101-572: Inigo Jones (15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652) was an English architect who was the first significant architect in England in the early modern era and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings. As the most notable architect in England, Jones was the first person to introduce the classical architecture of Rome and the Italian Renaissance to Britain. He left his mark on London by his design of single buildings, such as
202-556: A UNESCO World Heritage Site called Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites . Numerous examples of Bronze Age and Iron Age architecture can be seen in England. Megalithic burial monuments, either individual barrows (also known, and marked on modern British Ordnance Survey maps, as Tumuli,) or occasionally cists covered by cairns , are one form. The other is the defensive earthworks known as hill forts , such as Maiden Castle and Cadbury Castle . Archaeological evidence suggests that British Iron Age domestic architecture had
303-472: A great hall open from floor to roof. One bay at each end was split into two storeys and used for service rooms and private rooms for the owner. Even quite high up the social scale houses were small by modern standards, except for the very wealthy. Buildings surviving from this period included moated manor houses of which Ightham Mote is a notable late medieval example, and Wealden hall houses such as Alfriston Clergy House . Tintagel Old Post Office
404-460: A coat, a girdle and dagger, a hat with a feather, and a jewel to wear on it. He was educated at Sherborne School and at St John's College, Cambridge , where he started his terms in 1602, at age eleven. In 1603 Anne of Denmark held court at Worksop Manor on the king's birthday, 19 June. She tied a jewel in William's ear, and he danced with Princess Elizabeth . James I raised Cecil's father to
505-401: A fragmentation of English architecture, as Classical forms continued in widespread use but were challenged by a series of distinctively English revivals of other styles, drawing chiefly on Gothic, Renaissance and vernacular traditions but incorporating other elements as well. This ongoing historicism was counterposed by a resumption of technical innovation, which had been largely in abeyance since
606-560: A lighthouse at Dover Castle , now part of a church. In most cases, only foundations, floors and the bases of walls attest to the structure of former buildings. Some of these were on a grand scale, such as the palace at Fishbourne and the thermae at Bath . The more substantial buildings of the Roman period adhered closely to the style of Roman structures elsewhere, although traditional Iron Age building methods remained in general use for humbler dwellings, especially in rural areas. Architecture of
707-583: A member of a deputation charged with negotiating with Charles at the Isle of Wight . These negotiations ( Treaty of Newport ) resulted in failure. However, Salisbury refused to approve of the regicide of Charles I . Following the king's execution, Salisbury decided to support the Commonwealth of England , and agreed to take the Engagement . This decision was influenced by several facts: two of his sons had sided with
808-449: A predominantly Romanesque structure (along with St Alban's and Southwell , abbey churches in the medieval period). Even Durham displays significant transitional features leading towards the emergence of Gothic. Romanesque churches are characterised by rounded arches, arcades supported by massive cylindrical piers , groin vaults and low-relief sculptural decoration. Distinctively Norman features include decorative chevron patterns. In
909-456: A resumption of widespread church building. Mechanised manufacturing, railways and public utilities required new forms of building, while the new industrial cities invested heavily in grand civic buildings and the huge expansion and diversification of educational, cultural and leisure activities likewise created new demands on architecture. The Gothic revival was a development which emerged in England and whose influence, except in church building,
1010-466: A return to the Italian Palladianism that had characterised the earliest manifestations of Classical architecture in England. Later Neoclassical architecture increasingly idealised ancient Greek forms, which were viewed as representing Classicism in its original "purity", as against Roman forms. Country houses representing this style include Woburn Abbey and Kedleston Hall . This period also saw
1111-505: A revival of interest in English vernacular building traditions, focusing chiefly on domestic architecture and employing features such as half-timbering and tile-hanging, whose leading practitioner was Richard Norman Shaw . This development too was shaped by much wider ideological considerations, strongly influenced by William Morris and the Arts and Crafts Movement . While its ethos shared much with
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#17328451189191212-416: A scene. Jones was also known for using the stage and theatre space in its entirety, putting his actors throughout different parts of the theatre, such as placing them below the stage or elevating them onto a higher platform. Jones's settings on the stage also incorporated different uses of light, experimenting with coloured glasses, screens and oiled paper to create a softer source of light on the stage. Jones
1313-628: A substitute for the Gothic spire within a Classical mode. However, a dome featured very prominently in Wren's grandest construction, St Paul's Cathedral , the only English cathedral in any permutation of the Classical tradition. The later 17th century saw Baroque architecture – a version of Classicism characterised by heavy massing and ostentatiously elaborate decoration – become widespread in England. Grand Baroque-style country houses began to appear in England during
