39-608: List of parliaments of England List of acts of the Parliament of England The Second Protectorate Parliament in England sat for two sessions from 17 September 1656 until 4 February 1658, with Thomas Widdrington as the Speaker of the House of Commons . In its first session, the House of Commons was its only chamber; in the second session an Other House with a power of veto over the decisions of
78-515: A Grandeza de España upon any newly created duke . A grandee of any noble rank is higher in precedence than a non-grandee (apart from members of the Spanish Royal Family ), even if that non-grandee holds a hereditary title ( titulo ) of a higher grade than that of the said grandee. Thus, a baron -grandee would outrank a non-grandee marquess , thus rendering the dignity of grandeza an hereditary rank of precedence rather than
117-729: A Levellers revival and Royalist plots, under the prerogative granted to the Lord Protector by the Humble Petition and Advice , Oliver Cromwell dissolved Parliament on 4 February 1658. The Second Protectorate Parliament was preceded by the First Protectorate Parliament and succeeded by the Third Protectorate Parliament . From Cromwell:The Oliver Cromwell Website: a select bibliography of books and articles : List of parliaments of England This
156-701: A title of nobility . Since 1987, children of an infante of Spain are recognised as members of the Spanish royal family and are accorded the rank and style of a grandee by courtesy : they do not formally hold this dignity until such time as a title with grandeza is granted to them by the sovereign . Some of the best known Spanish grandees are the dukes of Arcos , of Alba , of Medinaceli , of Villahermosa , of Osuna , del Infantado , of Alburquerque , of Moctezuma , of Frías and of Medina-Sidonia ; well-known marquesses include those of Aguilar de Campoo, of Astorga , of Santillana, and of los Vélez ;
195-613: A count's coronet on their coat of arms, and barons ennobled with grandeeship bore a coat of arms surmounted by a viscount's coronet. The order of precedence in Brazilian nobility was as follows: after the members of the Imperial Family, dukes, marquises, counts, viscounts with grandeeship, viscounts without grandeeship, barons with grandeeship, barons without grandeeship. Brazilian grandeeships, like its nobility, were not hereditary titles. Grandees were allowed to keep their heads covered in
234-415: A grandee after his successful posting as French Ambassador to Madrid , representing King Louis XIV . The dignity was highly considered by foreign peers. For an extensive period of time, it was even deemed 'the pinnacle of nobiliary stratification'. Foreign grandees were mostly French, although there was also a significant number of German, Flemish , Walloon , Italian, and Novohispanic / Aztec peers, as
273-552: A grandeeship, yet only a few marquessates , countships , viscountcies , baronies and lordships have the distinction. A single person can be a grandee of Spain multiple times, as grandeeships are attached, except in a few cases, to a title and not an individual. Such grandees with more than one title notably include the current Duchess of Medinaceli and the Duke of Alba , who are grandees ten and nine times respectively. All sons and daughters of Infantes are also grandees. According to
312-819: A result of the scope of the Spanish Empire in Europe and the Americas. Some examples included the Dukes of Wellington , Bavaria , Villars , Mouchy , Moctezuma de Tultengo , Doudeauville , Croÿ , the Princes of Sulmona , Ligne , and the Counts of Egmont . The dignity of grandee was abolished by the Napoleonic King Joseph Bonaparte , before being revived in 1834 by Estatuto real when grandees were given precedence in
351-625: Is a list of parliaments of England from the reign of King Henry III , when the Curia Regis developed into a body known as Parliament, until the creation of the Parliament of Great Britain in 1707. For later parliaments, see the List of parliaments of Great Britain . For the history of the English Parliament, see Parliament of England . The parliaments of England were traditionally referred to by
390-494: The 1876 Constitution , fully in force until 1923, grandees of Spain could also be senators por derecho propio ("in their own right"), alongside archbishops and top military ranks. As of 2018, grandeeships totalled 417 out of the 2,942 extant titles in Spain (approximately 14%) of which there were 153 Dukedoms, 142 Marquessates, 108 Countships, 2 Viscountcies, 2 Baronies, 3 Lordships and 7 hereditary grandees with no title attached to
429-525: The Chamber of Peers of Spain . Nowadays, all grandees are deemed to be "of the first class", and is an honorific dignity conferring neither power or legal privilege. A Grandeza de España (grandeeship) is a separate legal entity from a title of nobility, although grandezas are normally but not exclusively granted in conjunction with a title . Since the 20th century invariably the King of Spain has conferred
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#1732847532725468-507: The Instrument of Government to be allowed to take their seats. But to make sure that the House would be compliant to their wishes, Cromwell nominated 63 members to "Other House" permitted by the Humble Petition and Advice , 42 accepted and 37 came to the first meeting. This triggered a wave of republican protest in the House of Commons which spread to the rank and file of the Army. Amidst fears of
507-435: The Parliament of Great Britain was constituted. The members of the 2nd Parliament of Queen Anne became part of the 1st Parliament of Great Britain . Grandee (New Model Army) Grandee ( / ɡ r ən ˈ d iː / ; Spanish : Grande de España , Spanish: [ˈɡɾande] ) is an official aristocratic title conferred on some Spanish nobility . Holders of this dignity enjoyed similar privileges to those of
