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53-598: Rebbe Alter married his first wife, Chaya Ruda Czarna. Rebbe Alter and his first wife had eight children. She was daughter of Noah Czarny, a prominent Gerrer Hasid in Biala . Rabbi Meir Alter, was a Torah scholar and businessman, the eldest son. The second son was Rabbi Yitzchak Alter. The second son, died in 1934 in Poland. Rabbi Meir, the eldest, was murdered in Treblinka , along with all of his offspring and their children, all perished. This

106-669: A Jewish Ghetto Police was established. At the end of 1939, some 2,000 to 3,000 more Jews were brought there as a result of deportations from Suwałki and Serock . The overcrowding and poor sanitations resulted in a typhus epidemic in Biała Podlaska in early 1940, causing many deaths. The Germans imprisoned some Poles in the local prison and then deported them to concentration camps for helping and rescuing Jews . Several hundred more Jews were brought in from as far as Kraków and Mława during German "resettlement" actions conducted in 1940 and 1941. The men were sent to new labour camps in

159-450: A forced labour subcamp for some 200–300 Italian POWs in the city. In 1944 the town was recaptured by Polish and Soviet troops and restored to Poland, although with a Soviet -installed communist regime, which remained in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. In the postwar period and after the fall of communism, Biała Podlaska has developed as a more modern city. It retains many of

212-647: A colonel of the Polish army. The palace fell into ruin and was pulled down in 1883. After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Biała Podlaska temporarily came under the rule of Austrian Habsburgs (Austrian partition of Poland). Following the Austro-Polish War of 1809, temporarily recovered by Poles, Biała Podlaska was part of the Polish Duchy of Warsaw . In 1815, the town became part of Congress Poland within

265-458: Is twinned with: Former twin towns: In March 2022, Biała Podlaska suspended its partnership with the Belarusian city of Brest as a reaction to the Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . Hetman Hetman is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe , historically assigned to military commanders (comparable to a field marshal or imperial marshal in

318-570: Is a city in eastern Poland with 56,498 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been the capital of Biała Podlaska Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Biała Podlaska County , although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The city lies on the Krzna river. The first historical document mentioning Biała Podlaska dates to 1481. In

371-475: Is today the term for the elected governor of a Czech region ( kraj ). For much of the history of Romania and the Principality of Moldavia , hetmans were second in rank in the army, after the ruling prince, who held the position of voivode . Hetman has often been used figuratively to mean 'commander' or simply 'leader'. Examples: Queen (chess piece) is called hetman in Polish and coded as H in

424-662: The Cossack Hetmanate ) and Right-bank Cossacks. In the Russian Empire , the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by Catherine II of Russia in 1764. The last Hetman of the Zaporozhian Army (the formal title of the hetman of Ukraine) was Kyrylo Rozumovsky , who reigned from 1751 until 1764. The title was revived in Ukraine during the revolution of 1917 to 1921. In early 1918, a conservative German-supported coup overthrew

477-691: The Cumans . The Polish title Grand Crown Hetman ( Polish : hetman wielki koronny ) dates from 1505. The title of Hetman was given to the leader of the Polish Army . Until 1581 the hetman position existed only during specific campaigns and wars. After that, it became a permanent title, as were all the titles in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . At any given time

530-665: The Holy Roman Empire ). First used by the Czechs in Bohemia in the 15th century, it was the title of the second-highest military commander after the king in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 16th to 18th centuries. Throughout much of the history of Romania and the Moldavia , hetmans were the second-highest army rank. In the modern Czech Republic ,

583-592: The Russian Partition of Poland. At the end of the 19th century, Biała Podlaska was a large garrison town of the Imperial Russian Army . Near the intersection of Brzeska Street and Aleje Tysiclecia Avenue is a cemetery for soldiers killed during World War I . In 1918, following World War I, Poland regained independence and the town was reunited with Poland. During the Second Polish Republic in

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636-488: The Commonwealth had four hetmans – a Great Hetman and Field (deputy) Hetman each for both Poland and Lithuania. From 1585, the title could not be taken away without a proven charge of treachery, so most hetmans served for life. Jan Karol Chodkiewicz literally commanded the army from his deathbed (1621). Hetmans were not paid by the royal treasury. Hetmans were the main commanders of the military forces, second only to

