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72-486: It is estimated that the lake was formed about 8-10 millennia ago, as a result of a catastrophic earthquake that caused the collapse of the right slope of the gorge. After the collapse, debris blocked the gorge and created a dam about 300 meters tall. A lake formed behind the dam was about 1,850 meters long, 500 meters wide and 50 to 79 meters deep, located at an altitude of 1,756 meters. The lake became known in Russia and Europe by

144-525: A Mitochondrial Eve that lived in Africa 150,000 years ago provided early support for the Out-of-Africa model. While this study had its shortcomings, it received significant attention both within scientific circles and a wider audience. A more thorough phylogeographic analysis that used ten different genes instead of a single mitochondrial marker indicates that at least two major expansions out of Africa after

216-523: A body length of 270 cm (8.9 ft) between the pegs, plus a 90 cm (3.0 ft) long tail, giving it a total length of about 360 cm (11.8 ft). Measurements between the pegs of up to 2.95 m (9.7 ft) are known. It was said to have been "a tiger of immense proportions" and "no smaller than the local horse breeds." It had rather long fur. Skull size and shape of Caspian tigers significantly overlap with and are almost indistinguishable from other tiger specimens in mainland Asia. In

288-453: A condylobasal length of about 305 mm (12.0 in), and zygomatic width of 205 mm (8.1 in). Its skull length was 385 mm (15.2 in), hence more than the known maximum of 365.8 mm (14.40 in) for this population, and slightly exceeding skull length of most Siberian tigers. In Prishibinske , a tiger was killed in February 1899. Measurements after skinning revealed

360-633: A few kilometers wide at most. Red and roe deer occurred in forests around the Black Sea to the western side and around the southern side of the Caspian Sea in a narrow belt of forest cover. Roe deer occurred in forested areas south of Lake Balkhash. Bactrian deer lived in the narrow belt of forest habitat on the southern border of the Aral Sea, and southward along the Syr-Darya and Amu Darya rivers. Throughout

432-632: A low amount of variability in the mitochondrial DNA in Caspian tigers; and that Caspian and Siberian tigers were remarkably similar, indicating that the Siberian tiger is the genetically closest living relative of the Caspian tiger. Phylogeographic analysis indicates that the common ancestor of Caspian and Siberian tigers colonized Central Asia via the Gansu − Silk Road region from eastern China less than 10,000 years ago, and subsequently traversed eastward to establish

504-470: A phylogeographic approach will likely play a key role in understanding the vectors and spread of avian influenza ( HPAI H5N1 ), demonstrating the relevance of phylogeography to the general public. Phylogeographic analysis of ancient and modern languages has been used to test whether Indo-European languages originated in Anatolia or in the steppes of Central Asia. Language evolution was modeled in terms of

576-565: A reversal in climate change allows for rapid migration out of refugial areas, these species spread rapidly into newly available habitat. A number of empirical studies find genetic signatures of both animal and plant species that support this scenario of refugia and postglacial expansion. This has occurred both in the tropics (where the main effect of glaciation is increasing aridity , i.e. the expansion of savanna and retraction of tropical rainforest ) as well as temperate regions that were directly influenced by glaciers. Phylogeography can help in

648-431: A subsequent flood damaging the city of Esik ), and re-created (with human help). In 2019, the road surface was restored at the dam and parking was organized right on the ridge. Infrastructure for camping has been created, gazebos, tables and benches have been built, and fireplaces have been organized. In 2005, "BTA Bank" and a private company LLP "EnergoAlem" proposed a project to build more than four private HPPs along

720-466: A vicariance event affected multiple taxa during the Pleistocene or Pliocene . Phylogeography also gives an important historical perspective on community composition. History is relevant to regional and local diversity in two ways. One, the size and makeup of the regional species pool results from the balance of speciation and extinction . Two, at a local level community composition is influenced by

792-597: Is considered to have been possible during the Pleistocene . Therefore, it was proposed to recognize only two tiger subspecies as valid, namely P. t. tigris in mainland Asia, and P. t. sondaica in the Greater Sunda Islands and possibly in Sundaland . At the start of the 21st century, genetic studies were carried out using 20 tiger bone and tissue samples from museum collections and sequencing at least one segment of five mitochondrial genes. Results revealed

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864-414: Is distributed and is found (illustrated in the inset maps below, including Amazon basin, Andes, Guiana-Venezuela, Central America-Chocó). The combination of techniques used in this study exemplifies more generally how phylogeographic studies proceed and test for patterns of common influence. Paleogeographic data establishes geological time records for historical events that explain the branching patterns in

