Misplaced Pages

#479520

149-556: The first Independent Companies are generally regarded to have been formed after the Union of the Crowns in 1603 when James VI of Scotland became James I of England . It was thought that firm rule from the centre was the only answer to the state of lawlessness that existed in the Highlands. The first policing company was known as the "King's Guard" and consisted only of mounted troops and performed

298-562: A Stuart ever had". Although historians generally accept James wished to promote Catholicism, not establish an absolute monarchy , his stubborn and inflexible reaction to opposition had the same result. When the English and Scottish Parliaments refused to repeal the 1678 and 1681 Test Acts , he suspended them in November 1685 and ruled by decree. Attempts to form a 'King's party' of Catholics, English Dissenters and dissident Scottish Presbyterians

447-497: A Catholic sympathiser named Anthony Farmer as president, but as he was ineligible under the college statutes, the fellows elected John Hough instead. Both Farmer and Hough withdrew in favour of another candidate selected by James, who then demanded the fellows personally apologise on their knees for 'defying' him; when they refused, they were replaced by Catholics. Attempts to create an alternative 'Kings Party' were never likely to succeed, as English Catholics made up only 1.1% of

596-488: A Christian King under the Gospel, should be a polygamist and husband to two wives; that I being the head should have a divided or monstrous body or that being the shepherd to so fair a flock should have my flock parted in two. Parliament may very well have rejected polygamy; but the marriage, if marriage it was, between the realms of England and Scotland was to be morganatic at best. James's ambitions were greeted with horror from

745-414: A Tory, and Devonshire , a Whig; Henry Compton, Bishop of London, for the church; Shrewsbury and Lumley for the army, and finally Russell and Sydney for the navy. They promised to support a Dutch landing, but stressed the importance of acting quickly. The Invitation was carried to The Hague on 30 June by Rear Admiral Herbert , disguised as a common sailor. Meanwhile, William's ally Bentinck launched

894-709: A campaign in Germany. At the beginning of September, an invasion remained in the balance, with the States General fearing a French attack via Flanders while their army was in England. However, the surrender of Belgrade on 6 September seemed to presage an Ottoman collapse and release Austrian resources for use in Germany. Hoping to act before Leopold could respond and relieve pressure on the Ottomans, Louis attacked Philippsburg . With France now committed in Germany, this greatly reduced

1043-444: A disappointing English one. The greatest and most obvious was the question of his exact status and title. In his first speech to his southern assembly on 19 March 1604 James gave a clear statement of the royal manifesto: What God hath conjoined let no man separate. I am the husband and the whole isle is my lawful wife; I am the head and it is my body; I am the shepherd and it is my flock. I hope therefore that no man will think that I,

1192-499: A further four companies were added and the ten companies together were embodied to form the Earl of Crawford 's "Highland Regiment", numbered 43rd in the line , (a regiment of the line ). In September 1745, Duncan Forbes, Lord Culloden , a staunch " whig ", was given a commission to raise twenty new Independent Highland Companies to oppose the Jacobite rising of 1745 . He succeeded in raising

1341-414: A hundred thousand of them were there, for wee are all one Countrymen now, yee know; and wee shoulde finde ten times more comfort of them there, then wee do here. Anti-English satires proliferated, and in 1609, the king had an act passed that promised the direst penalties against the writers of "pasquillis, libellis, rymis, cockalanis, comedies and sicklyk occasiones whereby they slander and maligne and revile

1490-653: A kingdom in name, but since 1601, a subject nation in practice. The asymmetric relationship between Scotland and England had been evident for at least a decade. In 1589, the Spanish Armada shipwreck survivor Francisco de Cuellar sought refuge in Scotland, as he had heard the Scottish king "protected all the Spaniards who reached his kingdom, clothed them, and gave them passages to Spain". However, following his six-month ordeal within

1639-639: A mass scale. In 1708, Fraser, Lord Lovat , claimed that the companies had managed to control most of the robbery. In 1707, the Grant Independent Company was ordered to watch the north-east coast for James's expected landing but that did not take place so they returned to their normal duties of law-keeping in the Highland areas. By 1715, the names of the commanders of the three Independent Highland Companies were recorded as Colonels Campbell, Grant, and Munro (Colonel Munro having replaced Duncan Mackenzie). It

SECTION 10

#1732855879480

1788-426: A mood of high expectation. The twilight years of Elizabeth had been a disappointment, and for a nation troubled for so many years by the question of succession, the new king was a family man who already had male heirs waiting in the wings. But James's honeymoon was of very short duration, and his initial political actions were to do much to create the rather negative tone, which was to turn a successful Scottish king into

1937-620: A naval mutiny when a Catholic captain held Mass on his ship. The transfer of 2,500 Catholics from the Royal Irish Army to England in September led to clashes with Protestant troops, some of his most reliable units refused to obey orders, and many of their officers resigned. When James demanded the repatriation of all six regiments of the Scots Brigade in January 1688, William refused but used

2086-508: A notable success at the Skirmish of Tongue , where money and supplies destined for the Jacobite cause were captured from a French ship, and 156 Jacobites were taken prisoner. In response the Jacobite commander, Charles Edward Stuart , sent a large Jacobite force north under the command of George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie . They arrived too late to be of any use and were attacked by surprise by

2235-424: A number of contenders. The two elected were both Stewarts as were the commanders of the earlier King’s Guard. The appointment of paid and professional soldiers was a major change in trying to control the law and was continued after the death of King James in 1625. During this early period up to the restoration of Charles II of England in 1660 was when most of the great Highland robbers were active. The activities of

2384-499: A propaganda campaign in England, which presented him as a "true Stuart", but one without the faults of either James or Charles II. Much of the "spontaneous" support for William on his landing was organised by Bentinck and his agents. William's key strategic purpose was creating a defensive coalition that would block further French expansion in Europe, an objective not shared by the majority of his English supporters. In 1672, an alliance with

2533-607: A result, in 1701, two Independent Highland Companies were formed; one from Clan Campbell , commanded by Captain Alexander Campbell of Fonab and the other from Clan Grant , commanded by Captain William Grant. Both companies were ordered to assist the courts of justice in preventing thefts and to apprehend guilty persons. The Independent Companies were not numerous enough in terms of men and patrols to be effective in monitoring and controlling widespread trouble. Seeing this problem,

2682-649: A skirmish between French and Dutch naval vessels in July 1686, William concluded English neutrality was not enough and he needed their active support in the event of war. His relationship with James was affected by the fact both men relied on advisors with relatively limited views; in William's case, mainly English and Scots Presbyterian exiles, the latter with close links to the Protestant minority in Ireland, who saw Tyrconnell's policies as

