second-generation Prius in 2004 and a third in 2009. The 2010 Prius has an estimated U.S. Environmental Protection Agency combined fuel economy cycle of 50 miles per US gallon (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg ‑imp ). The Audi Duo III was introduced in 1997, based on the Audi B5 A4 Avant , and was the only Duo to ever make it into series production. The Duo III used the 1.9- litre Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel engine , which

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1848-467: A total of 780 hp (582 kW) and a total torque output of 1,600 N⋅m (1,180 lbf⋅ft). Inherent in the drivetrain is the ability to independently drive each wheel across the full speed range, known as Torque Vectoring . Each motor weighs 50 kg (110 lb). The micro gas turbines from Bladon Jets generate enough electricity to extend the range of the car to 900 km (559 miles) while producing 28 grams of CO 2 per kilometre on

1932-403: Is delivered by each of the energy sources on-board of the vehicle. The recovered energy can be stored in the battery and deployed at a later time to assist the prime mover to provide tractive power. This is why all hybrid vehicles include an energy management controller, interposed between the driver and the component controllers. As mentioned, the aim of the energy management system is to determine

2016-478: Is stored in a battery or supercapacitor . Some varieties of HEV use an internal combustion engine to turn an electrical generator , which either recharges the vehicle's batteries or directly powers its electric drive motors; this combination is known as a motor–generator . Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the engine at idle and restarting it when needed; this is known as a start-stop system . A hybrid-electric produces lower tailpipe emissions than

2100-560: The Esparante GTR-Q9 became the first Petrol-Electric Hybrid to race at Le Mans, although the car failed to qualify for the main event. The car managed to finished second in class at Petit Le Mans the same year. Automotive hybrid technology became widespread beginning in the late 1990s. The first mass-produced hybrid vehicle was the Toyota Prius , launched in Japan in 1997, and followed by

2184-485: The Geneva Motor Show , to launch 40 " significant new products " over the next five years. The model was scheduled to be built from 2013 until 2015, although it had not yet been decided where the production would take place. The C-X75 was to be built without the micro-turbines, instead, the production version would use a downsized, forced induction petrol engine, with one electric motor at each axle. In order to create

2268-615: The Honda Insight , launched in 1999 in the United States and Japan. The Prius was launched in Europe , North America and the rest of the world in 2000. The first-generation Prius sedan has an estimated fuel economy of 52 miles per US gallon (4.5 L/100 km; 62 mpg ‑imp ) in the city and 45 miles per US gallon (5.2 L/100 km; 54 mpg ‑imp ) in highway driving. The two-door first-generation Insight

2352-522: The Kia Optima Hybrid . The Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4 was launched in the European market in 2012, becoming the world's first production diesel -electric hybrid. According to Peugeot the new hybrid delivers a fuel economy of up to 62 miles per US gallon (3.8 L/100 km; 74 mpg ‑imp ) and CO 2 emissions of 99g/km on the European test cycle. The Toyota Prius v , launched in

2436-759: The Mercedes-Benz ML450 Hybrid by lease only. Sales of the Honda CR-Z began in Japan in February 2010, followed by the U.S. and European markets later in the year, becoming Honda's third hybrid electric car in the market. Honda also launched the 2011 Honda Fit Hybrid in Japan in October 2010, and unveiled the European version, the Honda Jazz Hybrid, at the 2010 Paris Motor Show , which went on sale in some European markets by early 2011. Mass production of

2520-567: The Mercury Milan Hybrid . The Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid was unveiled at the 2009 Seoul Motor Show , and sales began in the South Korean domestic market in July 2009. The Elantra LPI (Liquefied Petroleum Injected) is the world's first hybrid vehicle to be powered by an internal combustion engine built to run on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a fuel. The Elantra PLI is a mild hybrid and

2604-628: The Toyota Motor Corporation with more than 15 million Lexus and Toyota hybrids sold as of January 2020 , followed by Honda Motor Co., Ltd. with cumulative global sales of more than 1.35 million hybrids as of June 2014 ; As of September 2022 , worldwide hybrid sales are led by the Toyota Prius liftback, with cumulative sales of 5 million units. The Prius nameplate had sold more than 6 million hybrids up to January 2017. Global Lexus hybrid sales achieved