936-430: Is integrated into phylogeographic analyses. Phylogeography takes a population genetics and phylogenetic perspective on biogeography . In the mid-1970s, population genetic analyses turned to mitochondrial markers. The advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the process where millions of copies of a DNA segment can be replicated, was crucial in the development of phylogeography. Thanks to this breakthrough,

1008-429: Is reconstructed using phylogenetic trees derived from molecular data. The molecular trees are mapped in relation to paleogeographic history of the region for a complete phylogeographic study. The tree shown in the center of the figure has its branch lengths calibrated to a molecular clock , with the geological time bar shown at the bottom. The same phylogenetic tree is duplicated four more times to show where each lineage

1080-632: Is referred to as the Out-of-Africa with replacement model, which contends that the last expansion out of Africa around 100,000 years ago resulted in the modern humans displacing all previous Homo spp. populations in Eurasia that were the result of an earlier wave of emigration out of Africa. The multiregional scenario claims that individuals from the recent expansion out of Africa intermingled genetically with those human populations of more ancient African emigrations. A phylogeographic study that uncovered

1152-518: Is shown in panels A-D) the authors of this study proposed a null-hypothesis that assumes no spatial structure and two alternative hypothesis involving dispersal and other biogeographic constraints (hypothesis are shown in panels E-G, listed as SMO, SM1, and SM2). The phylogeographers visited the ranges of each frog species to obtain tissue samples for genetic analysis; researchers can also obtain tissue samples from museum collections. The evolutionary history and relations among different poison frog species

1224-627: Is sometimes given to a prominent wrestler . A Syrian mosaic in Palmyra depicts the Sassanids as tigers, possibly commemorating the victory of the Palmyrene King Odaenathus over Shapur I . The inscription on the mosaic conceals an earlier one that read: (Mrn), which is a title used by Odaenathus. It possibly celebrates Odaenathus' victory over the Persians, the archer representing Odaenathus and

1296-631: The Caucasus around the Caspian Sea , Central Asia to northern Afghanistan and the Xinjiang region in western China . Until the Middle Ages , it was also present in southern Russia . It inhabited sparse forests and riverine corridors in this region until the 1970s. This population was regarded as a distinct subspecies and assessed as extinct in 2003. Results of a phylogeographic analysis evinces that

1368-627: The Roman Empire , tigers and other large animals imported from Africa and Asia were used during gladiatorial games . In the Taurus Mountains , stone traps were used to capture leopards and tigers. In the Fables of Pilpay , the tiger is described as furious and avid to rule over wilderness. The babr ( Persian : ببر , tiger) features in Persian and Central Asian culture. The name "Babr Mazandaran"

1440-624: The Tarim River basin in Xinjiang in the 1920s. In Azerbaijan , the last known tiger was killed in 1932; however, tigers were allegedly sighted in later years in the Talysh Mountains . In Turkey, a pair of tigers was allegedly killed in the area of Selçuk in 1943. Several tiger skins found in the early 1970s near Uludere indicated the presence of a tiger population in eastern Turkey. Questionnaire surveys conducted in this region revealed that one to eight tigers were killed each year until

1512-697: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . In Iran, Caspian tigers had been protected since 1957, with heavy fines for shooting. In the early 1970s, biologists from the Department of Environment searched several years for Caspian tigers in the uninhabited areas of Caspian forests, but did not find any evidence of their presence. A tiger from the Caucasus was housed at Berlin Zoo in the late 19th century. A tigress caught in Turkestan

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1584-577: The late Pleistocene and Holocene , the Caspian tiger population was likely connected to the Bengal tiger population through corridors below elevations of 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in the Hindu Kush , before gene flow was interrupted by humans. The demise of the Caspian tiger began with the Russian colonisation of Turkestan during the late 19th century. Its extirpation was caused by several factors: Until

1656-469: The 1000 genomes project, genomic-scale SNP databases sampling thousands of individuals globally and samples taken from two non-Homo sapiens hominins (Neanderthals and Denisovans), the picture of human evolutionary has become more resolved and complex involving possible Neanderthal and Denisovan admixture, admixture with archaic African hominins, and Eurasian expansion into the Australasian region that predates

1728-410: The 19th century, tigers occurred in: Its former distribution can be approximated by examining the distribution of ungulates in the region. Wild boar was the numerically dominant ungulate in forested habitats, along watercourses, in reed beds and in thickets of the Caspian and Aral Seas. Where watercourses penetrated deep into desert areas, suitable wild pig and tiger habitat was often linear, only