2831-780: A small group of the Independent Highland Companies took part when they joined the Argyll militia in delivering devastating musket fire on the flank of the Jacobite right. According to Pollard it was a company from Loudon's Highlanders regiment that had joined the Campbell of Argyll militia in delivering the flanking musketry fire. In the aftermath of the Battle of Culloden some of the MacLeod and MacDonald Independent Highland Companies were sent to capture Prince Charlie but failed to do so and it

2980-515: A strong defensive position near Chatham Dockyard , believing the Dutch would seek to establish naval superiority before committing to a landing. While this had been the original plan, winter storms meant conditions deteriorated rapidly for those on the transports; William therefore decided to sail in convoy and avoid battle. The easterly winds that allowed the Dutch to cross prevented the Royal Navy leaving

3129-414: A thousand horses; press reports deliberately exaggerated the damage and claimed the expedition might be postponed until next spring. Dartmouth and his senior commanders considered taking advantage of this by blockading Hellevoetsluis, then decided against it, partly because the stormy weather made it dangerous but also because they could not rely on their men. William replaced his losses and departed when

SECTION 20

#1732855879480

3278-670: A threat to their existence. Having largely alienated his Tory support base, James depended on a small circle of Catholic converts like Sunderland , Melfort and Perth . Suspicions increased when James sought William's backing for repealing the Test Acts ; he predictably refused, further damaging their relationship. Having previously assumed he was guaranteed English support in a war with France, William now worried he might face an Anglo-French alliance, despite assurances by James he had no intention of doing so. Historians argue whether these assurances were genuine, but James did not fully appreciate

3427-489: A tiny minority confined to parts of the aristocracy and the remote Highlands. Episcopalians had regained control of the kirk in 1660, leading to a series of Presbyterian uprisings, but memories of the bitter religious conflicts of the Civil War period meant the majority preferred stability. In England and Scotland, most of those who backed James in 1685 wanted to retain existing political and religious arrangements, but this

3576-464: A total of eighteen Independent Highland Companies. The men were drawn from the respective clans of their commanders. Many clansmen although not related to their chief adopted the chief’s surname as their own. For example, 59 out of 93 men listed by David Dobson in George Munro of Culcairn’s company in 1745, had the surname Munro. The commanders of each of the 18 Independent Highland Companies are given in

3725-643: A variety of tasks connected with keeping the law. The first of two notable actions carried out by the King’s Guard was in 1605 when they were used in Lord Scone ’s expedition to the Western Isles in order to bring in some order and to bring the local chiefs to heel in terms of tax payment. After further futile attempts by James to pacify the Highlands the King’s Guard was used once more this time in 1608 led by Andrew Stewart, Lord Ochiltree and Andrew Knox , Bishop of

3874-574: Is not known exactly how the Independent Companies featured in the rising of 1715; however, there are unsubstantiated reports that a portion of the Grant and Munro companies actually fought at the Battle of Sheriffmuir . It is clear, however, that the Independent Companies played an active part before and after the battle. Colonel Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet was for a time governor of Inverness, and forced

4023-415: Is possible". On 4/14 October, William responded to the allegations by James in a second declaration, denying any intention to become king or to conquer England, a claim which remains controversial. The swiftness of the embarkations surprised all foreign observers. Louis had in fact delayed his threats against the Dutch until early September because he assumed it then would be too late in the season to set

4172-461: The Clan Grant and Clan Munro . The Munros were a very staunch " Whig " clan and their Independent Company under the command of George Munro of Culcairn guided the government forces through the mountains and up the slopes of Glen Shiel . The Battle of Glen Shiel took place on 10 June 1719 and lasted for three hours, but the superior fire power of the government grenadiers and the aggressive forays of

4321-587: The Clan MacNeacail . He was opposed by General Hugh Mackay who was himself a Highlander and a Gaelic speaker. Mackay had gained considerable military experience on the continent in the Scots Brigade in Dutch Service. Mackay’s force consisted of one battalion from each of the three regiments of the Dutch Brigade as well as Hasting’s Leven’s regiment which later became the 25th Regiment of Foot and then renamed

4470-512: The Disarming Act of 1716 had left the clans loyal to the government virtually defenceless against pillage and robbery. Whig clans had conformed to the act but Jacobite clans had either chosen to ignore it or hand in weaponry which was obsolete, broken, or of little use. In 1725, Field Marshal George Wade was appointed Commander of the Forces of North Britain and he gave instructions to re-establish

4619-616: The Earl of Atholl to raise a force of Highlanders to keep the peace in the Highlands and to "keep watch upon the braes". Over the next 70 years a number of Independent Highland Companies were raised and then disbanded as was the demand by the political and military situation. Some of the commanders such as the Earl of Argyll and the Earl of Caithness used the companies almost exclusively for their own needs. Charles later decided that he could not afford to maintain these two Independent Companies and that they should be disbanded. They were in fact added to

Independent Highland Companies - Misplaced Pages Continue

4768-531: The Earl of Mar ’s regular regiment, the 21st foot (which later became the Royal Scots Fusiliers ). These two companies now under the Earl of Mar’s regiment were captained by Kenneth Mackenzie of Suddie and Alexander Cairnes. Kenneth Mackenzie of Suddie was later killed whilst leading his Independent Company of government troops by order of the Privy Council at the Battle of Mulroy in 1688 in support of

4917-455: The Earl of Tullibardine offered to raise a company of 800 men but said that he would not let anyone by the name of Campbell serve in it and as a result his offer was turned down. A third company of just over 50 men was eventually raised in 1704, commanded by Duncan Mackenzie. The three companies are recorded on the army strength from 1705 up until 1707, when the Acts of Union 1707 was passed. However,

5066-614: The Electorate of Cologne had enabled France to bypass Dutch forward defences and nearly over-run the Republic, so ensuring an anti-French ruler was vital to prevent a repetition. As an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, Cologne's ruler was nominated by Pope Innocent XI , in conjunction with Emperor Leopold I . Both Louis and James were in dispute with Innocent over the right to appoint Catholic bishops and clergy; when

5215-557: The King's Own Scottish Borderers . Aside from these regular troops Mackay also had the support of an Independent Highland Company from the Clan Menzies which was led by their clan chief, Captain Robert Menzies. In the ensuing Battle of Killiecrankie , Mackay’s forces were defeated and there are various reasons and accounts given to this by different historians. The Menzies Independent Company

5364-601: The Nine Years' War . Exploiting unrest in England and claiming to be responding to the invitation, William landed in Devon with an expeditionary force on 5 November 1688. As William advanced on London, James's army disintegrated and he went into exile in France on 23 December. In April 1689, while Dutch troops occupied London, Parliament made William and Mary joint monarchs of England and Ireland. A separate but similar Scottish settlement

5513-634: The Protestant majorities in England and Scotland, as well as largely Catholic Ireland. His policies quickly eroded support, and by June 1688, dissatisfaction turned into active, yet largely unarmed, resistance. The prospect of a Catholic dynasty following the birth of his son James Francis Edward on 10 June led a group of domestic opponents to issue the Invitation to William , seeking Dutch support to remove him. The Dutch States General and William were concerned that James might support Louis XIV of France in