1414-685: A synthesis dubbed the Queen Anne Style , which in fact bore very little resemblance to the architecture of that reign. While some architects of the period were ideologically committed to a particular manner, a tendency personified by Pugin, others were happy to move between styles. An exemplar of this approach was Alfred Waterhouse , whose works included buildings in Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance styles and eclectic fusions between them. The new technology of iron and steel frame construction exerted an influence over many forms of building, although its use
1515-517: A tendency towards circular dwellings, known as roundhouses . The Roman period brought the construction of the first large-scale buildings in Britain, but very little survives above ground besides fortifications. These include sections of Hadrian's Wall , Chester city walls and coastal forts such as those at Portchester , Pevensey and Burgh Castle , which have survived through incorporation into later castles . Other structures still standing include
1616-864: A while). He became Member of Parliament for King's Lynn in the Rump Parliament . Salisbury was, however, excluded from public life under The Protectorate : he was elected in 1656 as MP for Hertfordshire in the Second Protectorate Parliament , but was not allowed to take his seat. Salisbury subsequently retired to his home at Hatfield House. Following The Restoration of 1660, Charles II appointed him high steward of St Albans in 1663. His mental faculties apparently failed in his last years: Samuel Pepys , observing him at church in October 1664, called him "my simple Lord Salisbury". Harsher critics doubted whether he had any faculties to fail in
1717-457: A widespread effort to restore deteriorating medieval churches, a practice which often went beyond restoration to involve extensive reconstruction . The most active exponent of this activity was also the most prolific designer of new Gothic buildings, George Gilbert Scott , whose work is exemplified by St Pancras Station . Other leading Victorian Gothic architects included G. E. Street , J. F. Pearson and G. F. Bodley . The Victorian period saw
1818-450: Is lesene strips (thin vertical or horizontal strips of projecting stone), typically combined with blind arcading . Notable examples of this exist at Earls Barton , Bradford-on-Avon and Barton-upon-Humber . In the 11th century the Normans were among Europe's leading exponents of Romanesque architecture , a style which had begun to influence English church building before 1066, but became
1919-464: Is a 14th-century manor house in a part of the country where stone was the typical building material for better houses. Little Moreton Hall , a large manor house begun in 1504-08 and later extended, is a famous showpiece of decorative half-timbering . Near the dangerous Scottish border, the peel tower was a type of tower house or small castle; in Scotland they were even more common. The bastle house
2020-435: Is also known for introducing to English audiences moving scenery through what is called 'machina versatilis', helping to create motion among a stable scene without any noticeable Stagehands and of creating a representation of the ethereal. These elements of stage design and of theatre production would later have influence beyond the English court, as those working in the public stage would take up these ideas and apply them to
2121-564: Is also known locally as "Pont Inigo Jones" (Inigo Jones's Bridge). He is also said to be responsible for the Masonic "Inigo Jones Manuscript", from around 1607, a document of the Old Charges of Freemasonry. Architecture of England The architecture of England is the architecture of modern England and in the historic Kingdom of England . It often includes buildings created under English influence or by English architects in other parts of
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#17328451189192222-603: Is for a monument to Frances, Lady Cotton, commissioned by Rowland Cotton , c. 1608–1611 , at Norton-in-Hales , Shropshire, showing early signs of his classical intentions. In July 1606, Jones made scenery for a masque at Theobalds for the Earl of Salisbury . In the following years, Jones made drawings for the Earl of Salisbury's New Exchange in the Strand, where work commenced in June 1608, and
2323-526: The Anglo-Saxon period exists only in the form of churches, the only structures commonly built in stone apart from fortifications. The earliest examples date from the 7th century, notably at Bradwell-on-Sea and Escomb , but the majority from the 10th and 11th centuries. Due to the systematic destruction and replacement of English cathedrals and monasteries by the Normans , no major Anglo-Saxon churches survive;
2424-692: The English Civil War in 1642 and the seizure of the King's houses in 1643. Jones was captured at the third siege of Basing House in October 1645. Unfortunately, as one of the last great strongholds to the Cavaliers, the great mansion inside was destroyed by Cromwell's army and even the walls were broken into many pieces. His property was later returned to him (c. 1646) but Jones ended his days, unmarried, living in Somerset House . He was, however, closely involved in
2525-617: The Lancet Period (1190–1245); divided the second into first the Geometrical (1245–1315) and then the Curvilinear (1315–1360); and named the third style Rectilinear (1360–1550). This last Gothic style was typified by large windows, four-centred arches , straight vertical and horizontal lines in the tracery , and regular arch-topped rectangular panelling. Perpendicular was the prevailing style of Late Gothic architecture in England from