1800-407: The Caspian and Siberian tiger populations shared a common continuous geographic distribution until the early 19th century. Some Caspian tigers were intermediate in size between Siberian and Bengal tigers . It was also called Balkhash tiger, Hyrcanian tiger, Turanian tiger, and Mazandaran tiger. Felis virgata was a scientific name used by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger in 1815 for

1872-554: The Caspian and Siberian tiger populations, and a southern clade formed by populations in remaining mainland Asia. In 2017, the Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and now recognizes the tiger populations in continental Asia as P. t. tigris . However, a genetic study published in 2018 supported six monophyletic clades , with the Amur and Caspian tigers being distinct from other mainland Asian populations, thus supporting

1944-734: The Pyzandh Valley in the Turkmen-Uzbek-Afghan border region. The Piandj River area between Afghanistan and Tajikistan was a stronghold of the Caspian tiger until the late 1960s. The latest sighting of a tiger in the Afghan-Tajik border area dates to 1998 in the Babatag Range . Two tigers were captured in April 1997 in Afghanistan's Laghman Province . In Kazakhstan , the last Caspian tiger

2016-553: The Siberian tiger population in the Russian Far East . The Caspian and Siberian tigers were likely a single contiguous population until the early 19th century, but became isolated from another due to fragmentation and loss of habitat during the Industrial Revolution . In 2015, morphological, ecological and molecular traits of all putative tiger subspecies were analysed in a combined approach. Results support distinction of

2088-575: The alarm by appealing to the Emergency Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the appeal it was noted that construction with the use of drilling and blasting is carried out near the mudflow protection dam of the lake without a working draft and any permits. KChS responded to the appeal that "KazSeleZashchita" State Institution conducted a survey of the territory near

2160-474: The authors found that hidden within what was thought to be a single, widely distributed species, an ancient and previously undetected species was also present. Conservation decisions can now be made to ensure that both lineages received protection. Results like this are not an uncommon outcome from phylogeographic studies. An analysis of salamanders of the genus Eurycea , also in the Appalachians, found that

2232-565: The biogeographic distribution of organisms in this area, including the isolation and reconnection of South America , the uplift of the Andes, an extensive Amazonian floodbasin system during the Miocene, the formation of Orinoco and Amazon drainages , and dry−wet climate cycles throughout the Pliocene to Pleistocene epochs. Using this contextual paleogeographic information (paleogeographic time series

Lake Issyk - Misplaced Pages Continue

2304-423: The commissioning of "HPP-1", the water level in the lake and the river below it dropped as much as possible, almost to the point of emptying. In June 2020, the public, environmentalists, and residents of the town of Esik were outraged by what was happening to the lake and called on the authorities to prevent an environmental disaster. Earlier in 2016, during the start of construction of HPP-1, local residents sounded

2376-574: The current taxonomy of the group greatly underestimated species level diversity. The authors of this study also found that patterns of phylogeographic diversity were more associated with historical (rather than modern) drainage connections, indicating that major shifts in the drainage patterns of the region played an important role in the generation of diversity of these salamanders. A thorough understanding of phylogeographic structure will thus allow informed choices in prioritizing areas for conservation. The field of comparative phylogeography seeks to explain

2448-414: The early 20th century, the regular Russian army was used to clear predators from forests, around settlements, and potential agricultural lands. Until World War I , about 50 tigers were killed in the forests of Amu Darya and Piandj Rivers each year. High incentives were paid for tiger skins up to 1929. Wild pigs and deer, the prey base of tigers, were decimated by deforestation and subsistence hunting by

2520-502: The genealogical history of alleles and distributional information can more accurately address the relative roles of these different historical forces in shaping current patterns. The term phylogeography was first used by John Avise in his 1987 work Intraspecific Phylogeography: The Mitochondrial DNA Bridge Between Population Genetics and Systematics . Historical biogeography is a synthetic discipline that addresses how historical, geological, climatic and ecological conditions influenced

2592-573: The greyish tiger in the area surrounding the Caspian Sea. Tigris septentrionalis was the scientific name proposed by Konstantin Satunin in 1904 for a skull and mounted skins of tigers that were killed in the Lankaran Lowland in the 1860s. Felis tigris lecoqi and Felis tigris trabata were proposed by Ernst Schwarz in 1916 for tiger skins and skulls from Lop Nur and Ili River areas, respectively. In 1929, Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated

