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58-642: The Ilyushin Il-12 ( NATO reporting name : Coach ) is a Soviet twin-engine cargo aircraft, developed in the mid-1940s for small and medium-haul airline routes and as a military transport. The Il-12 was developed as a private venture by the Ilyushin Design Bureau from autumn 1943 and was intended as a replacement for the Lisunov Li-2 , a license-produced version of the Douglas DC-3 . Initial studies proposed

116-592: A bear on the right (Red side) and a Siberian tiger on the left (blue side), holding a yellow shield with a blue reversed pall and a red fish . The flag is a representation of the coat of arms of Khabarovsk. The flag was adopted on 30 October 2007 and is 2:3 in ratio. The city is located 30 kilometers (19 mi) from the China–Russia border, at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, about 800 kilometers (500 mi) north of Vladivostok . Khabarovsk experiences

174-461: A 29-seat airliner powered by four 1,000 hp (750 kW) supercharged M-88V engines (as used in the Ilyushin Il-4 bomber) and with a pressurized cabin , allowing the aircraft to cruise at an altitude of 6,000–7,000 m (20,000–23,000 ft), with a range of 5,000 km (3,100 mi) at almost 400 km/h (250 mph). The aircraft would be fitted with a tricycle landing gear ,

232-465: A considerable volume, and was equipped with eight rectangular windows on each side. The crew consisted of three and the aircraft could transport 32 soldiers, 32 parachutists or cargo. There was also a civil version, which although designed to carry up to 32 passengers, was limited in Aeroflot service to 21, with normally only 18 carried. At that passenger load, it meant that use of the Il-12 for passenger use

290-463: A monsoonal dry-winter humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dwb borders on Dwa ). Its climate is strongly continental, featuring very warm summers and bitterly cold winters. The average annual precipitation is 696 millimeters (27.4 in), mainly concentrated in the summer. In a few years, November to March hardly receive any precipitation. The driest year was 2001 with only 381 millimeters (15.0 in) of precipitation and

348-608: A multi-story shopping mall and about a dozen hotels. Aleksandr Fedosov, the Khabarovsk Krai Minister of Culture, estimates that the city became more attractive to tourists following the 2015 Bandy World Championship . Khabarovsk is the closest major city to Birobidzhan , which is the administrative center of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast , Russia , located on the Trans-Siberian Railway , close to

406-596: A paid high-speed bypass of the city was completed. There are the following institutions of higher education in Khabarovsk: A key street in Khabarovsk is the broad Amursky Boulevard with its many shops and a local market. The city's five districts stretch for 45 kilometers (28 mi) along the Amur River. The similar boulevard – Ussuryisky is located between the two main streets Muravyov-Amursky and Lenin street and runs to

464-628: A rare collection of old Russian icons. In 1916, the Khabarovsk Bridge across the Amur was completed, allowing Trans-Siberian trains to cross the river without using ferries (or temporary rail tracks over the frozen river in winter). During the Russian Civil War , Khabarovsk was occupied by Japan in September 1918. After the defeat of Japan in World War II , Khabarovsk was the site of

522-480: A strut under the rear fuselage to prevent tipping during loading due to centre-of-gravity problems. However, factory test pilots praised the quality of the new aircraft, with much better performance and handling than the Li-2, which contributed to the decision to launch the Il-12 in series production. One problem was the use of magnesium near the engines which, in case of engine fire, could cause an uncontrolled fire, damaging

580-689: A total of 465 fatalities. Data from The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft from 1875 - 1995 General characteristics Performance NATO reporting name The assignment of reporting names is managed by the Five Eyes Air Force Interoperability Council (AFIC), previously known as the Air Standardization Coordinating Committee (ASCC), which is separate from NATO . Based in Washington DC, AFIC comprises representatives from

638-548: Is Khabarovsk Novy Airport (KHV / UHHH), 198 km from the center of Birobidzhan . The headquarters of the Russian Ground Forces 's Eastern Military District is located at 15 Serysheva Street. The district was preceded by the Far Eastern Military District , which was located in the same location. The following component units of the district are stationed in the city: All 5 of these units make up

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696-546: Is a walking tour from the Lenin Square to Utyos on Amur via Muravyov-Amursky Street, where visitors find traditional Russian cuisine restaurants and shops with souvenirs. There are a number of night clubs and pubs in this area. In Wintertime ice sculptures are on display on the cities squares and parks. Artists come from as far as Harbin in China. Unlike Vladivostok , the city has never been closed to foreigners, despite it being