2626-606: The Late Middle Ages and the first centuries of the Early Modern Period were constructed in the predominant late medieval European style of Gothic architecture . Art-historical periodisations are Early English or First Pointed (late 12th–late 13th centuries), Decorated Gothic or Second Pointed (late 13th–late 14th centuries), and Perpendicular Gothic or Third Pointed (14th–17th centuries). The architect and art historian Thomas Rickman 's Attempt to Discriminate
2727-511: The Peerage of England , creating him Baron Cecil in 1603; Viscount Cranborne in 1604; and Earl of Salisbury in 1605. As a result, in 1605, William received the courtesy title of Viscount Cranborne . In 1608, aged 17, Cranborne's father sent him to France , but quickly recalled him to England to marry Catherine, the daughter of Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk in December 1608. His father
2828-596: The Queen's House which is the first building in England designed in a pure classical style, and the Banqueting House, Whitehall , as well as the layout for Covent Garden square which became a model for future developments in the West End. He made major contributions to stage design by his work as a theatrical designer for several dozen masques , most by royal command and many in collaboration with Ben Jonson . Beyond that he
2929-446: The Queen's House , Greenwich, for James I's wife, Anne . With the foundations laid and the first storey built, work stopped suddenly when Anne died in 1619. Jones provided a design for the queen's funeral hearse or catafalque, but it was not implemented. Work at Greenwich resumed in 1629, this time for Charles I's Queen, Henrietta Maria . It was finished in 1635 as the first strictly classical building in England, employing ideas found in
3030-475: The parliamentarians during the English Civil War ; Parliament voted to indemnify Salisbury's friend Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke for his losses during the war; and several of his close friends, especially Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland (his son-in-law) had sided with Parliament. Salisbury was a member of the English Council of State from 1649 to 1651 (serving as its president for
3131-421: The proscenium arch to English theatre. Between 1605 and 1640, he was responsible for staging over 500 performances, collaborating with Ben Jonson for many years, despite a relationship fraught with competition and jealousy: the two had arguments about whether stage design or literature was more important in theatre. (Jonson ridiculed Jones in a series of his works, written over two decades.) Over 450 drawings for
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3232-586: The 14th century to the 17th century. Perpendicular was unique to the country: no equivalent arose in Continental Europe or elsewhere in the British Isles . Of all the Gothic architectural styles , Perpendicular was the first to experience a second wave of popularity from the 18th century on in Gothic Revival architecture . Little survives of the vernacular architecture of the medieval period due to
3333-610: The 1630s, Jones was in high demand and, as Surveyor to the King, his services were only available to a very limited circle of people, so often projects were commissioned to other members of the Works. Stoke Bruerne Park in Northamptonshire was built by Sir Francis Crane , "receiving the assistance of Inigo Jones", between 1629 and 1635. Jones is also thought to have been involved in another country house, this time in Wiltshire . Wilton House
3434-504: The 1690s, exemplified by Chatsworth House and Castle Howard . The most significant English Baroque architects after Wren were Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor , who adapted the Baroque style to fit English tastes in houses such as Blenheim Palace , Seaton Delaval Hall and Easton Neston . The 18th century saw a turn away from Baroque elaboration and a reversion to a more austere approach to Classicism. This shift initially brought
3535-756: The 1990s. A significant example of postmodernism is Robert Venturi 's Sainsbury Wing of the National Gallery. Significant recent buildings, in a variety of styles, include: Will Alsop : Peckham Library , North Greenwich tube station ; David Chipperfield : River and Rowing Museum , Hepworth Wakefield ; Future Systems : Lord's Media Centre , Selfridges Building, Birmingham ; Zaha Hadid , London Aquatics Centre ; Ian Simpson : Beetham Tower, Manchester , Beetham Tower, Birmingham . William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury , KG , PC (28 March 1591 – 3 December 1668), known as Viscount Cranborne from 1605 to 1612,
3636-519: The 19th century many architects at the start of their careers made the decision to emigrate, several chose the United States but most went to Canada, Australia or New Zealand, as opportunities arose to meet the growing demand for buildings in these countries. Normally they adopted the style of architecture fashionable when they left England, though by the latter half of the century, improving transport and communications meant that even quite remote parts of
3737-513: The 2nd Earl of Salisbury. He was soon named Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire , where he gained a reputation for punctilious service to the king. James I made him a Knight of the Garter in 1624. Salisbury continued to find favour under James' successor, Charles I , who named Salisbury to his privy council in 1626. Salisbury subsequently conformed during the Personal Rule . He was annoyed when he
3838-587: The Empire had access to many publications, such as The Builder magazine. This enabled colonial architects to stay abreast of current fashion. Thus the influence of English architecture spread across the world. Several prominent 19th century architects produced designs that were executed by architects in the various colonies. For example, Sir George Gilbert Scott designed Bombay University & William Butterfield designed St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide . The last great exponent of late Victorian free Renaissance eclecticism