689-732: The Ger Hasidic dynasty in Palestine. This became the Sfas Emes Yeshiva , and he remained from 1940 until his death in 1948. With the outbreak of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War , Alter was trapped in Jerusalem. He died during the holiday of Shavuot of natural causes during the siege of the city by the Jordanian Arab Legion . As bodies could not be removed to the Mount of Olives during wartime, he

742-651: The Germans imprisoned dozens of Poles in the local prison, and then massacred them in the nearby Grabarka forest. Over 40 Polish teachers were arrested in the town on 24 June 1940, imprisoned in Lublin and then deported to concentration camps , as part of the AB-Aktion . On 5 July 1940 the Germans carried out another massacre of Poles in Grabarka, whom they previously imprisoned in the town. Further massacres of Poles were carried out by

795-562: The Germans throughout the war. Despite such circumstances, the Polish resistance movement was active in the city. After Germany attacked their Soviet ally in Operation Barbarossa , a German prisoner-of-war camp was set up near Biała Podlaska for Soviet and Polish POWs. In 1942, they were replaced by some 600 French POWs brought from Rawa Ruska , who were soon relocated to a camp in nearby Hola . In 1943, Italian POWs were brought to

848-604: The Germans. By that time, the Soviets had already completely plundered the PWS aircraft factory, so that nothing but empty buildings remained. Poles expelled by the Germans in 1939–1940 from various places in German-annexed western Poland were deported to the area, while their previous homes were handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy. In March and July 1940,

901-612: The High School No. 2 named after Emilia Plater, the Adam Mickiewicz High School No. 3, High School No. 4 named after Stanisław Staszic, and the Catholic High School named after Cyprian Norwid. News websites hailing from the city include biala24.pl, bialanonstop.pl, bialasiedzieje.pl, slowopodlasia.pl, tygodnikpodlaski.pl, Bialczanin.eu, Radiobiper.info, and Interwizja.edu.pl. Local TV stations include: Among

954-472: The Jews constituted 64.7% of the total population, or 6,923 out of 10,697 citizens. Four Yiddish newspapers were published locally between the two world wars. The Germans captured Biała Podlaska on 13 September 1939 during the invasion of Poland but withdrew on 26 September. On 10 October 1939, the Soviets handed the town back to the Germans when the line of demarcation was finally set up. Around 600 Jews escaped

1007-571: The Jews who had lived in Biała Podlaska are known to have survived the Holocaust. Most of them left Poland after the war. The parts of the city which were originally the Jewish "quarter" still exist. The Jewish community is commemorated by a memorial erected at the site of the Jewish cemetery, which was destroyed by the Nazis. Another memorial was recently erected by Jewish survivors from the town who now live in

1060-602: The Nazi German Reserve Police Battalion 101 , augmented by the Ukrainian Trawnikis , lasted throughout October and November 1942. In total, some 10,800 Jews from around Biała Podlaska and its county were murdered at the Treblinka extermination camp , 125 kilometres (78 mi) away, or massacred on the spot during roundups. Chil Rajchman , a Sonderkommando who survived the Treblinka revolt and

1113-689: The Old Town, as well as St. Anne's Church built in 1572, St. Anthony's Church from 1672 to 1684, Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary built in 1759, and the historic building Academy of Biała from 1628. Popular museums include the most important Muzeum Południowego Podlasia (Museum of Southern Podlasie, founded in 1924), as well as the Oddział Martyrologiczno-Historyczny (Martyrology and Historic Division, since 1973, in

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1166-578: The Polish–Soviet War, on 1 August 1920, Russians invaded the city, but were quickly repelled by the Poles, and later on they invaded again, before the town was eventually liberated by the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division on 17 August 1920. The last commander of the regiment, lieutenant colonel Wacław Budrewicz, was taken prisoner of war by the Soviets and murdered by them in the 1940 Katyn massacre , in which also multiple Polish teachers and policemen from

1219-497: The USA. Two former private prayer houses of the Jewish community are still in existence. The cemetery otherwise stands as a reminder of the hole that was ripped out of Biała Podlaska life by the Holocaust and loss of so many Jews. Apart from Israel , Melbourne in Australia has the largest number of Jewish survivors from Biała Podlaska - all now very aged. Popular points of interest include