Jaguar C-X75 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-481: The Toyota Prius in Japan in 1997, followed by the Honda Insight in 1999. Initially, hybrid seemed unnecessary due to the low cost of gasoline. Worldwide increases in the price of petroleum caused many automakers to release hybrids in the late 2000s; they are now perceived as a core segment of the automotive market of the future. As of April 2020 , over 17 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide since their inception in 1997. Japan has

2772-659: The Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid were released in the U.S. in December 2012. Global sales of the Toyota Prius liftback passed the 3 million milestone in June 2013. The Prius liftbak is available in almost 80 countries and regions, and it is the world's best-selling hybrid electric vehicle. Toyota released the hybrid versions of the Corolla Axio sedan and Corolla Fielder station wagon in Japan in August 2013. Both cars are equipped with

2856-549: The "Big Three" would be able to move from the concept phase to cost effective, pre-production prototype vehicles by 2004, as set out in Goal 3. The program was replaced by the hydrogen-focused FreedomCAR initiative by the George W. Bush administration in 2001, an initiative to fund research too risky for the private sector to engage in, with the long-term goal of developing effectively carbon emission- and petroleum-free vehicles. 1998 saw

2940-445: The 1 million unit milestone in March 2016. As of January 2017 , the conventional Prius is the all-time best-selling hybrid car in both Japan and the U.S., with sales of over 1.8 million in Japan and 1.75 million in the U.S. Hybrid electric vehicles can be classified according to the way in which power is supplied to the drivetrain: In each of the hybrids above it is common to use regenerative braking to recharge

3024-689: The 1970 Federal Clean Car Incentive Program, but the program was stopped by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1976 while Eric Stork, the head of the EPA's vehicle emissions control program at the time, was accused of a prejudicial coverup . In 1979 the Fiat 131 Ibrido was presented in Detroit, a marching prototype made by the CRF (Fiat Research Center). The engine compartment

3108-512: The 2000 first generation Honda Insight as the all-time EPA -rated most fuel efficient gasoline-powered car available in the U.S. without plug-in capability . In late 2017 Chevy introduced the Chevy ZH2 that runs on hydrogen fuel cells. The ZH2 was built especially for the U.S. All-electric range All-electric range ( AER ) is the maximum driving range of an electric vehicle using only power from its on-board battery pack to traverse

3192-561: The 2009 Cadillac Escalade Hybrid version. For the 2009 model year, General Motors released the same technology in their half-ton pickup truck models, the 2009 Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra Two-Mode Hybrid models. The Ford Fusion Hybrid officially debuted at the Greater Los Angeles Auto Show in November 2008, and was launched to the U.S. market in March 2009, together with the second-generation Honda Insight and

3276-608: The 2011 Toyota Auris Hybrid began in May 2010 at Toyota Manufacturing UK (TMUK) Burnaston plant and became the first mass-produced hybrid vehicle to be built in Europe. Sales in the UK began in July 2010, at a price starting at £18,950 ( US$ 27,450 ), £550 ( US$ 800 ) less than the Toyota Prius . The 2011 Auris Hybrid shares the same powertrain as the Prius, and combined fuel economy is 74.3 mpg ‑imp (3.80 L/100 km; 61.9 mpg ‑US ). The 2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid

3360-553: The Audi Duo (the Audi C3 100 Avant Duo ) experimental vehicle, a plug-in parallel hybrid based on the Audi 100 Avant quattro . This car had a 9.4 kilowatts (12.8  PS ; 12.6  bhp ) Siemens electric motor which drove the rear roadwheels. A trunk -mounted nickel–cadmium battery supplied energy to the motor that drove the rear wheels. The vehicle's front roadwheels were powered by

3444-758: The BAS-equipped Malibu is still in (limited) production. In 2007, Lexus released a hybrid electric version of their GS sport sedan, the GS 450h , with a power output of 335 bhp. The 2007 Camry Hybrid became available in summer 2006 in the United States and Canada. Nissan launched the Altima Hybrid with technology licensed by Toyota in 2007. Commencing in fall 2007, General Motors began to market their 2008 Two-Mode Hybrid models of their GMT900 -based Chevrolet Tahoe and GMC Yukon SUVs, closely followed by