5662-629: The Spanish Netherlands threatened both English and Dutch trade. Although William sent James troops to help suppress the 1685 Monmouth Rebellion , their relationship deteriorated thereafter. The Franco-Dutch War , continued French expansion , and expulsion of the Huguenots meant William assumed another war was inevitable, and although the States General of the Netherlands preferred peace,

5811-497: The Thames estuary and intervening. The English fleet was outnumbered 2:1, undermanned, short of supplies, and in the wrong place. Key landing locations in the south-west and Yorkshire had been secured by sympathisers, while both army and navy were led by officers whose loyalty was questionable. Even early in 1686, foreign observers doubted the military would fight for James against a Protestant heir, and William claimed only to be securing

5960-738: The Tower of London . Two events turned dissent into a crisis; the birth of James Francis Edward Stuart on 10 June created the prospect of a Catholic dynasty, while the acquittal of the Seven Bishops on 30 June destroyed James's political authority. In 1677, James's elder daughter and heir Mary married her Protestant cousin William III of Orange , stadtholder of the main provinces of the Dutch Republic . The two initially shared common objectives in wanting Mary to succeed her father, while French ambitions in

6109-527: The frigate Den Briel on 16/26 October. With over 200 ships of various types carrying 40,000 men, the expeditionary force was the largest fleet assembled in European waters up to that date. After departing on 19/29 October, the fleet was scattered by a gale, forcing the Brill back to Hellevoetsluis on 21/31 October. William refused to go ashore, and the fleet reassembled, having lost only one ship but nearly

Independent Highland Companies - Misplaced Pages Continue

6258-538: The "middle shires". Free trade proved contentious, as did the issue of equal rights before the law. Fears were openly expressed in the Westminster Parliament that English jobs would be threatened by all the poor people of the realm of Scotland, who will "draw near to the Sonn, and flocking hither in such Multitudes, that death and dearth is very probable to ensue". The exact status of the post nati , those born after

6407-502: The 'Three Questions', one being a commitment to repeal of the Test Act. In addition, local government and town corporations were purged to create an obedient electoral machine, further alienating the county gentry who had formed the majority of those who backed James in 1685. On 24 August 1688, writs were issued for a general election. The expansion of the military caused great concern, particularly in England and Scotland, where memories of

6556-462: The 1679 to 1681 Exclusion Crisis , dividing the English political class into those who wanted to 'exclude' James from the throne, mostly Whigs , and their opponents, mostly Tories . However, in 1685 many Whigs feared the consequences of bypassing the 'natural heir', while Tories were often strongly anti-Catholic, and their support assumed the continued primacy of the Church of England. Most importantly, it

6705-483: The 2nd Sutherland Company under the command of Ensign John Mackay and also the 2nd Mackay Company. This was known as the Battle of Littleferry where the Jacobite force was completely defeated, losing about 100 dead, and was prevented from providing much needed support to the Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden that took place the next day and which they would have been late for anyway. On 14 April 1746, two days before

6854-557: The 30,000 strong Dutch States Army . With France on the verge of war, their absence was of great concern to the States General and Bentinck hired 13,616 German mercenaries to man Dutch border fortresses, freeing elite units like the Scots Brigade for use in England. The increase could be presented as a limited precaution against French aggression, as the Dutch would typically double or triple their army strength in wartime; William instructed his experienced deputy Schomberg to prepare for

7003-631: The 3rd Mackenzie Independent Company, bringing their total number of men to 1300. Others of Loudon's regiment escaped to the lands of the Mackays in the far north of Sutherland. On 25 March 1746, the 1st Mackay Independent Company under Captain George Mackay , 2nd Mackay Independent Company under Captain Hugh Mackay, one of the Sutherland Companies and some refugees of Loudon's Highlanders regiment had

7152-753: The Amsterdam City Council agreed to back William. This was a significant decision since the Council dominated the States of Holland , the most powerful political body in the Dutch Republic which contributed nearly 60% of its budget. French troops entered the Rhineland on 27 September and in a secret session held on 29th, William argued for a pre-emptive strike , as Louis and James would "attempt to bring this state to its ultimate ruin and subjugation, as soon as they find

7301-477: The Battle of Culloden, the Munro Independent Company and the 1st Sutherland Independent Company joined up with Prince William, Duke of Cumberland at Nairn . These two companies had been fighting with groups of Highlanders who were trying to join up with Prince Charlie at Inverness . During the Battle of Culloden, on 16 April the Independent Highland Companies (1st Sutherland) were kept in reserve, and

7450-500: The Civil War left huge resistance to standing armies . In Ireland, Talbot replaced Protestant officers with Catholics; James did the same in England, while basing the troops at Hounslow appeared a deliberate attempt to overawe Parliament. In April 1688, he ordered his Declaration of Indulgence read in every church; when the Archbishop of Canterbury and six other bishops refused, they were charged with seditious libel and confined in

7599-622: The Clan MacLeod led 500 men of the MacLeod Independent Highland Companies at the Battle of Inverurie (1745) where they were defeated by a numerically superior Jacobite force. The following February the Siege of Inverness (1746) took place where the Grant and Ross Independent Highland Companies surrendered Inverness Castle , again to a numerically superior Jacobite force. On 20 March 1746 Loudon's Highlanders regiment along with

SECTION 50

#1732855879480

7748-534: The Clan Mackenzie and four from the Clan MacLeod of Skye, two clans who had supported the Jacobite cause in both the 1715 and 1719 risings but who now showed firm allegiance to the Hanoverian Government. The Clan Sinclair had Jacobite sympathies, and as a result were not offered a company. The Independent Highland Companies took a very active part in the Jacobite rising of 1745. One of their first actions

7897-446: The Countrey ... is too good for those that possesse yt, and too bad for others to be at the charge of conquering yt. The ayre might be wholesome, but for the stincking people that inhabit yt ... Their beasts be generallie small (women excepted) of which sort there are no greater in the world. A wounding observation came in the comedy Eastward Ho , a collaboration between Ben Jonson , George Chapman and John Marston . In enthusing over

8046-402: The Crowns ( Scottish Gaelic : Aonadh nan Crùintean ; Scots : Union o the Crouns ) was the accession of James VI of Scotland to the throne of the Kingdom of England as James I and the practical unification of some functions (such as overseas diplomacy) of the two separate realms under a single individual on 24 March 1603. It followed the death of James's cousin, Elizabeth I of England ,

8195-442: The Dutch there was no secret Anglo-French alliance against them, although his denials only increased their suspicions. By confirming France's primary objective was the Rhineland, the second allowed William to move troops from the eastern border to the coast, even though most of the new mercenaries had yet to arrive. On 22 September, the French seized over 100 Dutch ships, many owned by Amsterdam merchants; in response, on 26 September