3939-514: The Gothic revival, its preoccupations were less religious and were connected with romantic socialism and a distaste for industrialisation and urban life. On the other hand, British industrial architecture both revived old styles and developed new ones. In the later 19th century vernacular elements mingled with forms drawn from the Renaissance architecture of England and the Low Countries to produce
4040-511: The High-tec movement. High-tech architecture is mostly associated with non-domestic buildings, perhaps due to the technological imagery. The two most prominent proponents were Richard Rogers and Norman Foster . Rogers' most iconic English building is the Lloyd's building , situated nearby is Foster's most famous 30 St Mary Axe building (nicknamed The Gherkin ). Their respective influence continues into
4141-499: The Reformation and the 19th century. Sir Christopher Wren was employed to replace many of the destroyed churches, but his master plan for rebuilding London as a whole was rejected. Wren's churches exemplify the distinctive English approach to church-building in the Classical manner, which largely rejected the domes that typified the continental Baroque and employed a wide range of different forms of steeple , experimental efforts to find
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4242-464: The Renaissance but was now fuelled by new materials and techniques derived from the Industrial Revolution , particularly the use of iron and steel frames , and by the demand for new types of building. The rapid growth and urbanisation of the population entailed an immense amount of new domestic and commercial construction, while the same processes combined with a religious revival to bring about
4343-614: The Style of Architecture in England , first published in 1812, divided Gothic architecture in the British Isles into three stylistic periods. Rickman identified the period of architecture from William the Conqueror ( r. 1066–87 ) to Henry II ( r. 1154–89 ) as Norman ; from Richard the Lionheart ( r. 1189–99 ) to Edward I ( r. 1272–1307 ) as Early English ;
4444-680: The Tudors ostentatious unfortified country houses and palaces became widespread, built either in stone or in brick, which first became a common building material in England in this period. Characteristic features of the early Tudor style included imposing gatehouses (a vestige of the castle), flattened pointed arches in the Perpendicular Gothic manner, square-headed windows, decoratively shaped gables and large ornate chimneys. Outstanding surviving examples of early Tudor palatial architecture include Hampton Court Palace and Layer Marney Tower . Over
4545-452: The Victorian era the revival developed an abstract rigour and became a movement driven by cultural, religious and social concerns which extended far beyond architecture, seeing the Gothic style and the medieval way of life as a route to the spiritual regeneration of society. The first great ideologue of this movement was Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin , who together with Charles Barry designed
4646-442: The ambassador Henry Wotton . Jones learned to speak Italian fluently and there is evidence that he owned an Italian copy of Andrea Palladio 's I quattro libri dell'architettura with marginalia that refer to Wotton. His architectural work was particularly influenced by Palladio. To a lesser extent, he also held to the architectural principles of the ancient Roman writer Vitruvius . Jones's first recorded architectural design
4747-447: The architectural profession or architecture critics, has remained popular with clients and conservative commentators, notably Charles, Prince of Wales . Domestic architecture throughout the 20th century and beyond has continued to be strongly influenced by a homogenised version of Victorian vernacular revival styles. Some architects responded to modernism, and economic circumstances, by producing stripped-down versions of traditional styles;
4848-544: The architecture of Palladio and ancient Rome. This is Jones's earliest-surviving work. Between 1619 and 1622, the Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall was built, a design derived from buildings by Scamozzi and Palladio , to which a ceiling painted by Peter Paul Rubens was added several years later. The Whitehall palace was one of several projects where Jones worked with his personal assistant and nephew by marriage John Webb . The Queen's Chapel , St. James's Palace ,
4949-446: The arrival of emigre architects such as Mendelsohn and Lubetkin that galvanised the position of modern architecture within England. The bombing of English cities created a housing shortage, in the post war years. To meet this many thousands (perhaps hundreds of thousands) of council houses in mock- vernacular style were built, giving working class people their first experience of private gardens and indoor sanitation . The demand
5050-434: The central tower of St Paul's Cathedral, displaying a similar practical architectural inexperience and immature handling of themes from sources including Palladio, Serlio and Sangallo. In 1609, having perhaps accompanied Salisbury's son and heir, Viscount Cranborne , around France, he appears as an architectural consultant at Hatfield House , making small modifications to the design as the project progressed, and in 1610, Jones