2664-496: The increasing human population along the rivers, supported by growing agricultural developments. By 1910, cotton plants were estimated to occupy nearly one-fifth of Turkestan's arable land , with about one half located in the Fergana Valley . In Iraq, a tiger was killed near Mosul in 1887. In Georgia , the last known tiger was killed in 1922 near Tbilisi , after taking domestic livestock. In China, tigers disappeared from

2736-454: The information contained in mitochondrial DNA sequences was much more accessible. Advances in both laboratory methods (e.g. capillary DNA sequencing technology) that allowed easier sequencing of DNA and computational methods that make better use of the data (e.g. employing coalescent theory ) have helped improve phylogeographic inference. By 2000, Avise generated a seminal review of the topic in book form, in which he defined phylogeography as

2808-471: The initial range extension of Homo erectus played an important role shaping the modern human gene pool and that recurrent genetic exchange is pervasive. These findings strongly demonstrated Africa's central role in the evolution of modern humans, but also indicated that the multiregional model had some validity. These studies have largely been supplanted by population genomic studies that use orders of magnitude more data. In light of these recent data from

2880-477: The interaction between local extinction of species’ populations and recolonization. A comparative phylogenetic approach in the Australian Wet Tropics indicates that regional patterns of species distribution and diversity are largely determined by local extinctions and subsequent recolonizations corresponding to climatic cycles. Phylogeography integrates biogeography and genetics to study in greater detail

2952-457: The issue of informing the prosecutor's office of Almaty region regarding the threat of violation of the integrity of the Issyk Lake mudflow retaining dam". This Kazakhstan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Caspian tiger The Caspian tiger was a Panthera tigris tigris population native to eastern Turkey , northern Iran , Mesopotamia ,

Lake Issyk - Misplaced Pages Continue

3024-507: The lake rose a bold and steep jagged ridge of high squirrel ... this mountain the guide called Issyk-bash." The Caspian tiger was found in the Issyk gorge and around the lake at least at the beginning of the 1900s and is mentioned in the diaries of Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky . The lake is mostly famous for the way it was created (an ancient natural landslide damming a valley), destroyed (another natural landslide destroying that dam in 1963, with

3096-460: The lineal history of a species in context of the geoclimatic history of the planet. An example study of poison frogs living in the South American neotropics (illustrated to the left) is used to demonstrate how phylogeographers combine genetics and paleogeography to piece together the ecological history of organisms in their environments. Several major geoclimatic events have greatly influenced

3168-624: The lower Amu Darya River area; saigas , wild horses and Persian onagers in the Miankaleh Peninsula ; Turkmenian kulans , Mongolian wild asses , and mountain sheep in the Zhana-Darya and around the Aral Sea; and Manchurian wapiti and moose in the area of Lake Baikal . They caught fish in flooded areas and irrigation channels. In winter, they frequently attacked dogs and livestock straying away from herds. They preferred drinking water from rivers, and drank from lakes in seasons when water

3240-520: The mechanisms responsible for the phylogenetic relationships and distribution of different species. For example, comparisons across multiple taxa can clarify the histories of biogeographical regions. For example, phylogeographic analyses of terrestrial vertebrates on the Baja California peninsula and marine fish on both the Pacific and gulf sides of the peninsula display genetic signatures that suggest

3312-527: The mid-1980s, and that tigers likely had survived in the region until the early 1990s. Due to lack of interest, in addition to security and safety reasons, no further field surveys were carried out in the area. In Iran , one of the last known tigers was shot in Golestan National Park in 1953. Another individual was sighted in Golestān Province in 1958. In Turkmenistan , the last known tiger

3384-506: The middle of the 19th Century, after the formation of the village of Nadezhdinskaya at the mouth of the gorge. One of the first researchers was the geographer Semenov Tien-Shansky, who mentioned the lake in his diaries: "we were delighted to see at our feet the "Green lake" (in Kazakh "Jasyl-Kol"), which had the purest and most transparent, thick bluish-green color of the TRANS-Baikal beryl. Beyond

3456-585: The middle of the back and at the tip of the tail. Angular patterns at the base of the tail were less developed than those of Far Eastern populations. The contrast between the summer and winter coats was sharp, though not to the same extent as in Far Eastern populations. The winter coat was paler, with less distinct patterns. The summer coat had a similar density and hair length to that of the Bengal tiger, though its stripes were usually narrower, longer and closer set. It had