8344-420: The Dutch, and negating French attempts to build German alliances. William's envoy Johann von Görtz assured Leopold English Catholics would not be persecuted and intervention was to elect a free Parliament, not depose James, a convenient fiction that allowed him to remain neutral. Although his English supporters considered a token force sufficient, William assembled 260 transport ships and 15,000 men, nearly half

8493-436: The English parliament who feared the loss of the ancient and famous name of England. Legal objections were raised, with legal opinion at the time being that a union would end all established laws of both countries. For James, whose experience of parliaments was limited to the stage-managed and semi-feudal Scottish variety, the self-assurance — and obduracy — of the English version, which had long experience of upsetting monarchs,

8642-477: The English side were concerned by the dynastic implications of matrimony, including some Privy Councillors . In countering these fears Henry VII is reputed to have said: our realme wald receive na damage thair thorow, for in that caise Ingland wald not accress unto Scotland, bot Scotland wald acress unto Ingland, as to the most noble heid of the hole yle...evin as quhan Normandy came in the power of Inglis men our forbearis. The peace did not last in "perpetuity"; it

8791-560: The English throne. Strategic fortresses were put on alert, with London placed under guard. English agents including Thomas Chaloner were advising James in Edinburgh on forms of government. Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March. Within eight hours, James was proclaimed king in London, with the news received without protest or disturbance. On 5 April 1603, James left Edinburgh for London and promised to return every three years, which he failed to keep by returning only once, in 1617. He progressed slowly from town to town to arrive in

8940-406: The Government. Lawlessness was still a problem, with many clans believing that it was quite righteous to steal or to "drive a spreaigh". Many chiefs had the spirit of adventure and saw it as excellent training for more war-like activities. Due to poor harvests, crime sometimes went beyond the normal cattle rustling, and people were killed or kidnapped for money and attacks were made on large houses. As

9089-510: The Grant company disarmed clansmen at Ruthven in Badenoch . After 1717, the Independent Highland Companies were reduced and security in the Highlands was left to regular troops who were garrisoned at Fort William , Fort Augustus and Ruthven Barracks . Highland soldiers were mixed in with the regular troops to act as guides and to maintain the peace. They were also tasked with making sure that Highlanders did not rise in arms again. These soldiers did not form Independent Companies in any sense and

SECTION 60

#1732855879480

9238-427: The Independent Companies was then considered of little significance when compared with the battles and extraordinary feats of the forces under James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose during the Scottish Civil War in 1644–1645. Even before the restoration of 1660 the Cromwellians under General George Monk had to resort to local clan watches to try and resolve situations. For example, even the Clan Cameron who had been

9387-486: The Independent Highland Companies had been reduced significantly and within six months after the Battle of Culloden they had been disbanded completely. In 1760, commissions were given to raise five Independent Highland Companies under the following Captains: Colin Graham of Drainie, James Cuthbert of Milncraigs, Peter Gordon of Knockespick, Ludovic Grant of Rothiemurchus and Robert Campbell of Ballivolin. They were recruited up to strength and remained in training in Perth until

9536-492: The Independent Highland Companies. These instructions had come from King George I to raise six companies, which took place through 1729. The first three companies were commanded by William Grant of Ballindalloch; Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat; and Sir Duncan Campbell of Lochnell. These three companies each had 100 men. The next three companies only had 75 men each and were commanded by Alexander Campbell of Finab, John Campbell of Carrick, and George Munro of Culcairn. Wade tightened up

9685-437: The Isles in an attempt to obtain effective guarantees backed by royal authority. In 1624, a meeting of the Privy Council of Scotland was called which included 36 landlord clan chiefs along with 21 members of the Privy Council in order to discuss troubles caused by the Clan Gregor such as cattle lifting, kidnapping and general mayhem that was taking place. The outcome of the meeting was to elect two Highland Captaincies from

9834-611: The King that they injured and hurt one another". James's English coronation took place on 25 July though the festivities had to be restricted because of an outbreak of the plague. A Royal Entry featuring elaborate allegories provided by dramatic poets such as Thomas Dekker and Ben Jonson was deferred until 15 March 1604, when all London turned out for the occasion: "The streets seemed paved with men", wrote Dekker, "Stalls instead of rich wares were set out with children, open casements filled up with women". Whatever residual fears that many in England may have felt, James's arrival aroused

9983-434: The MacLeod Independent Highland Companies were routed by a surprise Jacobite attack coordinated by James Drummond, 3rd Duke of Perth at Dornoch . 300 of Loudon's regiment were taken prisoner but the majority, 900 in all, escaped to the Isle of Skye including the commanders; John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun , Duncan Forbes, Lord Culloden and Norman MacLeod. There they were reinforced by Alexander MacDonald of Sleat and

10132-419: The Munro company had already returned north. Eight companies of other Highland infantry did take part in the fighting at Culloden for the Government; 4 from the Campbell of Argyll Militia , 3 from Loudon's Highlanders under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel John Campbell and one from the Earl of Crawford's Highland Regiment under the command of Captain Dugald Campbell of Auchrossan. According to Scobie, only

10281-419: The Munros won the day for the Hanoverian government. The Munro Independent Company proved again how important it was to know the land and how to fight effectively against their own countrymen. In 1724, Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat , wrote to George I of Great Britain stating that the disbandment of the Independent Highland Companies in 1717 had encouraged the lawless situation to run riot. He also stated that

10430-533: The Privy Council. The Council tended to switch between using the Independent Companies and the clans themselves. The companies were not numerous enough and did not have enough men in each company to deal with the fierce inter-clan rivalries. A start had been made in having paid troops, in local dress, speaking the same language as the native clansmen and who were keeping the peace to some extent. Scotland followed England in dethroning King James II (VII of Scotland) and replacing him with William III of Orange , whose wife

10579-413: The Scottish Lowlands or to England as new recruits and could scarcely be regarded as true Independent Companies but were more like a recruitment agency for the British Army. There were no more Independent Highland Companies formed after 1763 but from those that had been before emerged the world-famous Highland regiments during the remainder of the 18th century. Union of the Crowns The Union of

10728-510: The States General authorised an additional 9,000 sailors and 21 new warships. The success of William's invasion would partly depend on domestic support, and at the end of April William met with Edward Russell , unofficial envoy for the Whig opposition. In a conversation recorded by Gilbert Burnet , he requested a formal invitation asking him to "rescue the nation and the religion", with a projected date of end September. William subsequently claimed he

10877-575: The States General treated the operation as a private affair, allowing William use of the Dutch States Navy and army. The nominal commander was Arthur Herbert , but operational control remained with Lieutenant-Admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and Vice-Admiral Philips van Almonde . Accompanied by Willem Bastiaensz Schepers , the Rotterdam shipping magnate who provided financing, William boarded