5151-508: The church would be destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. Also around this time, circa 1638, Jones devised drawings completely redesigning the Palace of Whitehall , but the execution of these designs was frustrated by Charles I's financial and political difficulties. More than 1000 buildings have been attributed to Jones but only a very small number of those are certain to be his work. According to architecture historian John Summerson ,
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#17328451189195252-538: The church, portraying St Paul's Cathedral and other buildings, was destroyed in the Great Fire in 1666. Jones was an influence on a number of 18th-century architects, notably Lord Burlington and William Kent . There is an Inigo Jones Road in Charlton , southeast London (SE7), near Charlton House , some of whose features were allegedly designed by him. A bridge in Llanrwst , North Wales, built in 1636 and named "Pont Fawr"
5353-457: The contemporaneous Baroque architecture of the continent, being influenced above all by the Palladian style of Italy. This was first introduced to England by Inigo Jones and typified by his Queen's House at Greenwich . The Great Fire of London in 1666 forced the reconstruction of much of the city, which was the only part of the country to see a significant amount of church-building between
5454-463: The contemporary fashion in Italy. He was probably the first native-born to study these Roman remains first hand and this was key to the new architecture Jones introduced in England and Wales. Jones worked as a producer and architect for Masques from 1605 to 1640, but his most known work in this field came from his collaboration with poet and playwright Ben Jonson . Having worked together for fifteen years,
5555-592: The continuing advance of Classical forms overrode the eclecticism of English Renaissance architecture, which gave way to a more uniform style derived from continental models, chiefly from Italy. This entailed a retreat from the structural sophistication of Gothic architecture to forms derived from the more primitive construction methods of Classical antiquity. The style was typified by square or round-headed windows and doors, flat ceilings, colonnades , pilasters , pediments and domes . Classical architecture in England tended to be relatively plain and simple in comparison with
5656-468: The course of the 16th century Classical features derived from the Renaissance architecture of Italy exerted an increasing influence, initially on surface decoration but in time shaping the entire design of buildings, while the use of medieval features declined. This development gave rise to palatial stone dwellings or prodigy houses such as Hardwick Hall and Montacute House . During the 17th century,
5757-419: The current century. Postmodern architecture also emerged as an attempt to enrich Modern architecture. It was especially fashionable in the 1980s, when Modernism had fallen from favour, being associated with the welfare state. Many shopping malls and office complexes for example Broadgate used this style. Notable practitioners were James Stirling and Terry Farrell , although Farrell returned to modernism in
5858-619: The design of Coleshill House , in Berkshire, for the Pratt family, which he visited with the young apprentice architect Roger Pratt , to fix a new site for the proposed mansion. He died on 21 June 1652 and was buried with his parents at St Benet's, Paul's Wharf , the Welsh church of the City of London . John Denham and then Christopher Wren followed him as King's Surveyor of Works. A monument dedicated to him in
5959-509: The earliest of them are nearly 1,500 years older than the first of the pyramids of Egypt." The Neolithic henges of Avebury and Stonehenge are two of the largest and most famous megalithic monuments in the world. The structure is an annual calendar, but the reason for the massive size is unknown with any certainty, suggestions include agriculture, ceremonial use and interpreting the cosmos. With other nearby sites, including Silbury Hill , Beckhampton Avenue , and West Kennet Avenue , they form
6060-467: The early modern stage and for its larger audience. In September 1615, Jones was appointed Surveyor-General of the King's Works, marking the beginning of Jones's career in earnest. Fortunately, both James I and Charles I spent lavishly on their buildings, contrasting hugely with the economical court of Elizabeth I . As the King's Surveyor, Jones built some of his key buildings in London. In 1616, work began on
6161-805: The elder . In the wake of the Bishops' Wars , Salisbury leaned towards the moderate party in the House of Lords which supported the House of Commons in its attempt to remove the elements of arbitrary government introduced into England during the Personal Rule. However, Salisbury resisted throwing in his lot with any of the political factions, and thus remained vulnerable. When the First English Civil War broke out in 1642, Salisbury's estates at Cranborne in Dorset suffered depredations. In 1648, Salisbury served as
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#17328451189196262-625: The emergence of an increasingly planned approach to urban expansion, and the systematic, simultaneous construction of whole streets or squares, or even of entire districts, gave rise to new forms of domestic construction, the terrace and the crescent , as exemplified in Bath and in Bloomsbury and Mayfair in London . Among the notable architects practising in this era were Robert Adam , Sir William Chambers , John Wood and James Wyatt . The 19th century saw
6363-460: The foundation stone of his status as the father of British architecture. Jones, as the pioneer in his era, had strong influence during their time. His revolutionary ideas even effect beyond the Court circle, and today, many scholars believe that he also started the golden age of British architecture. On 16 February 1621, in a by-election caused by the ejection of an existing member Sir John Leedes , Jones
