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35-900: Download coordinates as: Cugnot Ice Piedmont is in Graham Land in the center of the south coast of the Trinity Peninsula , which forms the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula . It is on the coast of the Prince Gustav Channel to the south of the Louis Philippe Plateau and Broad Valley . Eyre Bay is to the northeast and Russell East Glacier is to the southwest. Features, from west to east, include Benz Pass , Panhard Nunatak, Levassor Nunatak, Chapel Hill, Shelter Cove, Church Point, Striped Hill, Camp Hill, McCalman Peak, Crystal Hill, Bald Head and Jade Point. Cugnot Ice Piedmont

70-665: A volcano erupted under Antarctica's ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images). The biggest eruption in the last 10,000 years, the volcanic ash was found deposited on the ice surface under the Hudson Mountains , close to Pine Island Glacier . In 2020, a team reported that emperor penguin colonies in Antarctica were nearly 20% more numerous than previously thought, with new discoveries made using satellite mapping technology. The BAS runs an online polar image collection which includes imagery of scientific research at

105-712: A 900-metre gravel runway. During the Antarctic winter, conditions preclude flying and the aircraft return to Canada. The larger Dash 7 undertakes regular shuttle flights between either Port Stanley Airport on the Falkland Islands , or Punta Arenas in Chile, and Rothera. It also operates to and from the ice runway at the Sky Blu base. The smaller Twin Otters are equipped with skis for landing on snow and ice in remote areas, and operate out of

140-532: A leader of the Bulgarian liberation movement in Macedonia. 63°41′S 57°55′W  /  63.683°S 57.917°W  / -63.683; -57.917 . A point 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) west of Camp Hill. The feature was sighted by Swedish Antarctic Expedition (SwedAE) in 1903. It was surveyed by FIDS in 1945 and so named because the point rises to a rock peak 355 metres (1,165 ft) high,

175-682: Is descriptive of the only part of this coast which is sufficiently sheltered from the prevailing southwest winds to afford a reliable camp site. 63°39′29″S 57°55′29″W  /  63.65806°S 57.92472°W  / -63.65806; -57.92472 . A rocky peak rising to 521 metres (1,709 ft) high on the southeast side of Cugnot Ice Piedmont, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) north of Church Point, 102 kilometres (63 mi) east-northeast of Levassor Nunatak, 2.89 kilometres (1.80 mi) south-southwest of Kribul Hill and 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) southwest of McCalman Peak. German–British mapping in 1996. Named after Hristo Chernopeev (1868-1915),

210-927: Is the United Kingdom's national polar research institute. It has a dual purpose, to conduct polar science, enabling better understanding of global issues , and to provide an active presence in the Antarctic on behalf of the UK. It is part of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). With over 400 staff, BAS takes an active role in Antarctic affairs, operating five research stations , one ship and five aircraft in both polar regions, as well as addressing key global and regional issues. This involves joint research projects with over 40 UK universities and more than 120 national and international collaborations. Having taken shape from activities during World War II , it

245-572: The United States Geological Survey . Graham Land 66°00′S 63°30′W  /  66.000°S 63.500°W  / -66.000; -63.500 Graham Land is the portion of the Antarctic Peninsula that lies north of a line joining Cape Jeremy and Cape Agassiz . This description of Graham Land is consistent with the 1964 agreement between the British Antarctic Place-names Committee and

280-620: The Antarctic in November 2011. BAS operates five aircraft in support of its research programme in Antarctica . The aircraft used are all made by de Havilland Canada and comprise four Twin Otters and one Dash 7 (as of August 2019). The planes are maintained by Rocky Mountain Aircraft in Springbank , Alberta , Canada . During the Antarctic summer the aircraft are based at the Rothera base , which has

315-584: The BAS are complemented by the capabilities of the Royal Navy 's ice patrol vessel that operates in the same waters. Until 2008 this was HMS  Endurance , a Class 1A1 icebreaker . Endurance's two Lynx helicopters enabled BAS staff to get to remote field sites that BAS aircraft could not access. However, a catastrophic flooding accident left Endurance badly damaged, with a replacement only being procured in 2011. This ship, HMS  Protector , first deployed to