11026-570: The Test Acts, unlike James who offered tolerance in return for repeal. In April 1688, Louis XIV announced tariffs on Dutch herring imports, along with plans to support the Royal Navy in the English Channel . James immediately denied making any such request, but fearing it was the prelude to a formal alliance, the Dutch began preparing a military intervention. On the pretext of needing additional resources to deal with French privateers , in July

11175-594: The Union of March 1603, was not decided by Parliament but in the courts by Calvin's Case (1608), which extended property rights to all the King's subjects in English common law and allowed them to bring cases before the courts. Scottish aristocrats and other placeseekers made their way to London to compete for high positions in government. In 1617, Sir Anthony Weldon wrote of the poverty of Scotland, as conceived by English courtiers:

11324-468: The acts had little effect on how the companies were paid, and they continued to form some defence against lawlessness and in preventing others from joining the Jacobite cause. King William died in 1702 which evoked much political turmoil with France and James Francis Edward Stuart ’s claim for the British throne. In the meantime, the Independent Highland Companies were kept busy trying to stop cattle lifting on

11473-473: The ancient laws and liberties of Scotland ; for any such hurt would mean that "it culd no more be a frie monarchie". James attempted to reassure his new English subjects that the new union would be much like that between England and Wales and that if Scotland should refuse, "he would compel their assents, having a stronger party there than the opposite party of the mutineers". In October 1604 English and Scottish MP's were appointed as commissioners to explore

11622-529: The ane kingdome, to great honor and beccome forȝetfull of the uther, sua to mak the samyn altogidder solitat and desoltat qhilk cannot stand vith your Majestie's honor. As god hes heichlie advanceit your Majestie lett Scotland qhilk is ȝour auldest impyir be partakeris of ȝour blissings. Those fears were echoed by the Scottish Parliament, whose members were telling the King that they were "confident" that his plans for an incorporating union would not prejudice

11771-408: The banker Francisco Lopes Suasso . The biggest concern for Holland was the potential impact on the Dutch economy and politics of William becoming ruler of England; the claim he had no intention of "removing the King from the throne" was not believed. These fears were arguably justified; William's access to English resources permanently diminished Amsterdam's power within the Republic and its status as

11920-421: The capital after Elizabeth's funeral. Local lords received James with lavish hospitality along the route, and James's new subjects flocked to see him and were relieved above all that the succession had triggered neither unrest nor invasion. As James entered London, he was mobbed. The crowds of people, one observer reported, were so great that "they covered the beauty of the fields; and so greedy were they to behold

12069-573: The chief of Clan Mackintosh against the Clan MacDonald of Keppoch and the Clan Cameron. Following on from Mulroy, King James II of England (VII of Scotland) made a decision to secure peace throughout both the Scottish Highlands and Scottish Lowlands . The main chiefs were asked to supply a certain number of men each and their composition is given in the following table. The period between

12218-491: The creation of a perfect union. James closed the final session of his first parliament with a rebuke to his opponents in the House of Commons: "Here all things suspected.... He merits to be buried in the bottom of the sea that shall but think of separation, where God had made such a Union". The Union Commission made some limited progress, on discrete issues such as hostile border laws, trade and citizenship. The borders were to become

12367-505: The discipline and training of the Independent Companies and warned the captains that any breach of financial dealings, which had previously been reported, would be severely dealt with. In 1738, Wade reviewed the six Independent Highland Companies who by this time were known as Am Freiceadan Dubh or Black Watch . It has been suggested that this name came from their sombre dress which distinguished them from Lowland and English soldiers who were known as Seidaran Dearag (Red Soldiers). In 1739,

12516-471: The distrust caused by his domestic policies. In August 1687, William's cousin de Zuylestein travelled to England with condolences on the death of Mary of Modena 's mother, allowing him to make contact with the political opposition. Throughout 1688, his English supporters provided William detailed information on public opinion and developments, very little of which was intercepted. In October 1687, after fourteen years of marriage and multiple miscarriages, it

12665-523: The election of the Presbyterian John Shorter as Lord Mayor of London in 1687, he insisted on complying with the Test Act, reportedly because of a 'distrust of the King's favour...thus encouraging that which His Majesties whole Endeavours were intended to disannull.' To ensure a compliant Parliament, James required potential MPs to be approved by their local Lord Lieutenant ; eligibility for both offices required positive answers in writing to

12814-558: The end of 1761 when they were added to the Keith and Campbell Highlanders regiment. In 1762 another Highland regiment of 600 men was raised, and named the 101st Johnstone Highlanders . It was due to go to Portugal to fight under John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun but peace negotiations prevented this. During the Seven Years’ War a number of unidentified Independent Highland Companies were raised but were almost immediately sent south to

12963-523: The establishment of the "manifestly illegal" commission for ecclesiastical causes and its use to suspend the Bishop of London and to remove the Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford . William also condemned James's attempt to repeal the Test Acts and the penal laws through pressuring individuals and waging an assault on parliamentary boroughs, as well as his purging of the judiciary. James's attempt to pack Parliament

13112-519: The estait and countrey of England..." In October 1605 Nicolò Molin , the Venetian ambassador in London, noted that "the question of the Union will, I am assured, be dropped; for His Majesty is now well aware that nothing can be effected, both sides displaying such obstinacy that an accommodation is impossible; and so his Majesty is resolved to abandon the question for the present, in hope that time may consume

13261-419: The expedition in motion anyway, if their reaction proved negative; typically, such an enterprise would take at least some months. Being ready after the last week of September / first week of October would normally have meant that the Dutch could have profited from the last spell of good weather, as the autumn storms tend to begin in the third week of that month. However, this year they came early. For three weeks,

13410-529: The expedition was that day openly approved by the States of Holland; the same day James issued a proclamation to the English nation that it should prepare for a Dutch invasion to ward off conquest. On 30 September/10 October ( Julian /Gregorian calendars) William issued the Declaration of The Hague (actually written by Fagel), of which 60,000 copies of the English translation by Gilbert Burnet were distributed after

13559-517: The formation of the Association of Protestant Officers, which included senior veterans like Charles Trelawny , John Churchill , and Percy Kirke . On 14 August, Churchill offered his support to William, helping convince him it was safe to risk an invasion; although James was aware of the conspiracy, he took no action. One reason may have been fears over the impact on the army; with a notional strength of 34,000, it looked impressive on paper but morale

13708-647: The function of Parliament was simply to obey. Disputes over the relationship between king and Parliament led to the War of the Three Kingdoms and continued after the 1660 Stuart Restoration . Charles II came to rely on the Royal Prerogative since measures passed in this way could be withdrawn when he decided, rather than Parliament. However, it could not be used for major legislation or taxation. Concern that Charles II intended to create an absolute monarchy led to