546-492: The counts of Benavente, of Lerín , Olivares, Oñate, and Lemos also hold grandeeships. Grandees and their consorts are entitled to the honorific prefix of ' the Most Excellent Lord/Lady' or 'His/Her Most Excellency', and they can be addressed as Primo (cousin) by the King, although this tradition is in disuse today. Both Portuguese and Brazilian nobility adopted the term grande ("grandee") from
585-464: The number counting forward from the start of the reign of a particular monarch, unless the parliament was notable enough to come to be known by a particular title, such as the Good Parliament or the Parliament of Merton . The Long Parliament , which commenced in this reign, had the longest term and the most complex history of any English Parliament. The entry in the first table below relates to
624-657: The peerage of France during the Ancien Régime , though in neither country did they have the significant constitutional political role the House of Lords gave to the Peerage of England , of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom . A "grandee of Spain" nonetheless enjoyed greater social privileges than those of other similar European dignities. With the exception of Fernandina , all Spanish dukedoms are automatically attached to
663-456: The 14th century. The conferral of grandeeships initially conveyed only ceremonial privileges, such as remaining covered or seated in the presence of royalty . Over time grandees received more substantial rights: for example freedom from taxation and immunity from arrest, save at the King's command; they were usually the senior judicial officers of their region. These rights later became open to abuse with some grandees renouncing their allegiance to
702-535: The 17th-century English jurist pointed out, not a general term denoting a class , but "an additional individual dignity not only to all Dukes but to some Marquesses and Counts also". Noble titles , including and above the rank of Count , were seldom created in heredity by the Kings of Castile and Aragon until the late Middle Ages —in contrast to France and elsewhere in Europe (where feudalism evolved more quickly)—being largely associated with royal officers until
741-603: The Commons was added. There were two sessions the first from 17 September 1656 until 26 June 1657 and a second from 20 January until 4 February 1658. The Second Protectorate Parliament was summoned reluctantly by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell on the advice of the Major-Generals who were running the country as regions under military governors. The Major-Generals thought that a compliant parliament would be
780-535: The House occupied its time with private members bills. However over the next few months three issues would dominate the session. The first was the Militia Bill, the second was the Naylor case and the third was constitutional reform (the Humble Petition and Advice ), which was influenced by the failure of the Militia Bill to pass and the Naylor case was to show that the members of Parliament were less religiously tolerant than
819-451: The Monarch. Outside Spain, the term can refer to other people of a somewhat comparable, exalted position, roughly synonymous with magnate ; formerly a rank of high nobility (especially when it carried the right to a parliamentary seat ). By extension, the term can refer informally to any important person of high status , particularly wealthy , landed long-time residents in a region. In
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#1732847532725858-557: The Old Change, and there be put in the pillory again from the hours of eleven to one on the following Saturday. He shall then have his tongue bored through with a red hot iron, and be branded with the letter B, and sent to Bristol, where he shall be paraded through the city on horseback, with his face backward. From Bristol he shall be brought back to London and sent to the Tower, there to be kept to hard labour by order of Parliament, and be debarred
897-794: The Portuguese aristocracies. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , senior military officers from the English landed gentry who served in the New Model Army , who were opposed to the more radical Levellers , came to be informally termed "grandees". After the defeat of Charles I of England in the Second English Civil War , there was a series of debates and confrontations between radical, elected representatives of New Model Army soldiers, known as
936-492: The Spanish, to designate a higher rank of noblemen. The Brazilian system automatically deemed dukes , marquises and counts (as well as archbishops and bishops ) grandes do Império ("grandees of the Empire", or literally translated as "Great Ones of the Empire"). Viscounts and barons could also be ennobled with or without grandeza ("grandeeship", alternatively "greatness"). Viscounts ennobled with grandeeship displayed
975-523: The United Kingdom the term is currently and informally used of influential and long-standing members of the Conservative Party , Labour Party and Liberal Democrats , and has had more specific meanings in the past. Most Spanish noble titles are granted as títulos del Reino ( Peer of the realm ), many of which predate the modern Spanish monarchy. The Kings of Spain re-established in 1520
1014-494: The ancient dignity of Grande to confer as an additional rank of honour . The post-nominals of grandees of Spain is GE . The dignity of grandee ( Grand noble ) began to be assumed by Spain 's leading noblemen in the Middle Ages to distinguish them as a Grand señor (' Lord of the realm'), from lesser ricoshombres ( Nobles de naturaleza ), whose rank evolved into that of hidalgo . It was, as John Selden