6464-521: The history of English art. On this trip, Jones was exposed to the architecture of Rome , Padua , Florence , Vicenza , Genoa and Venice among others. His surviving sketchbook shows his preoccupation with such artists as Parmigianino and Andrea Schiavone . He is also known to have met Vincenzo Scamozzi at this time. His annotated copy of Palladio's Quattro libri dell'architettura also demonstrates his close interest in classical architecture: Jones gave priority to Roman antiquity rather than observing
6565-678: The largest extant example is at Brixworth . The main material is ashlar masonry, sometimes accompanied by details in reused Roman brick. Anglo-Saxon churches are typically high and narrow and consist of a nave and a narrower chancel ; these are often accompanied by a west tower. Some feature porticus (projecting chambers) to the west or to the north and south, creating a cruciform plan. Characteristic features include quoins in "long-and-short work" (alternating vertical and horizontal blocks) and small windows with rounded or triangular tops, deeply splayed or in groups of two or three divided by squat columns. The most common form of external decoration
6666-406: The modern concept of an architect's artistic responsibility for a building did not exist at that time, and Jones's role in many instances may be that of a civil servant in getting things done rather than as an architect. Jones's contribution to a building may also simply be verbal instructions to a mason or bricklayer and providing an Italian engraving or two as a guide, or the correction of drafts. In
6767-830: The most characteristic styles originating in England are the Perpendicular Gothic of the late Middle Ages , High Victorian Gothic and the Queen Anne style . The earliest known examples of architecture in England are the megalithic tombs of the Neolithic , such as those at Wayland's Smithy and the West Kennet Long Barrow . These cromlechi are common over much of Atlantic Europe : present day Spain; Brittany; Great Britain; and Ireland. Radiocarbon dating has shown them to be, as historian John Davies says, "the first substantial, permanent constructions of man and that
6868-544: The new Houses of Parliament , the grandest work of Victorian Gothic architecture. The Parliament building's Perpendicular style reflects the predominance of the later forms of English Gothic in the early Victorian period, but this later gave way to a preference for plain Early English or French Gothic, and above all to a style derived from the architecture of medieval Italy and the Low Countries . This High Victorian Gothic
6969-539: The predominant mode in England with the huge wave of construction that followed the Norman Conquest . The Normans destroyed a large proportion of England's churches and built Romanesque replacements, a process which encompassed all of England's cathedrals. Most of the latter were later partially or wholly rebuilt in Gothic style , and although many still preserve substantial Romanesque portions, only Durham Cathedral remains
7070-423: The quality of his sketches. From Italy he travelled to Denmark where he worked for Christian IV on the design of the palaces of Rosenborg and Frederiksborg . Jones first became famous as a designer of costumes and stage settings, especially after he brought " masques " to the stage. Under the patronage of Queen Anne of Denmark (the consort of King James I ), he is credited with introducing movable scenery and
7171-470: The reign of Henry VII and the early years of Henry VIII , with the construction of King's College Chapel, Cambridge and Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey . However, the Reformation brought an effective halt to church-building in England which continued in most parts of the country until the 19th century. By the time of Henry VII's accession castle-building in England had come to an end and under
7272-559: The reigns of Edward II ( r. 1307–27 ) and Edward III ( r. 1327–77 ) as Decorated , and from Richard II ( r. 1377–99 ) to Henry VIII ( r. 1509–47 ) as Perpendicular . From the 15th century, under the House of Tudor , the prevailing Gothic style is commonly known as Tudor architecture , being ultimately succeeded by Elizabethan architecture and Renaissance architecture under Elizabeth I ( r. 1558–1603 ). Rickman excluded from his scheme most new buildings after Henry VIII's reign, calling
7373-423: The scenery and costumes survive, demonstrating Jones's virtuosity as a draughtsman and his development between 1605 and 1609 from initially showing "no knowledge of Renaissance draughtsmanship" to exhibiting an "accomplished Italianate manner" and understanding of Italian set design, particularly that of Alfonso and Giulio Parigi . This development suggests a second visit to Italy, c. 1606 , influenced by
7474-515: The square of Lincoln's Inn Fields , and a house in the square, the Lindsey House built in 1640, is often attributed to Jones. Its design of a rusticated ground floor with giant pilasters above supporting the entablature and balustrade served as a model for other town houses in London such as John Nash 's Regent's Park terraces, as well as in other English and Welsh towns such as Bath 's Royal Crescent . Another large project Jones undertook
7575-491: The style of "additions and rebuilding" in the later 16th and earlier 17th centuries "often much debased". Architect and art historian Edmund Sharpe published in 1851 The Seven Periods of English Architecture , in which he identified a pre-Gothic Transitional Period (1145–90) after the Norman period, in which pointed arches and round arches were employed together. Focusing on the windows, Sharpe dubbed Rickman's first Gothic style