1272-551: The Wola district at an airfield, the train station, and elsewhere. Hundreds were forced to pave roads, drain ditches, construct sewage lines and build barracks. Many Jewish women worked in the Nazi farms. In March 1942 the ghetto had 8,400 inmates. After the launch of Operation Reinhard on 6 June 1942– the code name for the most deadly phase of the Holocaust in occupied Poland – the Jews were told to prepare for "resettlement". Only workers from

1325-812: The World War II Gestapo jail at Łomaska 21 Street). Among the local art galleries are the Galeria Podlaska , Galeria Ulica Krzywa (Crooked Street Gallery), Bialskie Centrum Kultury (the Biała Podlaska Cultural Center), and Galeria Autorska Jakusza Maksymiuka (Janusz Maksymiuk's Gallery). There are two popular cinemas in Biała Podlaska including Novekino Merkury - 1 hall, 282 seats, digital cinema 3D, as well as Cinema 3D - multiplex situated in Rywal Shopping Center; 4 halls; digital cinema 3D, 4K (Ultra HD). Plays are staged in

1378-541: The auditorium of the Pope John II State School of Higher Education in Biała Podlaska and in amphitheater in Radziwiłł park. There are also several cultural centers in the city including Bialskie Centrum Kultury, Scena , Piast , and Eureka . The city is a major transport hub: national road 2 , which is also the european route E30 , two voivodeship roads (DW811, DW812) and national railway line 2, pass through

1431-618: The beginning, Biała Podlaska belonged to the Illnicz family. The founder of the city may have been Piotr Janowicz, nicknamed "Biały" (Polish for "white"), who was the hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Biała Podlaska was administratively part of the Podlaskie Voivodeship , and then the Brest Litovsk Voivodeship in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (then in union with Poland ). In 1569, Biała Podlaska changed ownership;

1484-518: The best schools in Poland in that time (about 1650–1700). During this time, many churches were erected, as was a hospital. The prosperity period ended with the Swedish invasion in 1655. Then Biała Podlaska was attacked by Cossacks and Rákóczi armies. The town was significantly destroyed; however, thanks to Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł and his wife Katarzyna Sobieska , it was rebuilt. In 1670, Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł gives Biała Podlaska town rights and

1537-504: The city and placed in a local subcamp of the Stalag 366 POW camp. The Germans subjected the Italians to mass starvation, epidemics, harassment and beatings, and over 400 Italians died in the camp. Poles provided food to starving Italians, despite the threat of being shot on sight by German guards, for both Italians and Poles for such attempts, with confirmed cases of such killings. There was also

1590-530: The city, and alumni of local schools were murdered. World War II halted the town's development because of Nazi and Soviet repression . The Germans captured Biała Podlaska on 13 September 1939, but withdrew on 26 September to allow the Soviets to a station in the town. But, on 10 October 1939, in accordance with the terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , the Soviets departed and the town was reoccupied by

1643-488: The coat of arms, which depicts archangel Michael standing on a dragon. In 1720, Anna Katarzyna Radziwiłłowa began building the tower and the gate - both buildings exist to this day and are the most interesting remains of the castle and palace. In the 18th century, the city and the fortress were times destroyed many times in warfare and rebuilt. The last heir, Dominik Hieronim Radziwiłł , died on 11 November 1813 in France , as

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1696-520: The commonwealth, where sovereigns could dismiss their army commanders at any time. In 1648 the Zaporizhian Host (a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth subject) elected a hetman of its own, Bohdan Khmelnytsky , igniting the Ukrainian struggle for independence. The military reform of 1776 curtailed the powers of the hetmans. The Hetman office was abolished after the Third Partition of Poland (1795). At

1749-583: The end of the sixteenth century, the commanders of the Zaporizhian Cossacks were titled Koshovyi Otaman or Hetman ; Christof Kosynsky was the first Zaporizhian hetman . In 1572, a hetman was a commander of the Registered Cossack Army ( Ukrainian : Реєстрове козацьке військо ) of the Commonwealth . From 1648, the start of Bohdan Khmelnytsky 's uprising , a hetman was the head of