Jaguar C-X75 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-418: The C-X75 features an extruded and bonded, aerospace-inspired, aluminium chassis, saving weight and improving sustainability and performance. In May 2011 Jaguar unveiled plans to produce the C-X75; the company had planned to produce a maximum of 250 cars in partnership with Williams Advanced Engineering. The decision was part of a £5 billion investment plan, announced by Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) in March 2011 at

3612-512: The EU test cycle. While running solely on battery power, the C-X75 has an all-electric range of 110 km (68 miles). Among other advantages, the micro turbines used in the C-X75 can be run on a range of fuels including diesel , biofuels , compressed natural gas and liquid petroleum gas . The 15 kWh lithium-ion battery pack weighs 185 kg (408 lb). Jaguar estimated an average carbon emission of 28 g/km on European test cycle, however,

3696-556: The HEV was built by Victor Wouk (one of the scientists involved with the Henney Kilowatt , the first transistor-based electric car) and Dr. Charles L Rosen. Wouk's work with HEVs in the 1960s and 1970s earned him the title as the "Godfather of the Hybrid". They installed a prototype hybrid drivetrain (with a 16-kilowatt (21 hp) electric motor ) into a 1972 Buick Skylark provided by GM for

3780-579: The U.S. during 2012 are the Audi Q5 Hybrid , BMW 5 Series ActiveHybrid , BMW 3 series Hybrid , Ford C-Max Hybrid , Acura ILX Hybrid . Also during 2012 were released the next generation of Toyota Camry Hybrid and the Ford Fusion Hybrid , both of which offer significantly improved fuel economy in comparison with their previous generations. The 2013 models of the Toyota Avalon Hybrid and

3864-678: The U.S. in 2011. VW also announced plans to introduce diesel -electric hybrid versions of its most popular models in 2012, beginning with the new Jetta , followed by the Golf Hybrid in 2013 together with hybrid versions of the Passat . Other gasoline-electric hybrids released in the U.S. in 2011 were the Lexus CT 200h , the Infiniti M35 Hybrid , the Hyundai Sonata Hybrid and its sibling

3948-541: The U.S. in October 2009. The S400 BlueHybrid is a mild hybrid and the first hybrid car to adopt a lithium-ion battery . The hybrid technology in the S400 was co-developed by Daimler AG and BMW . The same hybrid technology is being used in the BMW ActiveHybrid 7 , expected to go on sales in the U.S. and Europe by mid-2010. In December 2009 BMW began sales of its full hybrid BMW ActiveHybrid X6 , while Daimler launched

4032-691: The U.S. in October 2011, is the first spinoff from the Prius family. Sales in Japan began in May 2011 as the Prius Alpha. The European version, named Prius +, was launched in June 2012. The Prius Aqua was launched in Japan in December 2011, and was released as the Toyota Prius c in the U.S. in March 2012. The Prius c was launched in Australia in April 2012. The production version of the 2012 Toyota Yaris Hybrid went on sale in Europe in June 2012. Other hybrids released in

4116-439: The batteries. A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), also known as a plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid electric vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric powersource . A PHEV shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle, having an electric motor and an internal combustion engine ; and of an all-electric vehicle , also having

4200-465: The battery is essential. In a conventional (non-hybrid) vehicle, there is no need for an energy management strategy: the driver decides the instant power delivery using the brake and accelerator pedals and, in manual transmission vehicles, decides which gear is engaged at any time. In a hybrid vehicle, on the other hand, there is an additional decision that must be taken due to its ability to recover energy during braking or driving downhill: how much power

4284-846: The battery storage, the Volvo ECC used a gas turbine engine to drive the generator for recharging. The Clinton administration initiated the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) program on 29 September 1993, that involved Chrysler , Ford , General Motors , USCAR , the DoE , and other various governmental agencies to engineer the next efficient and clean vehicle. The United States National Research Council (USNRC) cited automakers ' moves to produce HEVs as evidence that technologies developed under PNGV were being rapidly adopted on production lines , as called for under Goal 2. Based on information received from automakers, NRC reviewers questioned whether

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4368-587: The brakes and by igniting oxyhydrogen gas. No production beyond the prototype was reported. During the Second World War, Ferdinand Porsche sought to use his firm's experience in hybrid drivetrain design for powering armored fighting vehicles for Nazi Germany. A series of designs, starting with the VK 3001 (P) , the unsuccessful VK 4501 (P) heavy tank prototype (which became the Elefant tank destroyer) and concluding with