350-632: The FID Scientific Bureau and FIDS Rear Base were combined into a single FIDS London Office, with a Director for the first time responsible for the whole London operation. The BAS operates five permanent research stations in the British Antarctic Territory : Of these Research Stations, only Rothera is staffed throughout the year. Before 2017 Halley was also open year-round. The BAS also operates two permanent bases on South Georgia : Both South Georgia bases are staffed throughout

385-619: The FIDS, who so named it because a geological camp was established at the foot of the hill. 63°37′59″S 57°54′32″W  /  63.63306°S 57.90889°W  / -63.63306; -57.90889 . A rocky hill rising to 501 metres (1,644 ft) high on Trinity Peninsula. Situated on the southeast side of Cugnot Ice Piedmont, 2.71 kilometres (1.68 mi) west-southwest of Gornik Knoll, 5.27 kilometres (3.27 mi) north of Church Point and 7.88 kilometres (4.90 mi) south by west of Marten Crag . German–British mapping in 1996. Named after

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420-575: The Survey operates one ship, the RRS Sir David Attenborough , for support of Arctic and Antarctic research operations, and other logistical work. It replaced RRS James Clark Ross and RRS Ernest Shackleton , which were sold in 2021 and returned to its owners in 2019, respectively. Originally, the Admiralty provided the FIDS with ship support. In 1947 the Survey purchased their first vessel, which

455-615: The SwedAE under Otto Nordenskjöld . The FIDS charted it and applied the descriptive name in 1945. 63°36′S 57°35′W  /  63.600°S 57.583°W  / -63.600; -57.583 . A gently sloping rocky point forming the south limit of Eyrie Bay. Named by the UK-APC. The lower slopes of the point are permanently sheathed in greenish-tinged ice, which suggested the descriptive name. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

490-539: The US Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names , in which the name "Antarctic Peninsula" was approved for the major peninsula of Antarctica , and the names Graham Land and Palmer Land for the northern and southern portions, respectively. The line dividing them is roughly 69 degrees south. Graham Land is named after Sir James R. G. Graham , First Lord of the Admiralty at the time of John Biscoe 's exploration of

525-626: The area Tierra de San Martín (Land of San Martin) and also calls the northern peninsula ( Trinity Peninsula ) Península Trinidad or Tierra de la Trinidad . Similarly, Chile calls the entire Antarctic Peninsula Tierra de O'Higgins (Land of O'Higgins). The interior of Graham Land is occupied by a series of plateaus, namely (north to south) Laclavère Plateau , Louis Philippe Plateau , Detroit Plateau , Herbert Plateau , Foster Plateau , Forbidden Plateau , Bruce Plateau , Avery Plateau and Hemimont Plateau . Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey The British Antarctic Survey ( BAS )

560-549: The bases at Rothera, Fossil Bluff, Halley and Sky Blu. In 1985, the British Antarctic Survey discovered the hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. The finding was made by a team of three BAS scientists: Joe Farman , Brian Gardiner and Jonathan Shanklin . Their work was confirmed by satellite data, and was met with worldwide concern. In January 2008, a team of British Antarctic Survey scientists, led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan , reported that 2,200 years ago,

595-620: The coast of Prince Gustav Channel 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) northwards. Situated on the southeast side of Cugnot Ice Piedmont, 3.77 kilometres (2.34 mi) west of Chernopeev Peak and 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) east-northeast of Levassor Nunatak. German–British mapping in 1996. Named after the town of Bratsigovo in Southern Bulgaria. Features around Church Point include, from west to east, 63°41′S 57°58′W  /  63.683°S 57.967°W  / -63.683; -57.967 . A hill, 140 metres (460 ft) high, forming