3528-466: The molecular trees. This study rejected the null model and found that the origin for all extant Amazonian poison frog species primarily stem from fourteen lineages that dispersed into their respective areas after the Miocene floodbasin receded. Regionally based phylogeographic studies of this type are repeated for different species as a means of independent testing. Phylogeographers find broadly concordant and repeated patterns among species in most regions of

3600-608: The mudflow protection dam, which found that drilling and blasting operations were carried out behind the dam on Lake Issyk (downstream the Yesik River at a distance of about 250-300 meters). The branch of the State Institution Kazselezaschita of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Department of Emergency Situations of Almaty Oblast were not notified of these works. The branch of GU Kazselezaschita KChS MIA initiates

3672-460: The past and current distribution of species. As part of historical biogeography, researchers had been evaluating the geographical and evolutionary relationships of organisms years before. Two developments during the 1960s and 1970s were particularly important in laying the groundwork for modern phylogeography; the first was the spread of cladistic thought, and the second was the development of plate tectonics theory . The resulting school of thought

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3744-409: The planet that is due to a common influence of paleoclimatic history. Phylogeography has also proven to be useful in understanding the origin and dispersal patterns of our own species, Homo sapiens . Based primarily on observations of skeletal remains of ancient human remains and estimations of their age, anthropologists proposed two competing hypotheses about human origins. The first hypothesis

3816-635: The prioritization of areas of high value for conservation. Phylogeographic analyses have also played an important role in defining evolutionary significant units (ESU), a unit of conservation below the species level that is often defined on unique geographic distribution and mitochondrial genetic patterns. A recent study on imperiled cave crayfish in the Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America demonstrates how phylogenetic analyses along with geographic distribution can aid in recognizing conservation priorities. Using phylogeographical approaches,

3888-403: The river below the Issyk Lake mudflow protection dam. The peculiarity of these HPPs is that their operation is possible only by regulating the flow in the river by discharging from the reservoir of Lake Issyk. In 2008 the first HPP-2 was put into operation at the expense of financing of "BTA Bank" and "EnergoAlem" LLP. At the end of 2019 the second "HPP-1" was put into operation. Immediately after

3960-437: The short term. The proposed region is therefore unsuitable for the reintroduction, at least at the current stage. While the restoration of the Caspian tiger has stimulated discussions, the locations for the tiger have yet to become fully involved in the planning. But through preliminary ecological surveys it has been revealed that some small populated areas of Central Asia have preserved natural habitat suitable for tigers. In

4032-443: The standard out of African expansion. Viruses are informative in understanding the dynamics of evolutionary change due to their rapid mutation rate and fast generation time. Phylogeography is a useful tool in understanding the origins and distributions of different viral strains. A phylogeographic approach has been taken for many diseases that threaten human health, including dengue fever , rabies , influenza and HIV . Similarly,

4104-444: The study of the "principles and processes governing the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages... within and among closely related species." Early phylogeographic work has recently been criticized for its narrative nature and lack of statistical rigor (i.e. it did not statistically test alternative hypotheses). The only real method was Alan Templeton 's Nested Clade Analysis, which made use of an inference key to determine

4176-431: The thickest fur amongst tigers, possibly due its occurrence in the temperate parts of Asia . Male Caspian tigers had a body length of 270–295 cm (106–116 in) and weighed 170–240 kg (370–530 lb); females measured 240–260 cm (94–102 in) in head-to-body and weighed 85–135 kg (187–298 lb). Maximum skull length in males was 297–365.8 mm (11.69–14.40 in), while that of females

4248-528: The tiger to the genus Panthera . For several decades, the Caspian tiger was considered a distinct tiger subspecies . In 1999, the validity of several tiger subspecies was questioned. Most putative subspecies described in the 19th and 20th centuries were distinguished on basis of fur length and colouration, striping patterns and body size, hence characteristics that vary widely within populations. Morphologically , tigers from different regions vary little, and gene flow between populations in those regions

4320-438: The tigers the Persians; Odaenathus is about to be crowned with victory by the eagle flying above him. Phylogeography Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the past to present geographic distributions of genealogical lineages. This is accomplished by considering the geographic distribution of individuals in light of genetics , particularly population genetics . This term

4392-483: The traditional concept of six living subspecies. Photographs of skins of Caspian and Siberian tigers indicate that the main background colour of the Caspian tiger's fur varied and was generally brighter and more uniform than that of the Siberian tiger. The stripes were narrower, fuller and more closely set than those of tigers from Manchuria . The colour of its stripes was a mixture of brown or cinnamon shades. Pure black patterns were invariably found only on head, neck,