1053-544: The best way to raise money to pay for the Army occupation, and the Navy both of which were involved in the Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660). The elections were held under the new written constitution called Instrument of Government . It included returning up to thirty members from Scotland and up to another thirty from Ireland . Royalists and Catholics were prevented from standing or voting under Articles XIV and XV. After
1092-611: The counties to end. With the rejection of the Decimation Tax, it was clear that government through the Major-Generals could not continue. In February 1657 Cromwell was offered the crown and a new constitution called the Humble Petition and Advice . On Palm Sunday 1656 James Naylor , a Quaker, reenacted the arrival of Christ in Jerusalem by riding a horse into Bristol attended by followers who sang "Holy, holy, holy" and strewed
1131-438: The dignity of a grandee. Subsequently, the grandes de España (grandees of Spain) were subdivided into three grades: All grandees traditionally have been addressed by the king as mi Primo (my cousin), whereas ordinary nobles are formally styled as mi Pariente (my kinsman). Grandezas could also be bestowed upon foreigners, such as the memorialist Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de Saint-Simon who took great pride in becoming
1170-520: The election the Council of State stopped one hundred elected members from taking their seats by declaring that they were not "of known integrity, fearing God" (Article VII). A further fifty withdrew in protest which left about two hundred and fifty to take their seats for the first session. The first session opened in December 1656. The Protectorate government did not have much pressing legislation to present so
1209-503: The grandeeship. Despite losing their last legal privilege in 1984, when the right to possess diplomatic passports and immunity was revoked for all grandees of Spain, they still enjoy certain ceremonial privileges. All grandees are entitled to remain covered in the presence of the King of Spain , as well as being addressed by him as primo (cousin), a privilege that originated in the 16th century, when most grandees were close relatives of
Second Protectorate Parliament - Misplaced Pages Continue
1248-460: The monarchy to wage war on the King. In the late 1470s, King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I were the first to clamp down on grandee powers assumed by the medieval territorial nobles. In the 16th century, limitations on the number of grandees were introduced by King Charles I (who later became Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V), who decreed that the Spanish Crown had the sole right to confer
1287-429: The now disbanded House of Lords. After much debate and looking at old precedents, the House concluded that it had the right to act in a judicial capacity. So they tried Naylor and passed the following resolution for his blasphemy: That James Naylor shall be put in the pillory in the city of Westminster for the space of two hours, on Thursday next, and then be whipped by the hangman through the streets from Westminster to
1326-458: The presence of the king or emperor until such time as the monarch may command otherwise; as elsewhere throughout Europe, these noble families displayed their coats of arms on their properties, carriages (or vehicles), and over their graves (see hatchment ). The abolition of the monarchies in Portugal and Brazil extinguished the formal use of such titles, although their use continues among some of
1365-619: The support of the Grandees, pressed the house for a second chamber . After modifications had been made to the Humble Petition, Cromwell agreed to the new constitution and in June 1657 he was reinstated as Lord Protector under the articles of the Humble Petition and Advice . Parliament then went into recess for the summer. The Army Grandees agreed to allow the MPs who had been excluded under Article VII of
1404-497: The use of pen, ink, and paper, and have no relief but what he can earn by his daily labour. After some thought Cromwell declined the crown as embodied in the Humble Petition. The Naylor case had showed that the members of Parliament were less religiously tolerant than the constitution allowed, and the assumption of judicial powers by the House, worried many in the House, the Grandees in the Army, and Cromwell. So encouraged, Cromwell with
1443-427: The way with their garments. Although Naylor denied that he was impersonating Jesus, this act outraged many in Parliament in what was seen as an act of blasphemy . There was consensus in the House that Naylor should be punished. However while the House of Commons could pass, and had in recent times passed, acts of attainder against people, it was questioned whether the House could invoke a judicial procedure like that of
1482-429: The whole Parliament. Although it rebelled against King Charles I and continued to exist long after the King's death, it was a Parliament he originally summoned. An attempt has been made to set out the different phases of the Parliament in the second table in this section and in subsequent sections. The phases are explained in a note. These parliaments included representatives of Scotland and Ireland. On 29 April 1707,
1521-417: Was constitutionally allowed in Instrument of Government . The House voted down Major-General John Desborough 's "Militia Bill" on 29 January 1657 by one hundred and twenty four votes to eighty eight. This bill would have perpetuated the Decimation Tax that funded the mounted militia, which was collected by Cromwell's Major-Generals ; the failure of the bill caused the so-called rule of the Major-Generals in
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