630-542: The discoveries of the British Graham Land Expedition of 1934–1937, it was generally supposed to be an archipelago rather than a peninsula. The mountains of Graham Land are the last range of the American Cordillera , the almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges forming the western "backbone" of North America, Central America, South America and the Antarctic Peninsula . Argentina calls

665-567: The east and Bald Head to the southeast. Named after the ancient Roman town of Yatrus in Northern Bulgaria. 63°36′30″S 57°41′34″W  /  63.60833°S 57.69278°W  / -63.60833; -57.69278 . A predominantly ice-free ridge extending 4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi) in an east–west direction and 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) wide on Yatrus Promontory. The ridge's twin rocky summits rise to 385 metres (1,263 ft) and 365 metres (1,198 ft) high respectively, with

700-575: The higher western one situated 4.55 kilometres (2.83 mi) east-northeast of McCalman Peak and 4.75 kilometres (2.95 mi) west by south of Jade Point. Named after the ancient Thracian and Roman town of Zaldapa in Northeastern Bulgaria. 63°38′S 57°36′W  /  63.633°S 57.600°W  / -63.633; -57.600 . A bare, ice-free headland 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) southwest of View Point . Probably first seen in 1902-03 by J. Gunnar Andersson's party of

735-502: The middle of Cugnot Ice Piedmont. Mapped from surveys by FIDS (1960-61). Named by UK-APC for Émile Levassor (1844–1897), French engineer, who in 1891 was jointly responsible with René Panhard for a motor car design which originated the principles on which most subsequent developments were based. 63°39′10″S 58°00′00″W  /  63.65278°S 58.00000°W  / -63.65278; -58.00000 . A chain of rocky hills rising to 400 metres (1,300 ft) high and extending from

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770-605: The settlement of Kribul in Southwestern Bulgaria. 63°37′36″S 57°51′22″W  /  63.62667°S 57.85611°W  / -63.62667; -57.85611 . A rocky hill rising to 477 metres (1,565 ft) high on Trinity Peninsula. Situated on the southeast side of Cugnot Ice Piedmont, 3.97 kilometres (2.47 mi) west-southwest of McCalman Peak, 2.71 kilometres (1.68 mi) east-northeast of Kribul Hill and 7.25 kilometres (4.50 mi) south-southeast of Marten Crag. German–British mapping in 1996. Named after

805-525: The settlement of Gornik in Northern Bulgaria. 63°37′S 57°47′W  /  63.617°S 57.783°W  / -63.617; -57.783 . The 550 metres (1,800 ft) high summit of an east–west trending ridge 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) north of Crystal Hill. Named by UK-APC for Donald McCalman, FIDS surveyor at Hope Bay, 1958-59. 63°39′S 57°44′W  /  63.650°S 57.733°W  / -63.650; -57.733 . Ice-free hill, 150 metres (490 ft) high, forming

840-406: The sides of which resemble a church steeple. 63°40′S 57°53′W  /  63.667°S 57.883°W  / -63.667; -57.883 . A small ice-free hill, 90 metres (300 ft) high, standing near the south shore of Trinity Peninsula, 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) east-northeast of Church Point. Charted and named by the FIDS, 1946. The descriptive name is derived from

875-537: The southwest part of Cugnot Ice Piedmont. Situated 3.59 kilometres (2.23 mi) northeast of Panhard Nunatak, 4.29 kilometres (2.67 mi) southeast of Chochoveni Nunatak and 5.66 kilometres (3.52 mi) southwest of Levassor Nunatak. German-British mapping in 1996. Named after the settlement of Kolobar in Northeastern Bulgaria. 63°40′S 58°07′W  /  63.667°S 58.117°W  / -63.667; -58.117 . A conspicuous horseshoe-shaped nunatak 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) inland in