1802-516: The forced labour camps possessing labour permits were to be exempt from the deportation. On 10 June 1942, some 3,000 Jews, including women with children, were assembled in the synagogue courtyard. Many Jews fled to the forests. The assembled Jews were led by the German police to the train station. The next day the prisoners were packed into deportation trains and sent to Sobibór extermination camp . All were gassed. In September 1942, some 3,000 Jews from

1855-409: The historic features in the central Polish old town of the city. From 1975 to 1999 Biała Podlaska was a capital of the voivodeship, later it again became a city county, as before 1975. The first mention of Jewish settlement in Biała Podlaska dates from 1621, when 30 Jewish families were granted rights of residence there. By 1841, there were 2,200 Jews of a total population of 3,588 in the town. In 1897,

1908-627: The interwar period, Biała Podlaska was growing fast. The town was the seat of the Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów (PWS), an important aircraft factory. There was also a garrison of the 34th infantry regiment of the Polish Armed Forces . The regiment, formed in 1919, fought successfully in the Polish–Soviet War , and also fought against Germans and Soviets during the invasion of Poland , which started World War II in 1939. During

1961-520: The local radio stations are: National radio transmissions are broadcast through the Łosice transmitter . They include: Broadcast directly from Biała Podlaska include: Among the newspapers published locally are: Sport facilities in Biała Podlaska include 4 stadiums, 3 swimming pools, and a popular tennis court. Recreation facilities include also public spaces such as Radziwiłł Park and promenade at Plac Wolności (the Freedom Square). Biała Podlaska

2014-452: The longest runways in Poland. The airport was used for military purposes, however since 2020 the airport is closed. As of 2022, the city mayor of Biała Podlaska is Michał Litwiniuk. There are about a dozen primary schools in the city. The secondary schools include six public schools and one Catholic Secondary School named after Cyprian Norwid. Among the local secondary schools are the High School No. 1 named after Józef Ignacy Kraszewski,

2067-426: The monarch in the army's chain of command . The fact that they could not be removed by the monarch made them very independent, and thus often able to pursue independent policies. This system worked well when a hetman had great ability and the monarch was weak, but sometimes produced disastrous results in the opposite case. The security of the position notably contrasted with that of military leaders in states bordering

2120-434: The neighbouring towns of Janów and Konstantynów were brought into Biała Podlaska Ghetto. The overcrowding became desperate. The Jews sensed that the ghetto was slated for liquidation. Many escaped to the forests; others prepared hiding places in the basements. On 6 October 1942, the Germans deported about 1,200 Jews from the local labour camps to Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto . The subsequent "deportation actions" conducted by

2173-515: The new owners were the Radziwiłł family . Under their rule, Biała Podlaska had been growing for two and a half centuries. In 1622, Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł built the fortress and the castle. In 1628, Krzysztof Ciborowicz Wilski established Bialska Academy as a regional center of education (since 1633 it was a branch of the Jagiellonian University , then called Kraków Academy). It was one of

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2226-626: The number was 6,549 out of 13,090 inhabitants. In the 19th century, the chasidic movement established strong roots in Biała Podlaska. A descendant of the Yid Hakodosh of Przysucha formed the Biala chasidic court , which survives to this day with communities in London , and cities in the United States and Israel. The chasidim of Kotsk also had a large presence in Biała Podlaska, some of whom later became Gerrer chasidim . In sovereign Poland by 1931,

2279-487: The radical socialist Ukrainian Central Rada and its Ukrainian People's Republic , establishing a hetmanate monarchy headed by Pavlo Skoropadskyi , who claimed the title Hetman of Ukraine . This regime lasted until late 1918, when it was overthrown by a new Directorate of Ukraine , of a re-established Ukrainian People's Republic. Used by the Czechs in Bohemia from the Hussite Wars (15th century) onward, hejtman

2332-580: The title is used for regional governors . The term hetman was a Polish borrowing, most likely stemming via Czech from the Turkic title ataman (literally 'father of horsemen'), however it could also come from the German Hauptmann – captain. Since hetman as a title first appeared in Czechia in the 15th century, assuming it stems from a Turkic language, it is possible it was introduced to Czechs by