4452-416: The car. The powertrain had a combined power output of 850 hp (862 PS; 634 kW), with the combustion engine alone generating 502 hp (509 PS; 374 kW) at 10,000 rpm, and helped the car achieve speeds up to 200 mph (322 km/h) in testing, with a theoretical maximum of 220 mph (354 km/h). Up to three of these prototypes were then sold at auction, while one went to

4536-428: The carbon emission is around 150 g/km if the turbines are running. Jaguar also focused on the aerodynamics in order to improve performance. For example, the carbon-fibre rear diffuser that guides airflow from under the car creates down-force, and includes an active aerofoil that is lowered automatically as speed increases, creating over 200 kg (440 lb) of downforce at 321 km/h (199 mph). Moreover,

4620-423: The cars), says only 4 stunt cars had been produced. Furthermore, this is an agreed upon number by the car's designer, Ian Callum , in a two part article where he states four were built specifically for the film. However, in the book Bond Cars: The Definitive History it says there are 7 cars but doesn't distinguish between V8-powered stunt cars and the engineering prototypes. Octane also agrees on 7 cars along with

4704-483: The early days, the Armstrong Phaeton was innovative with many firsts. Not only did it have a gasoline powered 6.5-liter, two-cylinder engine, but also a dynamo flywheel connected to an onboard battery. The dynamo and regenerative braking were used to charge the battery. Its electric starter was used 16 years before Cadillac's. The dynamo also provided ignition spark and powered the electric lamps. The Phaeton also had

4788-694: The electric motor is keyed, the latter powered by a 12-batteries pack. The regenerative brake concept was further developed in the early 1980s by David Arthurs, an electrical engineer , using off-the shelf components, military surplus, and an Opel GT . The voltage controller to link the batteries, motor (a jet-engine starter motor), and DC generator was Arthurs'. The vehicle exhibited 75 miles per US gallon (3.1 L/100 km; 90 mpg ‑imp ) fuel efficiency , and plans for it were marketed by Mother Earth News . In 1982, Fritz Karl Preikschat invented an electric propulsion and braking system for cars based on regenerative braking. While clearly not

4872-431: The filmmakers. Although the cars are visually faithful to the original C-X75 concept, they are mechanically unrelated. According to JLR Special Vehicle Operations chief John Edwards, the cars are "constructed around a spaceframe built to World Rally Championship spec" and powered by a dry sump V8 engine. Although this new appearance of the C-X75 led to speculation that production plans for the car were being revived, Edwards

4956-412: The first hybrid to adopt advanced lithium polymer (Li–Poly) batteries. The Elantra LPI Hybrid delivers a fuel economy rating of 41.9 miles per US gallon (5.61 L/100 km; 50.3 mpg ‑imp ) and CO 2 emissions of 99 g/km to qualify as a Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV). The Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHybrid was unveiled in the 2009 Chicago Auto Show , and sales began in

5040-583: The first semi-automatic transmission (no manual clutch). The exhaust system was an integrated structural component of the vehicle. The Armstrong Phaeton's motor was too powerful; the torque damaged the carriage wheels repeatedly. In 1900, while employed at Lohner Coach Factory, Ferdinand Porsche developed the Mixte , a 4WD series-hybrid version of " System Lohner–Porsche " electric carriage that previously appeared in 1900 Paris World Fair . George Fischer sold hybrid buses to England in 1901; Knight Neftal produced

5124-463: The first version of a flex-fuel hybrid powered by a 1.8-litre Atkinson engine. By February 2020, sales of the Corolla Altis flex-fuel hybrid represented almost 25% of all Corolla sales in the country. To take advantage of the emission reduction potential of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), appropriate design of their energy management systems (EMSs) to control the power flow between the engine and

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5208-441: The formula below to calculate an equivalent AER for vehicles that operate in blended mode: Where GPM CD designates efficiency in charge-depleting mode, and GPM CS charge-sustaining mode as designated and d is distance in charge depleting mode. A plug-in hybrid 's all-electric range is designated by PHEV- (miles) or PHEV- (kilometers) km representing the distance the vehicle can travel on battery power alone. For example,