754-548: Is devised. The Soviet Union did not always assign official "popular names" to its aircraft, but unofficial nicknames were common as in any air force . Generally, Soviet pilots did not use the NATO names, preferring a native Russian nickname. An exception was that Soviet airmen appreciated the MiG-29 's codename "Fulcrum", as an indication of its pivotal role in Soviet air defence. To reduce

812-651: Is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Khabarovsk —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of krai significance of Khabarovsk is incorporated as Khabarovsk Urban Okrug . Ethnic composition (2010): Primary industries include iron processing, steel milling, Khabarovsk shipyard, Daldizel, machinery, petroleum refining, flour milling, pharmaceutical industry, meatpacking and manufacturing of various types of heavy and light machinery. A high-speed international fiber-optic cable connects

870-452: Is not made for helicopters. Before the 1980s, reporting names for submarines were taken from the NATO spelling alphabet . Modifications of existing designs were given descriptive terms, such as " Whiskey Long Bin ". From the 1980s, new designs were given names derived from Russian words, such as " Akula ", or "shark". These names did not correspond to the Soviet names. Coincidentally, "Akula", which

928-432: The 2015 Bandy World Championship , which was visited by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev . 21 teams were expected, which would have been 4 more than the then record-making 17 (now it's 18) from the 2014 tournament . In the end, China was the only newcomer, while Canada and Ukraine withdrew, the latter for political reasons . Khabarovsk organised the 2018 tournament as well, but not Division B that time around, which

986-593: The Khabarovsk War Crime Trials , in which twelve former members of the Japanese Kwantung Army and Unit 731 were put on trial for the manufacture and use of biological weapons during World War II. Chinese Emperor Puyi , captured by Soviet troops in Manchuria , was relocated to Khabarovsk and lived there from 1945 up to 1950, when he was returned to China. When Japan fell in September 1945

1044-448: The NATO reporting names in some cases. NATO refers to surface-to-air missile systems mounted on ships or submarines with the same names as the corresponding land-based systems, but the US DOD assigns a different series of numbers with a different suffix (i.e., SA-N- versus SA-) for these systems. The names are kept the same as a convenience. Where there is no corresponding system, a new name

1102-532: The Trans-Siberian Highway ( M58 and M60 Highways), and water transport links are provided by the Amur River and Ussuri River . Public transport includes: tram (8 routes); trolleybus (4 routes); bus and fixed-route taxi ( marshrutka , approximately 100 routes). Transborder travel to China in winter ice road in summer boat on Amur river to Fuyuan (and train to Harbin ) In 2021, the construction of

1160-600: The administrative centre of Khabarovsk Krai , Russia , located 30 kilometers (19 mi) from the China–Russia border , at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers , about 800 kilometers (500 mi) north of Vladivostok . As of the 2021 Russian census , it had a population of 617,441. The city was the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia from 2002 until December 2018, when

1218-581: The border with China . The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is a federal subject of Russia in the Russian Far East , bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China . Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan , and it is the only region in the world in which Yiddish is the official language. Khabarovsk provides the closest major airport to Birobidzhan , which

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1276-478: The 1650s set up a number of more or less fortified camps ( ostrogs ) on the Amur. Most of them were in use for only a few months and later destroyed. It is usually thought that the first such camp in the general area of today's Khabarovsk was the fortified winter camp named Achansk ( Ачанск ) or Achansky gorodok ( Ачанский городок ), built by the Cossacks of Yerofey Khabarov in September 1651 after they had sailed to

1334-467: The Cossacks stood their ground in a day-long battle and even managed to seize the attackers' supply train . Once the ice on the Amur broke in the spring of 1652, Khabarov's people destroyed their fort and sailed away. The exact location of Khabarov's Achansk has long been a subject for debate among Russian historians and geographers. A number of locations, both upstream and downstream of today's Khabarovsk, have been proposed since Richard Maack , one of

1392-608: The Il-12 on some routes until the end of 1970. The first export customer for the Il-12 was LOT Polish Airlines , who placed an order for five Il-12Bs after it was displayed at the Poznan Fair in Poland in the spring of 1948. This was followed by Czech Airlines , who purchased 10 aircraft from 1949 to 1951, TAROM in Romania from 1949, and at least 20 aircraft to CAAC in China. Of the 663 Il-12s produced, 56 have been lost in accidents with