13857-469: The good life to be had in the Colony of Virginia , it is observed: And then you shal live freely there, without Sergeants, or Courtiers, or Lawyers, or Intelligencers – onely a few industrious Scots perhaps, who indeed are disperst over the face of the whole earth. But as for them, there are no greater friends of Englishmen and England, when they are out an't, in the world, then they are. And for my part, I would

14006-448: The ill-humours". King James devised new coats of arms and a uniform coinage. The creation of a national flag proved contentious, designs acceptable to one side typically offending the other. James finally proclaimed the new Union Flag on 12 April 1606: Scots who saw in it a St George's Cross superimposed upon a St Andrew's Saltire sought to create their own 'Scotch' design, which saw the reverse superimposition take place. (that design

14155-673: The inheritance of his wife Mary. While still a dangerous undertaking, the invasion was less risky than it seemed. The Dutch preparations, though carried out with great speed, could not remain secret. The English envoy Ignatius White , the Marquess d'Albeville, warned his country: "an absolute conquest is intended under the specious and ordinary pretences of religion, liberty, property and a free Parliament". Louis threatened an immediate declaration of war if William proceeded and sent James 300,000 livres. Embarkations, begun on 22 September ( Gregorian calendar ), had been completed on 8 October, and

14304-483: The invasion fleet was prevented by adverse south-westerly gales from departing from the naval port of Hellevoetsluis and Catholics all over the Netherlands and the British kingdoms held prayer sessions that this "popish wind" might endure. However, on 14/24  October, it became the famous " Protestant Wind " by turning to the east. Although most of the warships were provided by the Admiralty of Amsterdam , officially

14453-539: The killing of 2,000 Vaudois Protestants in 1686, it led to fears Protestant Europe was threatened by a Catholic counter-reformation. These concerns were reinforced by events in Ireland; the Lord Deputy , the Earl of Tyrconnell , wanted to create a Catholic establishment able to survive James's death, which meant replacing Protestant officials at a pace that was inherently destabilising. The majority of those who backed James in 1685 did so because they wanted stability and

14602-592: The kingdom, he concluded "the King of Scotland is nobody: nor does he possess the authority or position of a king: and he does not move a step, nor eat a mouthful, that is not by order of the Queen ( Elizabeth I )". John Russell , lawyer and writer, an initial enthusiast for "the happie and blissed Unioun betuixt the tua ancienne realmes of Scotland and Ingland" was later to warn James: Lett it not begyne vith ane comedie, and end in ane tragedie; to be ane verball unioun in disparitie nor reall in conformity... hairby, to advance

14751-590: The land war with France, with the Royal Navy taking the lead at sea. This was a significant factor in the Dutch Republic being overtaken as the leading European maritime power by Britain during the War of the Spanish Succession . Despite his Catholicism , James became king in 1685 with widespread backing in all three of his kingdoms. In June 1685, he quickly crushed Protestant risings in Scotland and England , but

14900-455: The landing in England, in which he assured that his only aim was to maintain the Protestant religion, install a free parliament and investigate the legitimacy of the Prince of Wales. He would respect the position of James. William went on to condemn James's advisers for overturning the religion, laws, and liberties of England, Scotland, and Ireland by the use of the suspending and dispensing power;

15049-515: The last monarch of the Tudor dynasty . The union was personal or dynastic , with the Crown of England and the Crown of Scotland remaining both distinct and separate despite James's best efforts to create a new imperial throne. England and Scotland continued as two separate states sharing a monarch, who directed their domestic and foreign policies, along with Ireland , until the Acts of Union of 1707 during

15198-467: The likelihood seemed to diminish. With the Dutch on the verge of war with France, he did not believe the States General would allow William to make the attempt; if they did, his army and navy were strong enough to defeat it. Reasonable in theory, his reliance on the loyalty and efficiency of the military proved deeply flawed. Both the army and the navy remained overwhelmingly Protestant and anti-Catholic; in July, only personal intervention by James prevented

15347-479: The majority accepted he was correct. This view was widely shared throughout Protestant Europe; in October 1685, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg renounced his French alliance for one with the Dutch. In July 1686, other Protestant states formed the anti-French League of Augsburg , with Dutch support; securing or neutralising English resources, especially the Royal Navy , now became key to both sides. Following

15496-403: The middle of Henry's reign, the problems of the royal succession, which seemed so unimportant in 1503, acquired ever larger dimensions, when the question of Tudor fertility or the lack thereof entered directly into the political arena. Margaret's line was excluded from the English succession though during the reign of Elizabeth I , concerns were once again raised. In the last decade of her reign it

15645-655: The military or holding public office, and land reform. In 1600, 90% of Irish land was owned by Catholics but following a series of confiscations during the 17th century, this had dropped to 22% in 1685. Catholic and Protestant merchants in Dublin and elsewhere objected to commercial restrictions placing them at a disadvantage to their English competitors. While James's supporters viewed hereditary succession as more important than his personal Catholicism, they opposed his policies of 'Tolerance' under which Catholics would be allowed to hold public office and engage in public life. Opposition

15794-516: The most staunch supporters of the Stewarts formed an Independent Company to help General Monk subdue the Clan MacDonell of Glengarry . After the restoration King Charles II raised several Independent Highland Companies. In 1666 he allowed the Earl of Argyll to raise a company or "watch" of 60 men for one year for the purpose of guarding his territory. In the following year Charles gave a warrant to

15943-570: The non-professional local militia companies who also supported the Government but who were less cohesively organized. The task of raising the above Independent Highland Companies had been made difficult in that the Secretary of War had said that three companies should be raised from the Clan Munro due to their loyalty. Forbes however ignored this and only raised one Munro company while raising three from

16092-493: The occasion". This was accepted by the States, with the objective left deliberately vague, other than making the English "King and Nation live in a good relation, and useful to their friends and allies, and especially to this State". Following their approval, the Amsterdam financial market raised a loan of four million guilders in only three days, with further financing coming from various sources, including two million guilders from

16241-703: The old Elector died in June 1688, Innocent and Leopold ignored the French candidate in favour of Joseph Clemens of Bavaria . After 1678, France continued its expansion into the Rhineland , including the 1683 to 1684 War of the Reunions , additional territorial demands in the Palatinate , and construction of forts at Landau and Traben-Trarbach . This presented an existential threat to Habsburg dominance, guaranteeing Leopold's support for

16390-466: The opportunity to purge those considered unreliable, a total of 104 officers and 44 soldiers. Some may have been Williamite agents, such as Colonel Belasyse , a Protestant with over 15 years of service who returned to his family estates in Yorkshire and made contact with Danby. The promotion of Catholic former Brigade officers like Thomas Buchan and Alexander Cannon to command positions led to

16539-506: The other vessels to prevent conspiracy. A lack of funds meant that excluding fireships and light scouting vessels, only 16 warships were available in early October, all third rates or fourth rates that were short of both men and supplies. While the Downs was the best place to intercept a cross-Channel attack, it was also vulnerable to a surprise assault, even for ships fully manned and adequately provisioned. Instead, James placed his ships in