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4464-451: The two evolutionary groups continental and Sunda tigers. The authors proposed recognition of only two subspecies, namely P. t. tigris comprising the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, South Chinese, Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and P. t. sondaica comprising the Javan , Bali and Sumatran tiger populations. Tigers in mainland Asia fall into two clades , namely a northern clade formed by

4536-475: The validity of a given process in explaining the concordance between geographic distance and genetic relatedness. Recent approaches have taken a stronger statistical approach to phylogeography than was done initially. Example Climate change, such as the glaciation cycles of the past 2.4 million years, has periodically restricted some species into disjunct refugia. These restricted ranges may result in population bottlenecks that reduce genetic variation. Once

4608-590: Was 195.7–255.5 mm (7.70–10.06 in). Its occiput was broader than of the Bengal tiger. It ranked among the largest extant cat species, along with the Siberian tiger. Some individuals attained exceptional sizes. In 1954, a tiger was killed near the Sumbar River in Kopet-Dag , whose stuffed skin was put on display in a museum in Ashgabat . Its head-to-body length was 2.25 m (7.4 ft). Its skull had

4680-447: Was introduced to describe geographically structured genetic signals within and among species . An explicit focus on a species' biogeography /biogeographical past sets phylogeography apart from classical population genetics and phylogenetics . Past events that can be inferred include population expansion, population bottlenecks , vicariance , dispersal, and migration . Recently developed approaches integrating coalescent theory or

4752-673: Was killed in January 1954 in the Sumbar River valley in the Kopet-Dag Range . It reportedly disappeared in the Manasi River basin in the Tian Shan Range west of Ürümqi in the 1960s. The last record from the lower reaches of the Amu Darya river was an unconfirmed observation in 1968 near Nukus in the Aral Sea area. By the early 1970s, tigers disappeared from the river's lower reaches and

4824-548: Was less brackish. Two tigers in southwestern Tajikistan harbored 5–7 tapeworms ( Taenia bubesei ) in their small and large intestines . In 1938, Tigrovaya Balka was the first protected area in Tajikistan established in the lower reaches of Vakhsh River between the Panj and Kofarnihon Rivers ; it was apparently the last refuge of the Caspian tiger. A tiger was seen there in 1958. After 1947, tigers were legally protected in

4896-572: Was presented to London Zoo on 12 December 1885. DNA from a tiger caught in northern Iran and housed at Moscow Zoo in the 20th century was used in the genetic test that established the Caspian tiger's close genetic relationship with the Siberian tiger. This tigress lived from 1924 to 1942 and was presented to the Soviet ambassador in Iran. Another tigress kept at Tierpark Hagenbeck in Hamburg between 1955 and 1960

4968-565: Was probably the last Caspian tiger in captivity. An individual was born in Brookfield Zoo Chicago on 7 May 1935 and was still living on 1 January 1948. Stimulated by recent findings that the Siberian tiger is the closest relative of the Caspian tiger, discussions started as to whether the Siberian tiger could be appropriate for reintroduction into a safe place in Central Asia, where the Caspian tiger once roamed. The Amu Darya delta

5040-811: Was recorded in 1948, in the environs of the Ili River , the last known stronghold in the region of Lake Balkhash . In May 2006, a Kazakh hunter claimed to have seen a female Caspian tiger with cubs near Lake Balkhash. However, this sighting remains uncertain and unconfirmed. No information is available for home ranges of Caspian tigers. In search for prey, they possibly prowled widely and followed migratory ungulates from one pasture to another. Wild pigs and cervids probably formed their main prey base. In many regions of Central Asia, Bactrian deer and roe deer were important prey species, as well as Caspian red deer and goitered gazelle in Iran; Eurasian golden jackals , jungle cats , locusts , and other small mammals in

5112-449: Was suggested as a potential site for such a project. A feasibility study was initiated to investigate if the area is suitable, and if such an initiative would receive support from relevant decision makers. A viable tiger population of about 100 animals would require at least 5,000 km (1,900 sq mi) of large tracts of contiguous habitat, with rich prey populations. Such habitat is not currently available, and cannot be provided in

5184-426: Was vicariance biogeography, which explained the origin of new lineages through geological events like the drifting apart of continents or the formation of rivers. When a continuous population (or species) is divided by a new river or a new mountain range (i.e., a vicariance event), two populations (or species) are created. Paleogeography , geology and paleoecology are all important fields that supply information that

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