1450-504: The Il-12 was on the Moscow- Sofia route in 1948. The Il-12 was used on Aeroflot's services to Paris from 1954. Within the USSR, the Il-12 was placed on Aeroflot's longest route: Moscow- Khabarovsk , with the flight lasting 28 hours, including five refueling stops. From 1956, the Il-12 (modified for use on ice runways) supported the Soviet expeditions to Antarctica . Aeroflot continued to use

1508-628: The Khabarovsk Garrison. The Russian Navy 's Pacific Fleet maintains a presence in the city as well. There is also an airbase located 3 km (1.9 mi) to the east of the city. The main public relations asset for the military in the city is the Military History Museum of the Far Eastern Military District and the district military band . The city was a host to the 1981 Bandy World Championship . It also hosted

1566-652: The United States reached an agreement with Stalin to build two U.S. Naval Advance Bases (Fleet Weather Centrals) in the USSR. The U.S. built one 10 miles (16 km) outside Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on the Kamchatka Peninsula with the code name TAMA. The other was 20 miles (32 km) outside Khabarovsk in buildings provided by the Soviets, code-named MOKO. For mail Khabarovsk was assigned U.S.Navy number 1168, FPO San Francisco. The American use of these two bases

1624-419: The aircraft's passenger capacity, which was temporary limited to 18. The Il-12 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane , with a single fin and rudder and a retractable tricycle undercarriage. It was powered by two Shvetsov ASh-82FN radial engines , rated at 1,850 hp (1,380 kW) for take-off and 1,630 hp (1,220 kW) at 1,550 m (5,090 ft), driving four-bladed propellers. The fuselage had

1682-426: The area from the upper Amur. The fort was named after the local tribe whom Khabarov's people called "Achans". On October 8 the fort was unsuccessfully attacked by joint forces of Achans and Duchers (who had good reasons to hate the Cossacks, due to their rather heavy-handed tribute -extraction tactics ), while many Russians were away fishing. In late November, Khabarov's people undertook a three-day campaign against

1740-465: The city hosted an international ice hockey tournament with the ball for the prize of the newspaper Sovietskaya Rossia . In 1981 the Bandy World Championship was played in the city. In 1996, Khabarovsk held its first mayoral elections . Paul D. Filippov, whose candidacy was supported by Governor Viktor Ishayev , was defeated. In 1998, reconstruction of the central square of Khabarovsk

1798-493: The city of Khabarovsk with the city of Fuyuan in China. The city is a principal railway center and is located along the Trans-Siberian Railway ; the rail distance of Khabarovsk railway station from Moscow is 8,523 kilometers (5,296 mi). Khabarovsk is served by the Khabarovsk Novy Airport with international flights to East Asia , Southeast Asia , European Russia , and Central Asia . Road links include

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1856-458: The city's artificial lakes (Gorodskie Prudi) with the sport complex Platinum Arena. The lakes are famous for their fountains with the light show. The Military History Museum of the Far Eastern Military District is located in the city, the only such museum in the Russian Far East. Recently, there have been renovations in the city's central part, rebuilding with historical perspective. There

1914-563: The course of the year. The average temperature in January is −19.2 °C (−2.6 °F) and the average for July is +21.4 °C (70.5 °F). Extremes have ranged from −40 °C (−40 °F) in January 2011 to +36.4 °C (97.5 °F) in June 2010. Khabarovsk is the administrative center of the krai and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Khabarovsky District , even though it

1972-456: The first Russian scholars to visit the region, identified Achansk in 1859 with the ruins on Cape Kyrma, which is located on the southern (Chinese) shore of the Amur, upstream of Khabarovsk. The most widely accepted point of view is probably that of Boris Polevoy , who believed that Khabarov's Achansk was located in the Nanai village later known as Odzhal- Bolon ( Russian : Оджал-Болонь ), located on

2030-556: The first use by the Ilyushin OKB. During 1944, the design was changed, with the M-88B engines replaced by two ACh-31 diesel V-12 engines (each producing 1,900 hp (1,400 kW) at take-off). The plans for a pressurized fuselage were abandoned and the number of passengers reduced to 27. The lower operating altitude resulted in a reduction in the aircraft's range and cruising speed. The Il-12 made its maiden flight on 15 August 1945. It

2088-625: The headquarters of the Far East Military District , and retains its historically international flavor. Once the capital of the Soviet Far East (from 1926 to 1938), since the demise of the Soviet Union , it has experienced an increased Asian presence. It is estimated that over one million Chinese travel to and through Khabarovsk yearly, and foreign investment by Japanese and Korean corporations have grown in recent years. The city has