16688-551: The poet William Dunbar in The Thrissil and the Rois . The marriage was the outcome of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace , concluded the previous year, which, in theory, ended centuries of Anglo-Scottish war. The marriage brought Scotland's Stuarts into England's Tudor line of succession , despite the improbability of a Scottish prince acceding the English throne at the time. However, many on

16837-408: The population and Nonconformists 4.4%. Both groups were divided; since private worship was generally tolerated, Catholic moderates feared greater visibility would provoke a backlash. Among Nonconformists, while Quakers and Congregationalists supported repeal of the Test Acts, the majority wanted to amend the 1662 Act of Uniformity and be allowed back into the Church of England. When James ensured

16986-495: The ports of Plymouth and Torbay. In the north, a force organised by Belasyse and Danby prepared to seize York , its most important city, and Hull , its largest port. Herbert had been replaced by Dartmouth as commander of the fleet when he defected in June but many captains owed him their appointments and were of doubtful loyalty. Dartmouth suspected Berkeley and Grafton of plotting to overthrow him; to monitor them, he placed their ships next to his and minimised contact between

17135-486: The primacy of the Protestant Church of England and Church of Scotland . When his policies appeared to undermine the existing political and religious order, the result was to alienate his English and Scottish supporters and destabilise Ireland. Stuart political ideology derived from James VI and I , who in 1603 had created a vision of a centralised state, run by a monarch whose authority came from God , and where

17284-454: The prospect of a Catholic successor, the " Invitation to William " was quickly drafted by Henry Sydney , later described by Whig historians as "the great wheel on which the Revolution rolled". The signatories provided no considerable political power, but they were selected to make it seem like they represented a broad spectrum, and provided William with an essential propaganda tool. Danby ,

17433-523: The rebel Mackenzies to give up their arms at Brahan Castle . Munro along with parties of Grants, Rosses, and Mackays also forced the surrender of the Earl of Seaforth . Colonel Grant played a lesser role; he established a garrison at Brahan and captured Gordon Castle , holding it until he was relieved by regular troops. Colonel Sir Robert Munro along with his younger brother Captain George Munro of Culcairn also accepted arms given up at Blair Atholl , while

17582-571: The reign of the last Stuart monarch , Anne . However, there was a republican interregnum in the 1650s, during which the Tender of Union of Oliver Cromwell created the Commonwealth of England and Scotland which ended with the Stuart Restoration . In August 1503, James IV of Scotland married Margaret , eldest daughter of Henry VII of England , and the spirit of the new age was celebrated by

17731-499: The restoration of Charles II in 1660 and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 was amongst the most unruly and unlawful in the history of the Scottish Highlands. Many men lost land that they had previously farmed and if they were not accepted into another clan they were forced into a life of crime, including robbery and violence. There is no doubt that the Independent Companies helped to maintain order but they were never fully backed by

17880-418: The rule of law, qualities frequently undermined by his actions. After suspending Parliament in November 1685, he sought to rule by decree; although the principle was not disputed, the widening of its scope caused considerable concern, particularly when judges who disagreed with its application were dismissed. He then alienated many by perceived attacks on the established church; Henry Compton, Bishop of London ,

18029-576: The sentinels were often drawn from various sources including " broken " clans. In 1719, James Stuart had gained the support of Spain , and 330 regular Spanish soldiers made it to Scotland where they joined the Clan Cameron , Clan MacGregor under Rob Roy MacGregor , Clan Mackenzie , and some Atholl men. They faced government forces under Major-General Wightman, who had fought at Sheriffmuir. He had under his command 850 regular infantry, 120 dragoons, and some hastily mustered Independent Company men drawn from

18178-412: The succession upon the queen but simply to treat her with kindness and respect. The approach proved effective: "I trust that you will not doubt", Elizabeth wrote to James, "but that your last letters are so acceptably taken as my thanks cannot be lacking for the same, but yield them you in grateful sort". In March 1603, with the queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to

18327-405: The table below in order of the company’s completion. In some of the companies not all of the officers are of the clan name of their company. This table does not include regular regiments of the line who were also drawn from the Highlands at this time such as Loudon's Highlanders and the Earl of Crawford's Highland Regiment . The semi-professional independent companies are also often confused with

18476-399: The threat to the Dutch. Instead, Louis attempted to intimidate the States General, and on 9 September, his envoy D'Avaux handed them two letters. The first warned an attack on James meant war with France, the second any interference with French operations in Germany would end with the destruction of the Dutch state. Both misfired; convinced Louis was trying to drag him into war, James told

18625-451: The wind changed on 1/11 November, this time heading for Harwich where Bentinck had prepared a landing site. It has been suggested this was a feint to divert some of Dartmouth's ships north, which proved to be the case and when the wind shifted again, the Dutch armada sailed south into the Strait of Dover . In doing so, they twice passed the English fleet, which was unable to intercept because of

18774-451: The world's leading commercial and financial centre. Neither James nor Sunderland trusted Louis, correctly suspecting that his support would continue only so long as it coincided with French interests, while Mary of Modena claimed his warnings were simply an attempt to drag England into an unwanted alliance. As a former naval commander, James appreciated the difficulties of a successful invasion, even in good weather, and as autumn approached,

18923-415: Was 'forced' to take control of the conspiracy when Russell warned him the English would rise against James even without his help, and he feared this would lead to a republic, depriving his wife of her inheritance. Although this version is strongly disputed, Zuylestein returned to England in June, ostensibly to congratulate James on his new son, in reality to co-ordinate with William's supporters. Spurred by

19072-425: Was a Stuart princess, in what was known as the Glorious Revolution of 1688. A Jacobite rising in favour of James broke out in 1689 led by John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee who had scraped together an army of 1000 men, mainly from the Highland clans such as Clan Cameron , Clan MacGregor , Clan MacDonald of Keppoch , Clan MacDonald of Sleat , Clan MacDonald of Clanranald , MacDonald of Glencoe , Clan MacLean and

19221-558: Was advised it was better not to raise them. Widespread discontent and growing hostility to the Stuart regime were particularly apparent in North-East and South-West England, the two landing places identified by William. A Tory whose brother Jonathan was one of the Seven Bishops, Trelawny's commitment confirmed support from a powerful and well-connected West Country bloc, allowing access to

19370-461: Was also James's nephew. The two ruled as joint monarchs of England , Scotland , and Ireland until Mary's death in 1694, when William became ruler in his own right. Jacobitism as a political movement persisted into the late 18th century. William's invasion was the last successful invasion of England . Despite his own Catholicism , James became king in February 1685 with widespread backing from