5292-415: The four wheels. The batteries driving these motors are recharged using two diesel -fed micro gas turbines instead of a conventional four-stroke engine . It was described as a design study that would influence future design and technology. In May 2011 Jaguar announced a limited production of the C-X75 from 2013 to 2015, with a compact, forced induction petrol engine combined with electric motors instead of

5376-606: The heaviest armored fighting vehicle ever prototyped, the Panzerkampfwagen Maus of nearly 190 tonnes in weight, were just two examples of a number of planned Wehrmacht "weapons systems" (including the highly-"electrified" subsystems on the Fw 191 bomber project ), crippled in their development by the then-substandard supplies of electrical-grade copper , required for the electric final drives on Porsche's armored fighting vehicle powertrain designs. The regenerative braking system ,

5460-552: The investment in the C-X75 development by using the C-X75 technology in future Jaguar cars. The Jaguar F-Type and the Jaguar I-Pace were heavily influenced from the C-X75 and carried over many design cues and technological features from it. Jaguar announced its decision to continue working on five prototypes to be developed until May 2013. These prototypes featured a 1.6-litre turbocharged and supercharged inline-4 engine coupled with two YASA electric motors placed on each axle of

5544-490: The micro gas turbines in the concept car. A maximum of 250 cars were planned to be built in partnership with Williams Advanced Engineering. The production version was expected to have an all-electric range of 50 km (31 miles). In December 2012, the company announced the cancellation of production due to the Great Recession . Five developmental prototypes were produced in the production car specifications in 2013. The car

5628-553: The milestone of 400,000 hybrid electric vehicles produced in November 2014. After 18 years since the introduction of hybrid cars, Japan became in 2014 the first country to reach sales of over 1 million hybrid cars in a single year, and also the Japanese market surpassed the United States as the world's largest hybrid market. The redesigned and more efficient fourth generation Prius was released for retail customers in Japan in December 2015. The 2016 model year Prius Eco surpassed

5712-500: The non-hybrid version, but delivers 50 miles per US gallon (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg ‑imp ), a 40 percent increase compared to a conventional Civic LX sedan. Along with the conventional Civic, it received a styling update for 2004. The redesigned 2004 Toyota Prius (second generation) improved passenger room, cargo area, and power output, while increasing energy efficiency and reducing emissions. The Honda Insight first generation stopped being produced after 2006 and has

5796-596: The on-board battery pack like a conventional hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Calculating AER is made more complicated in PHEVs because of variations in drivetrain design. A vehicle like the Fisker Karma that uses a serial hybrid design has a clear AER. Similarly a vehicle like the Chevrolet Volt which has a parallel design disengages the internal combustion engine (ICE) from the drivetrain while in electric mode and has

5880-546: The only patent relating to the hybrid electric vehicle, the patent was important based on 120+ subsequent patents directly citing it. The patent was issued in the U.S. and the system was not prototyped or commercialized. In 1988, Alfa Romeo built three prototypes of the Alfa 33 Hybrid, equipped with the tried and tested Alfasud boxer engine (1,500cc, 95 HP) combined with a three-phase asynchronous electric motor (16 HP, 6.1 kgm of torque) supplied by Ansaldo of Genoa . The design

5964-412: The optimal power split between the on-board energy sources. The decision regarding what to consider optimal depends on the specific application: in most cases, the strategies tend to minimize the fuel consumption, but optimization objectives could also include the minimization of pollutant emissions, maximization of battery life or—in general—a compromise among all the above goals. William H. Patton filed

6048-502: The prototype Lanchester petrol-electric car was made in 1927. It was not a success, but the vehicle is on display in Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum . The United States Army 's 1928 Experimental Motorized Force tested a gasoline-electric bus in a truck convoy. In 1931, Erich Gaichen invented and drove from Altenburg to Berlin a 1/2 horsepower electric car containing features later incorporated into hybrid cars. Its maximum speed

6132-530: The same engine. Two years later, Audi, unveiled the second duo generation, the Audi 100 Duo – likewise based on the Audi 100 Avant quattro. Once again, this featured an electric motor, a 21.3 kilowatts (29.0 PS; 28.6 bhp) three-phase machine, driving the rear roadwheels. This time, however, the rear wheels were additionally powered via the Torsen centre differential from the main engine compartment, which housed