2146-470: The left bank of the Amur, closer to Amursk than to Khabarovsk. One of his arguments was that both Khabarov's Achan (sometimes also spelt by the explorer as Otshchan, Отщан), and Wuzhala (乌扎拉) of the Chinese records of the 1652 engagement are based on the name of the Nanai clan "Odzhal" (Оджал), corresponding to the 20th-century name of the village as well. (The name of the clan was also written as "Uzala", as in

2204-582: The letter "B", and names like "Badger" ( Tupolev Tu-16 ), "Blackjack" ( Tupolev Tu-160 ) and "Bear" ( Tupolev Tu-95 ) have been used. "Frogfoot", the reporting name for the Sukhoi Su-25 , references the aircraft's close air support role. Transports have names starting with "C" (for "cargo"), resulting in names like "Condor" for the Antonov An-124 or "Candid" for the Ilyushin Il-76 . The initial letter of

2262-583: The local chief Zhakshur (Жакшур) (whose name is also known in a more Russian version, Zaksor (Заксор)), collecting a large amount of tribute and announcing that the locals were now subjects of the Russian Czar. A similar campaign was waged later in winter against the Ducher chief Nechiga (Нечига), farther away from Achansk. On 24 or 26 March 1652, Fort Achansk was attacked by Manchu cavalry, led by Ninguta 's commander Haise, reinforced by Ducher auxiliaries, but

2320-721: The middle and lower Amur region was nominally part of the Jilin Province, run first out of Ninguta and later out of Jilin City . French Jesuits who sailed along the Ussuri and the Amur Rivers in 1709 prepared the first more or less precise map of the region. According to them, the indigenous Nanai people were living on the Ussuri and on the Amur down to the mouth of the Dondon River (i.e., in

2378-587: The militaries of three NATO members (Canada, the United Kingdom and United States) and two non-NATO countries (Australia and New Zealand). When the system was introduced in the 1950s, reporting names also implicitly designated potentially hostile aircraft. However, since the end of the Cold War, some NATO air forces have operated various aircraft types with reporting names (e.g. the "Fulcrum" Mikoyan MiG-29 ). The United States Department of Defense (DOD) expands on

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2436-631: The name indicates the use of that equipment. The alphanumeric designations (eg AA-2) are assigned by the Department of Defense . The first letter indicates the type of aircraft, e.g., "Bear" for a bomber aircraft refers to the Tupolev Tu-95 , or "Fulcrum" for the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 fighter aircraft. For fixed-wing aircraft, one-syllable names are used for propeller aircraft and two-syllable names for aircraft with jet engines. This distinction

2494-727: The name of its best-known member, Dersu Uzala ). Polevoy's view appeared to gain wide support among the Russian geographer community; petitioned by the Amur Branch of the Russian Geographical Society , the Russian Government renamed the village of Odzhal to Achan in 1977, to celebrate its connection with Khabarov's raid. As to the Cape Kyrma ruins, thought by Maack to be the remains of Achansk, B.P. Polevoy identified them as

2552-523: The region including the site of the future Khabarovsk). These people were known to the Chinese as Yupi Dazi ("Fish skin Tartars"). In 1858, the area was ceded to Russia under the Treaty of Aigun . The Russians founded the military outpost of Khabarovka ( Хаба́ровка ), named after Yerofey Khabarov . The post later became an important industrial center for the region. Town status was granted in 1880. In 1893, it

2610-569: The remains of another ostrog – namely, Kosogorsky Ostrog, where Onufriy Stepanov stayed a few years later. After the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) between the Tsardom of Russia and the Qing Empire , the area became an uncontested part of China for the next century and a half. Modern historical maps of the Qing period published in China mark the site of future Khabarovsk as Bólì ( Chinese : 伯力 ). All of

2668-428: The risk of confusion, unusual or made-up names are allocated, the idea being that the names chosen are unlikely to occur in normal conversation and are easier to memorise. For fixed-wing aircraft, the number of syllables indicates the type of the aircraft's engine. Single-syllable code names denote reciprocating engine or turboprop , while two-syllable code names denote jet engine . Bombers have names starting with

2726-401: The status was given to Vladivostok. It is the largest city in the Russian Far East , having overtaken Vladivostok in 2015. It was known as Khabarovka until 1893. As is typical of the interior of the Russian Far East, Khabarovsk has an extreme climate with strong seasonal swings resulting in strong, cold winters and relatively hot and humid summers. Historical records indicate that a city