19519-495: Was an obvious shock. He decided to side-step the whole issue by unilaterally assuming the title of King of Great Britain by a Proclamation concerning the Kings Majesties Stile on 20 October 1604 announcing that he did "assume to Our selfe by the cleerenesse of our Right, The Name and Stile of KING OF GREAT BRITTAINE, FRANCE AND IRELAND, DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, &c." . This only deepened the offence. Even in Scotland there

19668-469: Was announced the Queen was pregnant, Melfort immediately declaring it was a boy. When James then wrote to Mary urging her to convert to Catholicism, it convinced many he was seeking a Catholic heir, one way or the other and may have been a deciding factor in whether to invade. Early in 1688, a pamphlet circulated in England written by Dutch Grand Pensionary Gaspar Fagel ; this guaranteed William's support for freedom of worship for Dissenters and retaining

19817-430: Was brittle while many were untrained or lacked weapons. It also had to fill policing roles previously delegated to the militia, which had been deliberately allowed to decay; most of the 4,000 regular troops brought from Scotland in October had to be stationed in London to keep order. In October, attempts were made to restore the militia but many members were reportedly so angry at the changes made to local corporations, James

19966-401: Was clear to all that James VI of Scotland , great-grandson of James IV and Margaret, was the only generally acceptable heir. From 1601, in the last years of Elizabeth I's life, certain English politicians, notably her chief minister, Sir Robert Cecil , maintained a secret correspondence with James to prepare in advance for a smooth succession. Cecil advised James not to press the matter of

20115-499: Was commanded by Major George Wishart and also included 100 sentinals. His lieutenant was Alexander Ross. The third company was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Lumsdaine. The fourth was commanded by Hugh Mackaye and the fifth by Archibald Murray. These companies were used until 1694 and were attached to regular units. At the beginning of the 18th century, there was a split within the clan system. Some clans had Jacobite tendencies while others favoured " Whig " principles and supported

20264-542: Was disturbed in 1513 when Henry VIII of England , who had succeeded his father four years before, declared war on France in the War of the League of Cambrai . In response France invoked the terms of the Auld Alliance , her ancient bond with Scotland. James duly invaded Northern England leading to the Battle of Flodden . In the decades that followed, England repeatedly invaded Scotland , including burning its capital . By

20413-582: Was forced into exile less than four years later. Modern historians argue James failed to appreciate how much Royal power relied on support from the landed gentry , and the loss of that support fatally damaged his regime. The vast majority of the gentry in England and Scotland were Protestant , while even in largely Catholic Ireland a disproportionate number were members of the Protestant Church of Ireland . Although willing to accept James's personal religious beliefs, his backers did so only so long as he maintained

20562-405: Was in danger of removing "the last and great remedy for all those evils". "Therefore", William continued, "we have thought fit to go over to England, and to carry over with us a force sufficient, by the blessing of God, to defend us from the violence of those evil Counsellors ... this our Expedition is intended for no other design, but to have, a free and lawful Parliament assembled as soon as

20711-582: Was later present at the Battle of Cromdale in 1690 where the Jacobites were defeated. Troops from England and the Scottish Lowlands did not like serving in the Scottish Highlands and in view of this five Independent Highland Companies were raised over a twenty-month period from February 1691. The first of which began mustering in February of that year was commanded by Major George Munro, 1st of Newmore and included two lieutenants, one ensign, six non-commissioned officers and 100 sentinals. The second company

20860-418: Was later reported that they were not too anxious to find him either. Much of the "mopping up" work after Culloden was left to the Argyll militia and the Independent Companies who are said to have committed atrocities against their own relations and fellow clansmen. However, many other reports deny this saying that the Independent Companies did not have the stomach for crushing the embers of rebellion. By June 1746

21009-401: Was led by devout Anglicans who argued that the measures he proposed were incompatible with the oath he had sworn as king to uphold the supremacy of the Church of England. According to opponents, demanding that Parliament approve his measures James was not only to be breaking his own word but requiring others to do the same. Parliament refused to comply, despite being "the most Loyal Parliament

21158-417: Was little real enthusiasm for the project, though the two parliaments were eventually prodded into taking the whole matter 'under consideration'. Consider it they did for several years, never drawing the desired conclusion. In Scotland there were early signs that many saw the risk of the "lesser being drawn by the greater", as Henry VII once predicted. An example before Scottish eyes was the case of Ireland ,

21307-464: Was made in June. Domestically, the Revolution confirmed the primacy of Parliament over the Crown in both England and Scotland. In terms of external policy, until his death in 1702, William combined the roles of Dutch stadtholder and British monarch. Both states thus became allies in resisting French expansion, an alliance which persisted for much of the 18th century, despite differing objectives. Under William's leadership, Dutch resources were focused on

21456-502: Was not the case in Ireland. While he was guaranteed support from the Catholic majority, James was also popular among Irish Protestants, since the Church of Ireland depended on Royal support for its survival, while Ulster was dominated by Presbyterians who supported his tolerance policies. However, religion was only one factor; of equal concern for Catholics were laws barring them from serving in

21605-565: Was politically short-sighted, since it rewarded those who joined the 1685 rebellions and undermined his supporters. Demanding tolerance for Catholics was also badly timed. In October 1685 Louis XIV of France issued the Edict of Fontainebleau revoking the 1598 Edict of Nantes which had given French Protestants the right to practise their religion; over the next four years, an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 went into exile, 40,000 of whom settled in London. Combined with Louis's expansionist policies and

21754-475: Was seen as a short-term issue; James was 52, his marriage to Mary of Modena remained childless after 11 years, and the heirs were his Protestant daughters, Mary and Anne . There was much greater sympathy in Scotland for a 'Stuart heir', and the 1681 Succession Act confirmed the duty of all to support him, 'regardless of religion.' Over 95 percent of Scots belonged to the national church or kirk; even other Protestant sects were banned, and by 1680, Catholics were

21903-557: Was suspended for refusing to ban John Sharp from preaching after he gave an anti-Catholic sermon. He often made things worse by political clumsiness; to general fury, the Ecclesiastical Commission of 1686 established to discipline the Church of England included suspected Catholics like the Earl of Huntingdon . This was combined with an inability to accept opposition; in April 1687, he ordered Magdalen College, Oxford , to elect

22052-462: Was used in Scotland until 1707). For years afterwards, vessels of the two nations continued to fly their respective "flags", the royal proclamation notwithstanding. The Union Flag entered into common use only under Cromwell's Protectorate . Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution was the deposition of James II and VII in November 1688. He was replaced by his daughter Mary II , and her Dutch husband, William III of Orange , who

22201-513: Was when 600 men of the Grant, two Sutherland, Munro and Mackay companies fought in the Siege of Fort Augustus (December 1745) . The fort was liberated from the Clan Fraser of Lovat who by this time were largely Jacobites. In 1740, Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat had been stripped of his Independent Company of Frasers by Wade, and he later said that this was the main reason why he had joined the Jacobites. On 23 December 1745, Norman MacLeod , chief of

#479520