7676-511: The traditional way, namely either by rising up from a craft or through early exposure to the Office of Works, although there is evidence that Christopher Wren obtained information that recorded Jones as an apprentice joiner in St Paul's Churchyard . At some point before 1603, a rich patron (possibly the Earl of Pembroke or the Earl of Rutland ) sent him to Italy to study drawing after being impressed by
7777-421: The two debated and had disagreements about their line of work and about what was most integral in a masque. While Jonson argued that the most important aspect of a masque was the written word that the audience heard, Jones argued that the visual spectacle was the most important aspect, and that what the audience saw was more important. Jones also felt that the architect had just as much creative freedom and rights as
7878-502: The use of perishable materials for the great majority of buildings. Most domestic buildings were built on timber frames , usually with wattle and daub infill. Roofs were typically covered with thatch ; wooden shingles were also employed, and from the 12th century tile and slate came into use in some areas. Also around the 12th century, the cruck frame was introduced, increasing the size of timber-framed vernacular buildings. Typically, larger houses of this period were based around
7979-523: The wake of the invasion William I and his lords built numerous wooden motte-and-bailey castles to impose their control on the native population. Many were subsequently rebuilt in stone, beginning with the Tower of London . There are also a very small number of domestic Norman buildings still standing, for example Jew's House , Lincoln; manor houses at Saltford and Boothby Pagnall ; and fortified manor houses such as Oakham Castle . The major buildings of
8080-502: The work of Giles Gilbert Scott illustrates this well. The International Style (also known as Modernism) emerged as a reaction against the world before the First World War, including historical architectural styles. Stylistically it was functional, drawing upon objects that were designed for a specific purpose such as Oceanliners. It emerged as an idea from continental Europe, but was of interest to some English architects. However it
8181-648: The world, particularly in the English and later British colonies and Empire , which developed into the Commonwealth of Nations . Apart from Anglo-Saxon architecture , the major forms of non- vernacular architecture employed in England before 1900 originated elsewhere in western Europe , chiefly in France and Italy, while 20th-century Modernist architecture derived from both European and American influences. Each of these foreign modes became assimilated within English architectural culture and gave rise to local variation and innovation, producing distinctive national forms. Among
8282-416: The writer or poet of the masque. In defence of this Jones stated that masques were "nothing but pictures with light and motion," making little to note of the words spoken. Jones's work on masques with Jonson is credited to be one of the first instances of scenery introduced in theatre. In his masques, curtains were used and placed in between the stage and the audience, and they were to be opened to introduce
8383-449: Was Edwin Lutyens , and his shift into the Classical mode after 1900 symbolised a wider retreat from the stylistic ferment of the 19th century to a plain and homogenous Classicism based on Georgian exemplars, an approach followed by many architects of the early 20th century, notably Herbert Baker and Reginald Blomfield . This Neo-Georgian manner, while not greatly favoured in later decades by
8484-458: Was a two-storey version, continuing what had been a common form of house for the better-off across the country in the late Anglo-Saxon and Norman periods. The Tudor period constitutes a transitional phase, in which the organic continuity and technical innovation of the medieval era gave way to centuries in which architecture was dominated by a succession of attempts to revive earlier styles. The Perpendicular Gothic style reached its culmination in
8585-509: Was also responsible for a new ceiling put in the House of Lords chamber in 1623. He also served as a Justice of the Peace (J.P.) for the county of Middlesex and borough of Westminster from 1630 until at least 1640. He was made a freeman of the borough of Southampton in 1623 and in 1633 was offered, but declined, a knighthood by Charles I. Jones's full-time career effectively ended with the outbreak of
8686-561: Was an English peer , nobleman, and politician. Cecil was the son of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury and Elizabeth (née Brooke), the daughter of William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham . He was born in Westminster on 28 March 1591 and baptized in St Clement Danes on 11 April. William's mother died when he was six years old, and he was subsequently raised by his aunt, Lady Frances Stourton. In January 1600 Queen Elizabeth gave him
8787-558: Was appointed Surveyor to Prince Henry . He devised the masques the Barriers and the Masque of Oberon for the Prince and was possibly involved in some alterations to St James's Palace . On 27 April 1613, Jones was appointed the position of Surveyor of the King's Works and shortly after, embarked on a tour of Italy with the Earl of Arundel , destined to become one of the most important patrons in
8888-472: Was born in Smithfield , London, as the son of clothworker Inigo Jones Snr., and baptised at the church of St Bartholomew-the-Less , little is known about Jones's early years. Later Welsh sources claim that the family was from Wales , and even that Inigo was originally named Ynir or Ynyr Jones. But no records from his own time indicate any family ties to Wales. He did not approach the architectural profession in