910-709: The southwest part of Cugnot Ice Piedmont. Situated 3.87 kilometres (2.40 mi) south by east of Smin Peak , 4.29 kilometres (2.67 mi) northwest of Kolobar Nunatak, 3.34 kilometres (2.08 mi) northeast of Coburg Peak and 5.75 kilometres (3.57 mi) east of Drenta Bluff . German-British mapping in 1996. Named after the settlements of Golyamo Chochoveni and Malko Chochoveni in Southeastern Bulgaria. 63°41′31″S 58°13′46″W  /  63.69194°S 58.22944°W  / -63.69194; -58.22944 . A rocky hill rising to 541 metres (1,775 ft) high in

945-609: The stratifications on a small cliff on the seaward side of the hill. 63°41′S 57°53′W  /  63.683°S 57.883°W  / -63.683; -57.883 . A small bay between Church Point and Camp Hill on the south coast of Trinity Peninsula. Surveyed by FIDS, December 1946, and named by UK-APC from the fossil plants collected there. 63°41′S 57°52′W  /  63.683°S 57.867°W  / -63.683; -57.867 . Small ice-free hill, 120 metres (390 ft) high, which lies 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) east of Church Point. Charted in 1946 by

980-553: The summit of a headland 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) west-southwest of Church Point. Charted by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1946, who so named it because of its proximity to Church Point. 63°41′S 57°57′W  /  63.683°S 57.950°W  / -63.683; -57.950 . A small coastal indentation on the north shore of Prince Gustav Channel, between Chapel Hill and Church Point. The name, given by UK-APC,

1015-530: The summit of a headland between Bald Head and Camp Hill on the south side of Trinity Peninsula. So named by the FIDS because crystals were collected at the foot of the hill in 1945 and 1946. 63°36′50″S 57°41′10″W  /  63.61389°S 57.68611°W  / -63.61389; -57.68611 . A predominantly ice-free promontory projecting 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) in east direction into Prince Gustav Channel south of Eyrie Bay . Ending in Jade Point to

1050-568: The time FIDS was renamed the British Antarctic Survey in 1962, 19 stations and three refuges had been established. In 2012 the parent body, NERC , proposed merging the BAS with another NERC institute, National Oceanography Centre in Southampton . This proved controversial, and after the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee opposed the move the plan was dropped. Since April 2018 NERC has been part of UK Research and Innovation. In 1956,

1085-530: The west side of Graham Land in 1832. It is claimed by Argentina (as part of Argentine Antarctica ), Britain (as part of the British Antarctic Territory ) and Chile (as part of the Chilean Antarctic Territory ). Graham Land is the closest part of Antarctica to South America. Thus it is the usual destination for small ships taking paying visitors on Antarctic trips from South America . (Larger ships are not allowed to disembark passengers.) Until

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1120-596: The year. The headquarters of the BAS are in the university city of Cambridge , on Madingley Road . This facility provides offices, laboratories and workshops to support the scientific and logistic activities in the Antarctic. The BAS also operates the Ny-Ålesund Research Station on behalf of the NERC . This is an Arctic research base located at Ny-Ålesund on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen . As of 2021,

1155-665: Was known as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey until 1962. Operation Tabarin was a small British expedition in 1943 to establish permanently occupied bases in the Antarctic. It was a joint undertaking by the Admiralty and the Colonial Office . At the end of the war it was renamed the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) and full control passed to the Colonial Office. At this time there were four stations, three occupied and one unoccupied. By

1190-647: Was mapped from surveys by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS; 1960–61), and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (1725-1804), a French military engineer who designed and built the first full-sized vehicle propelled by its own engine (steam), in 1769. Features of the west part of the ice piedmont include, from west to east, 63°40′21″S 58°18′16″W  /  63.67250°S 58.30444°W  / -63.67250; -58.30444 . A rocky hill rising to 701 metres (2,300 ft) high in

1225-496: Was named MV John Biscoe, and in 1953 the same ship was granted Royal Research Ship status. Since then the Survey has owned and chartered several vessels. Vessels depart from the United Kingdom in September or October of each year and return to the United Kingdom in the following May or June. Vessels undergo refit and drydock during the Antarctic winter, but are also used elsewhere during this period. The civilian ships operated by

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