2385-438: The town during the Soviet departure. The Germans formed a Judenrat in November 1939, which set up a public kitchen and a Jewish infirmary. By the end of the year, the Nazis began to impose discriminatory restrictions against the Jews. On 1 December 1939, they decreed that all Jews had to wear a yellow Star of David . Jews were ordered to move into an open-type ghetto along the Grabanów, Janowa, Prosta and Przechodnia streets, and

2438-429: The town. Biała Podlaska has its own bus lines. The organizer of the communication is the Management of Urban Transport (Polish: ZKM - Zarząd Komunikacji Miejskiej). Buses operate 8 lines marked with letters from "A" to "H" (frequency approx. 30 min). On the basis of an agreement between the neighboring villages, buses carry courses outside the administrative boundaries of the city. The Biała Podlaska Airport has one of

2491-410: The transit ghetto in Międzyrzec was liquidated. All its inmates were deported to Majdanek and Treblinka , where they were murdered in the gas chambers . The Nazis left a small group of 300 Jewish slave labourers in Biała Podlaska to clean up the decaying ghetto area. In May 1944, the surviving workers were murdered at Majdanek. Biała Podlaska was captured by the Red Army on 26 July 1944. Only 300 of

2544-474: The war, later testified that he witnessed a transport of 6,000 Jews from Biała Podlaska arrive at Treblinka. When the sealed doors were opened, 90 percent of prisoners – men, women, and children – were already dead inside. Their bodies were thrown into smouldering mass grave at the "Lazaret". The remaining Jews of Biała Podlaska were sent to a transit point at the Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto for deportations to death camps. In July 1943

2597-406: The whole Ukrainian State — Hetmanshchyna and heads of the Cossack Hetmanate . As supreme military commanders and lawmakers (by administrative decree), they had very broad powers, although they were elected. After the split of Ukraine along the Dnieper River by the 1667 Polish – Russian Treaty of Andrusovo , Ukrainian Cossacks (and Cossack hetmans) became known as Left-bank Cossacks (of

2650-560: Was buried in the yeshiva courtyard on the condition that he would be reburied elsewhere after the war. However, his sons and successors, the Beis Yisrael and Lev Simcha , declined to go through with the reburial. After Alter's death, the dynasty continued with his three remaining sons, who became the consecutive next three heads of the Gerrer Hasidim worldwide: Rabbi Yisrael Alter (fifth rebbe of Ger); Rabbi Simchah Bunim Alter (sixth rebbe of Ger); and Rabbi Pinchas Menachem Alter (seventh rebbe of Ger). In 1996, Rabbi Pinchas Menachem Alter

2703-537: Was buried next to his father in the courtyard and a red-brick ohel was placed over both graves, which are visited regularly by students in the adjoining yeshiva. The Hebrew acronym for Rabbi Avraham Mordechai is "Re'em ( Hebrew : רְאֵ"ם ). A religious moshav in central Israel is named for the Rebbe, Bnei Re'em , ( lit. Sons of Re'em) as well as the nearby junction of highway 40 and highway 3 . Bia%C5%82a Podlaska Biała Podlaska ( Polish: [ˈbʲawa pɔdˈlaska] ; Latin : Alba Ducalis )

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2756-404: Was during the Holocaust . In 1922, Rebbe Alter's wife Chaya Ruda died. Feyge Mintshe Biderman was his next wife, who also was his niece. By 1926 the youngest child, Pinchas Menachem Alter , was born. In 1924, Rebbe Alter accompanied the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah delegation which visited Palestine . It included Rabbi Hirsh Heynekh Lewin, who was his brother in-law, Yitzhak-Meir Levin who also

2809-450: Was his son-in-law, along with the Sokolover Rebbe Yitzchak Zelig Morgenstern , and several other distinguished rabbis and rebbes . They visited Jerusalem , Safed , Hebron , Tiberias and Tel Aviv . This was a more than six week visit. During World War II, Rebbe Alter was targeted by the Nazi authorities in occupied Poland. In 1940, he managed to escape Nazi Poland. Rebbe Alter made it to Palestine with several of his sons. He rebuilt

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