Southern Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Южна България , Yuzhna Balgariya ) is the southern half of the territory of Bulgaria , located to the south of the main ridge of the Balkan Mountains which conventionally separates the country into a northern and a southern part. Besides the Balkan Mountains, Southern Bulgaria borders Serbia to the west, North Macedonia to the southwest, Greece to the south, Turkey to the southeast and the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast to the east.
16-629: Geographically, the terrain in Southern Bulgaria is much more varied than that of the north, with the Upper Thracian Plain stretching in the east, while the south and west are dominated by some of Bulgaria's highest mountains such as Rila , Pirin and the Rhodopes , as well as smaller and/or lower mountains and valleys in the west, such as Vitosha , Belasitsa , Osogovo , the Sofia Valley ,
32-437: A regular grid", is essentially an indication of the ruggedness or relative height of the terrain. Geomorphology is in large part the study of the formation of terrain or topography. Terrain is formed by concurrent processes operating on the underlying geological structures over geological time : Tectonic processes such as orogenies and uplifts cause land to be elevated, whereas erosional and weathering processes wear
48-569: A terrain or curvatures at each location. These measures can also be used to derive hydrological parameters that reflect flow/erosion processes. Climatic parameters are based on the modelling of solar radiation or air flow. Land surface objects, or landforms , are definite physical objects (lines, points, areas) that differ from the surrounding objects. The most typical examples airlines of watersheds , stream patterns, ridges , break-lines , pools or borders of specific landforms. A digital elevation model (DEM) or digital surface model (DSM)
64-718: Is a 3D computer graphics representation of elevation data to represent terrain or overlaying objects, commonly of a planet , moon , or asteroid . A "global DEM" refers to a discrete global grid . DEMs are used often in geographic information systems (GIS), and are the most common basis for digitally produced relief maps . A digital terrain model (DTM) represents specifically the ground surface while DEM and DSM may represent tree top canopy or building roofs. [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of terrain at Wiktionary Hypsometry Hypsometry (from Ancient Greek ὕψος ( húpsos ) 'height' and μέτρον ( métron ) 'measure')
80-414: Is a summary measure of the shape of the hypsometric curve. In the original paper on this topic, Arthur Strahler proposed a curve containing three parameters to fit different hypsometric relations: where a , d and z are fitting parameters. Subsequent research using two-dimensional landscape evolution models has called the general applicability of this fit into question, as well as the capability of
96-587: Is also conventionally divided into Southwestern , Central Southern and Southeastern Bulgaria, with slightly varying borders. In Antiquity, the Jireček Line divided Latin (in the north) and Ancient Greek (in the south) language influence in the Balkans , with Northern Bulgaria to the north of it and Southern Bulgaria to the south. Much later, after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, all of Northern Bulgaria and
112-420: Is critical for many reasons: Relief (or local relief ) refers specifically to the quantitative measurement of vertical elevation change in a landscape . It is the difference between maximum and minimum elevations within a given area, usually of limited extent. A relief can be described qualitatively, such as a " low relief " or " high relief " plain or upland . The relief of a landscape can change with
128-475: Is the dimension and shape of a given surface of land . In physical geography , terrain is the lay of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation , slope , and orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution. Over a large area, it can affect weather and climate patterns. Bathymetry is the study of underwater relief, while hypsometry studies terrain relative to sea level . The understanding of terrain
144-439: Is the measurement of the elevation and depth of features of Earth's surface relative to mean sea level . On Earth, the elevations can take on either positive or negative (below sea level) values. The distribution is theorised to be bimodal due to the difference in density between the lighter continental crust and denser oceanic crust. On other planets within this solar system, elevations are typically unimodal , owing to
160-588: The Sub-Balkan valleys and the Kraishte region. Southern Bulgaria covers an area of 62,414 square kilometres and has a population of 5,085,872 as of 2009 (63% of Bulgaria's entire population), with a population density of 81.5 people per km. The three largest cities are the national capital Sofia , the largest city in Thrace , Plovdiv , and the major Black Sea port of Burgas . Administratively, Southern Bulgaria includes
176-407: The corresponding elevation ( x ) on the horizontal or x-axis . The curve can also be shown in non-dimensional or standardized form by scaling elevation and area by the maximum values. The non-dimensional hypsometric curve provides a hydrologist or a geomorphologist with a way to assess the similarity of watersheds — and is one of several characteristics used for doing so. The hypsometric integral
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#1732852011326192-522: The following 14 Bulgarian provinces : Historically, Southern Bulgaria covers the historical regions of Thrace and Macedonia ( Pirin Macedonia ). The Bulgarian South also has a number of often unclearly defined or overlapping sub-regions, particularly in the west and southwest, such as Chech , Shop region , Kraishte , Burel , Visok , Zabardie , Znepole , Graovo, Osogoviya , Piyanets , Podgorie , Razlog , Rupchos , Tamrash , etc. Southern Bulgaria
208-432: The lack of plate tectonics on those bodies. A hypsometric curve is a histogram or cumulative distribution function of elevations in a geographical area. Differences in hypsometric curves between landscapes arise because the geomorphic processes that shape the landscape may be different. When drawn as a 2-dimensional histogram, a hypsometric curve displays the elevation ( y ) on the vertical, y-axis and area above
224-431: The land away by smoothing and reducing topographic features. The relationship of erosion and tectonics rarely (if ever) reaches equilibrium. These processes are also codependent, however the full range of their interactions is still a topic of debate. Land surface parameters are quantitative measures of various morphometric properties of a surface. The most common examples are used to derive slope or aspect of
240-742: The region of Sofia became the Principality of Bulgaria while most of the rest of Southern Bulgaria was part of Eastern Rumelia until the Bulgarian unification in 1885. Pirin Macedonia became part of Bulgaria after the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913, and the only Bulgarian gains by the otherwise catastrophic post- World War I Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine of 1919 were two small strips of land in southern Sakar . Terrain Terrain (from Latin : terra 'earth'), alternatively relief or topographical relief ,
256-458: The size of the area over which it is measured, making the definition of the scale over which it is measured very important. Because it is related to the slope of surfaces within the area of interest and to the gradient of any streams present, the relief of a landscape is a useful metric in the study of the Earth's surface. Relief energy, which may be defined inter alia as "the maximum height range in
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