8989-640: Was built between 1623 and 1627, initially for Charles I's proposed bride, the Roman Catholic Infanta Maria Anna of Spain , and then for Charles I's wife, Henrietta Maria of France. Parts of the design originate in the Pantheon of ancient Rome and Jones evidently intended the church to evoke the Roman temple. These buildings show the realization of a mature architect with a confident grasp of classical principles and an intellectual understanding of how to implement them. The other project in which Jones
9090-755: Was created though the desire to express how buildings were constructed, for example through the use of exposed concrete. Significant "New Brutalist" buildings were the Economist Building, the Hayward Gallery , the Barbican Arts Centre and the Royal National Theatre . High-tech architecture emerged as an attempt to revitalise the language of Modernism, it drew inspiration from technology to create new architectural expression . The theorical work of Archigram provided significant inspiration of
9191-659: Was determined that Cranborne should spend two years living abroad, and instructed him to return to France following his marriage. However, in mid-1610, James I determined to have his son Henry installed as Prince of Wales and Salisbury (who was currently serving as Lord High Treasurer ) instructed his son to return for the ceremony: Cranborne subsequently held the king's train for the ceremony. Following this ceremony, Cranborne returned to Europe, this time to Italy , travelling first to Venice , then to Padua . At Padua, he fell ill, and returned to England resolving never to go abroad again. Cranborne's father died in 1612, making him
9292-412: Was driven chiefly by the writings of John Ruskin , based on his observations of the buildings of Venice , while its archetypal practitioner was the church architect William Butterfield . It was characterised by heavy massing, sparse use of tracery or sculptural decoration and an emphasis on polychrome patterning created through the use of different colours of brick and stone. The Gothic revival also drove
9393-615: Was elected M.P. in the Parliament of England for New Shoreham in West Sussex , a borough constituency controlled by the Earl of Arundel, and sat till the dissolution of that parliament in February 1622. He was named to a committee to improve lighting and increase seating in the House of Commons' chamber, resulting in a new gallery being erected in St Stephen's Chapel during the summer recess and
9494-456: Was involved is the design of Covent Garden Square. He was commissioned by the Earl of Bedford to build a residential square, which he did along the lines of the Italian piazza of Livorno . It is the first regularly planned square in London. The Earl felt obliged to provide a church and he warned Jones that he wanted to economise. He told him to simply erect a "barn" and Jones's oft-quoted response
9595-486: Was largely restricted to the English-speaking world. It had begun on a small scale in the 18th century under the stimulus of Romanticism , a trend initiated by Horace Walpole 's house Strawberry Hill . However, widespread Gothic construction began only in the 19th century, led by the renewal of church building but spreading to secular construction. Early Gothic revival architecture was whimsical and unsystematic, but in
9696-537: Was not named master of the Court of Wards and Liveries , but was more pleased when he was named Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners , a post which he held until 1643. Salisbury spent much of the 1630s in improving his ancestral seat, Hatfield House . He also made Hatfield House a cultural centre, serving as patron for painter Peter Lely , musician Nicholas Lanier , and gardener John Tradescant
9797-526: Was often masked by traditional forms. It was highly prominent in two of the new forms of building that characterised Victorian architecture, railway station train sheds and glasshouses. The greatest exponent of the latter was Joseph Paxton , architect of the Crystal Palace . In the 18th century a few English architects had emigrated to the colonies, but as the British Empire became firmly established in
9898-522: Was partly sated through the pre-fabrication of buildings within factories, giving rise to the "Pre-fab" . The reconstruction that followed the Second World War had a major impact upon English architecture. The austerity that followed the WWII meant that cost dictated many design decisions, however significant architectural movements emerged. One such movement was the native development of Brutalism. Its look
9999-403: Was renovated from about 1630 onwards, at times worked on by Jones, then passed on to Isaac de Caus when Jones was too busy with royal clients. He then returned in 1646 with his student, John Webb , to try and complete the project. Contemporary equivalent architects included Sir Balthazar Gerbier and Nicholas Stone . One of Jones's designs is the "double cube" room at Wilton, and it was also
10100-474: Was that his lordship would have "the finest barn in Europe". In the design of St Paul's, Jones faithfully adhered to Vitruvius 's design for a Tuscan temple and it was the first wholly and authentically classical church built in England. The inside of St Paul's, Covent Garden was gutted by fire in 1795, but externally it remains much as Jones designed it and dominates the west side of the piazza. Jones also designed
10201-493: Was the repair and remodelling of St Paul's Cathedral . Between the years of 1634 and 1642, Jones wrestled with the dilapidated Gothicism of Old St Paul's, casing it in classical masonry and totally redesigning the west front. Jones incorporated the giant scrolls from Vignola and della Porta 's Church of the Gesù with a giant Corinthian portico, the largest of its type north of the Alps, but
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