6216-540: The world's largest hybrid electric vehicle fleet with 7.5 million hybrids registered as of March 2018 . Japan also has the world's highest hybrid market penetration with hybrids representing 19.0% of all passenger cars on the road as of March 2018 , both figures excluding kei cars . As of December 2020 , the U.S. ranked second with cumulative sales of 5.8 million units since 1999, and, as of July 2020 , Europe listed third with 3.0 million cars delivered since 2000. Global sales are led by

6300-614: Was 25 miles per hour (40 km/h), but it was licensed by the Motor Transport Office, taxed by the German Revenue Department and patented by the German Reichs-Patent Amt. The car battery was re-charged by the motor when the car went downhill. Additional power to charge the battery was provided by a cylinder of compressed air which was re-charged by small air pumps activated by vibrations of the chassis and

6384-406: Was composed by the 903cc borrowed from the Fiat 127 , set to output 33 hp only and coupled to a 20 kW electric motor. The scheme proposed by Fiat is defined as "parallel hybrid": the petrol engine is connected to the differential with a 1:1 direct gear ratio, without gearbox, instead of the clutch there was an 8-inch torque converter followed by the transmission shaft on which the rotor of

6468-555: Was coupled with a 21 kilowatts (29  PS ; 28  bhp ) electric motor. Due to low demand for it because of its high price, only about sixty Audi Duos were produced. Until the release of the Audi Q7 Hybrid in 2008, the Duo was the only European hybrid ever put into production. The Honda Civic Hybrid was introduced in February 2002 as a 2003 model, based on the seventh-generation Civic . The 2003 Civic Hybrid appears identical to

6552-628: Was developed in partnership with several Brazilian federal universities, and a prototype was tested for six months using a Toyota Prius as development mule . Toyota announced plans to start series production of a flex hybrid electric car for the Brazilian market in the second half of 2019. The twelfth generation of the Corolla line-up was launched in Brazil in September 2019, which included an Altis trim with

6636-451: Was estimated at 61 miles per US gallon (3.9 L/100 km; 73 mpg ‑imp ) in city driving and 68 miles per US gallon (3.5 L/100 km; 82 mpg ‑imp ) on the highway. The Toyota Prius sold 300 units in 1997 and 19,500 in 2000, and cumulative worldwide Prius sales reached the one million mark in April 2008. By early 2010, the Prius global cumulative sales were estimated at 1.6 million units. Toyota launched

6720-493: Was featured in the 2015 film Spectre , the twenty-fourth James Bond film in which seven cars were supplied to the filmmakers. In terms of performance, Jaguar envisioned a goal of their future sports car reaching 330 km/h (205 mph) and accelerating from 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62 mph) in 2.9 seconds and 80 to 145 km/h (50 to 90 mph) in 2.3 seconds. It is powered by four 145 kW (194 hp) electric motors – one for each wheel – which have

6804-465: Was quoted as saying "The film was an opportunity to showcase C-X75, but it doesn’t mean a change in strategy." The car was built in collaboration with Williams Advanced Engineering . There is confusion on how many C-X75 exist. WAE (who worked on the cars) say on their website that six stunt cars were commissioned and seven cars were produced. However an official photo taken by Jaguar shows only 6 cars to exist. Kaaimans International (who are selling one of

6888-421: Was realistic and already mass production-oriented, with minimal modifications to the standard body and a weight increase of only 150 kg (110 for the batteries, 20 for the electric engine and 10 for power electronics). The Alfa Romeo 33 Ibrida was able to travel up to 60 km/h in full electric mode, with a 5 km range, very good performance for the time. In 1989, Audi produced its first iteration of

6972-417: Was unveiled at the 2010 New York International Auto Show and sales began in the U.S. in September 2010. The MKZ Hybrid is the first hybrid version ever to have the same price as the gasoline-engine version of the same car. The Porsche Cayenne Hybrid was launched in the U.S. in late 2010. Volkswagen announced at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show the launch of the 2012 Touareg Hybrid , which went on sale on

7056-714: Was used for the traction motors . A prototype was built in 1889, an experimental tram car was run in Pullman, Illinois , in 1891, and a production locomotive was sold to a street railway company in Cedar Falls, Iowa , in 1897. In 1896, the Armstrong Phaeton was developed by Harry E. Dey and built by the Armstrong Company of Bridgeport, CT for the Roger Mechanical Carriage Company. Though there were steam, electric, and internal combustion vehicles introduced in

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