2784-544: The wettest was 1981 when 1,105 millimeters (43.5 in) of precipitation fell. The wettest month was August 1981 with a total precipitation of 434 millimeters (17.1 in). Due to high summer humidity , overnight lows remain mild to warm during several months. Snowfall is common, though light, with an average maximum snow height of 16 centimeters (6.3 in). During peak winter, highs above freezing are very rare. The city's extreme climate sees daily average high and low temperatures vary by around 50 °C (90 °F) over

2842-439: The wing structure. This was revealed by a crash of an Ilyushin Il-12 near Voronezh in 1949 which killed all on board, following an engine fire. Subsequently, as a result of the accident investigation, the magnesium was replaced by aluminium alloys and the fire extinguishing system was redesigned. In addition, the aircraft's takeoff weight was restricted to ease the hazard of an engine failure during take-off - this in turn reduced

2900-468: Was assigned to an attack submarine by NATO, was the actual Soviet name for the ballistic missile submarine NATO named " Typhoon-class ". The NATO names for submarines of the People's Republic of China are taken from Chinese dynasties . Khabarovsk Khabarovsk ( / ˈ x ɑː b ə r ɒ f s k / KHAH-bə-rofsk ; Russian : Хабаровск [xɐˈbarəfsk] ) is the largest city and

2958-457: Was completed. In May 2000, President of Russia , Vladimir Putin , decreed that new federal districts be formed, and Khabarovsk became the center of the Far Eastern Federal District . In 2006, the Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, a high-tech medical center, was constructed according to a Russian national health project . In 2008, the train station was completely renovated, and the adjacent square

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3016-509: Was founded on the site in the eighth century. The Tungusic peoples are indigenous to the city's vicinity. The city was named Boli ( 伯力 ; Bólì ) in Chinese when it was part of the Chinese empire. During the Tang dynasty, Boli was the capital of Heishui Protectorate, called Heishui Duhufu. In AD 722, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (唐玄宗) established Heishui Protectorate and gave self-rule to Heishui Mohe tribes. The seat of this administrative region

3074-590: Was given its present name: Khabarovsk . In 1894, a department of the Russian Geographical Society was formed in Khabarovsk and to found libraries, theatres and museums in the city. Since then, Khabarovsk's cultural life has flourished. Much of the local indigenous history has been well preserved in the Regional Lore Museum and Natural History Museum and in places like near the Nanai settlement of Sikachi-Alyan , where cliff drawings from more than 13,000 years ago can be found. The Khabarovsk Art Museum exhibits

3132-608: Was reconstructed to include fountains and an underground passage. In 2009, Khabarovsk hosted the EU-Russia summit . In 2010, the city hosted a meeting of the Great Circle of Ussuri Cossacks . On 3 November 2012, Khabarovsk was awarded the honorary title of " City of Military Glory ". On 9 July 2020, the governor of the region, Sergei Furgal , was arrested and flown to Moscow. The 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests began on 11 July 2020 in support of Furgal. The flag of Khabarovsk displays

3190-605: Was short-lived. On 5 November 1956, the first phase of the city tram was commissioned. The Khabarovsk television studio began broadcasting in 1960. On 1 September 1967, the Khabarovsk Institute of Physical Education, now the Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture , opened. On 14 January 1971, Khabarovsk was awarded the Order of October Revolution . In 1975 the first stage of the urban trolley opened. In 1976

3248-418: Was soon decided to re-engine the aircraft with Shvetsov ASh-82 radial engines, as it was expected to take too long to develop the ACh-31 to an acceptable reliability and time between overhauls for commercial service. The modified first prototype flew with its new engines on 9 January 1946. The Il-12 was found to have problems with vibration during testing, having poor engine out characteristics and requiring

3306-446: Was then established near today's Khabarovsk. In the mid-17th century, the Amur Valley became the scene of hostilities between the Russian Cossacks , who tried to expand into the region and collect tribute from the natives, and the rising Manchu Qing dynasty , who were intent on securing the region for themselves. The coastal areas had historically been the native home of the Manchu people. The Russian explorers and raiders of

3364-442: Was un-economic. A total of 663 Il-12s were manufactured. The aircraft was later improved into the Ilyushin Il-14 . The Il-12 was revealed to the public on 1 May 1947, when a group of aircraft participated in the annual May Day flyby over Red Square in Moscow . Performance testing was completed by 20 May, and the first regular passenger service by the Il-12 on Aeroflot began in June 1947. The first regular international use of

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