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23-652: The Ikpeng are also called Txicão, Txikão, Txikân, Chicao, Tunuli, Tonore, Chicão, or Tchicão people. The Ikpeng were known to inhabit the same land as the Txipaya peoples, near the Iriri River , and they had a strong alliance with that group in times of war. One oral history traces the Ikpeng ancestral territory as far as the Jari River (Rodgers, 2013). By 1850, the Ikpeng were known to inhabit an area of converging rivers thought to be

46-400: A new river, to be given its own name, perhaps one already known to the people who live upon its banks. Conversely, explorers approaching a new land from the sea encounter its rivers at their mouths, where they name them on their charts, then, following a river upstream, encounter each tributary as a forking of the stream to the right and to the left, which then appear on their charts as such; or

69-441: A non-native disease (possibly influenza ) to their tribe. The Wauja tribe also attacked the Ikpeng in an unsuccessful attempt to the get the two girls back, and as a result of disease and war, the population of the Ikpeng was cut in half. According to a story told to Scott Wallace by Sydney Possuelo , a few days before October 19, 1964 (the date of first contact), Orlando and Cláudio Villas-Boas had heard from native informants

92-400: A river or stream that branches off from and flows away from the main stream. Distributaries are most often found in river deltas . Right tributary , or right-bank tributary , and left tributary , or left-bank tributary , describe the orientation of the tributary relative to the flow of the main stem river. These terms are defined from the perspective of looking downstream, that is, facing

115-676: A short time, with different family groups living in different parts of the park, but later regrouped in the early 1970s near the Leonardo Villas-Boas Indigenous Post (2003). By the 1980s, they had moved to the middle Xingu region, and currently administer the Pavuru Indigenous Post, as well as the Ronuro Vigilance Post, which is near their traditional land on the Jabotá river (2003). From this post, they help defend

138-603: A strictly protected conservation unit established in 2005 in the Serra do Cachimbo . It is one of the headwaters of the Xingu River . It flows for 900 kilometres (560 mi) before joining the Xingu, running through the 3,373,133.89-hectare (8,335,195.4-acre) Terra do Meio Ecological Station . The river varies greatly in volume depending on the season, and in the dry season includes waterfalls, rocks and rapids. The Iriri River flows through

161-446: Is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream ( main stem or "parent" ), river, or a lake . A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean . Tributaries, and the main stem river into which they flow, drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater , leading the water out into an ocean. The Irtysh is a chief tributary of the Ob river and

184-556: Is a large tributary of the Xingu River in Brazil , in the state of Pará . It is 1,300 km (810 mi) long making it the 116th longest river in the world (with Krishna River , India) and the 15th longest in the Amazon basin . The headwaters are the traditional home of the Panará people . The river rises in the 342,192-hectare (845,570-acre) Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve ,

207-411: Is also the longest tributary river in the world with a length of 4,248 km (2,640 mi). The Madeira River is the largest tributary river by volume in the world with an average discharge of 31,200 m /s (1.1 million cu ft/s). A confluence , where two or more bodies of water meet, usually refers to the joining of tributaries. The opposite to a tributary is a distributary ,

230-606: Is the first indigenous woman to join the Vídeo nas Aldeias project. Notable Ikpeng films include Marangmotxíngmo Mïrang: From the Ikpeng Children to the World (2001), Moyngo, the Dream of Maragareum (2000), and Pïrinop, My First Contact (2007). Iriri River The Iriri River ( Portuguese : Rio Iriri [ˈʁi.u iɾiˈɾi] ; Mẽbêngôkre : Kororoti [kɔˌɾɔɾɔˈti] )

253-554: The Tapajós–Xingu moist forests ecoregion. The river is rich in fish, including many species found only there and in the Xingu. Large sections remain unexplored due to its remoteness in a region surrounded by Amazon rainforest , and sections with strong current and cataracts. This article related to a river in Pará , Brazil is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tributary A tributary , or an affluent ,

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276-399: The Ikpeng were suffering from disease after a brutal enemy attack and that the Ikpeng shamans had failed to cure this disease. The informants told Orlando and Cláudio that it was not uncommon for the Ikpeng to kill their shamans if they fail to expel diseases. So, the brothers decided to act by airdropping gifts to the Ikpeng, who were startled by the presence of the airplane. A few days after

299-644: The Teles Pires-Juruena river basin (Menget & Troncarelli, 2003). Before 1900, the Ikpeng were at war with several polities, and even encountered settlers of European descent (2003). War and the colonization of the Teles Pires-Juruena basin pushed the Ikpeng across the Formosa Mountain formation and into the Upper Xingu Basin (2003). In 1960, the Ikpeng kidnapped two girls from the Wauja people , who brought

322-525: The Xingu Park (2003). Ikpeng people are hunter-gatherers . They also fish and farm. Their primary crops include cotton, gourds, maize, manioc , and urucu . Members of the Ikpeng community are involved with the Vídeo nas Aldeias project based in Brazil. Ikpeng filmmakers that have received their training through Vídeo nas Aldeias include Karané Ikpeng, Kumaré Ikpeng, and Natuyu Yuwipo Txicão. Natuyu Yuwipo Txicão

345-468: The Xingu Park from illegal loggers and fishermen (Campetela, 1997). The Ikpeng made an expedition in 2002 to the Jabotá River to collect medicinal plants and shells. They currently seek to regain this territory (Menget & Troncarelli, 2003). By the 1990s, the Ikpeng began to elaborate an education system within their community (Campetela, 1997). In 1994, Ikpeng teachers developed a form of writing with

368-647: The alleged airdrop, on October 19, 1964, Orlando and Cláudio Villas-Boas encountered Ikpeng villages as they were flying over the Ronuro River in Mato Grosso (Pacheco, 2005). They lived near the Ronuro and Jabotá rivers and, when they were found malnourished and exposed to disease, they accepted resources and later relocation to the Xingu National Park in 1967 (Menget & Troncarelli, 2003). The Ikpeng dispersed for

391-421: The direction the water current of the main stem is going. In a navigational context, if one were floating on a raft or other vessel in the main stream, this would be the side the tributary enters from as one floats past; alternately, if one were floating down the tributary, the main stream meets it on the opposite bank of the tributary. This information may be used to avoid turbulent water by moving towards

414-451: The handedness is from the point of view of an observer facing upstream. For instance, Steer Creek has a left tributary which is called Right Fork Steer Creek. These naming conventions are reflective of the circumstances of a particular river's identification and charting: people living along the banks of a river, with a name known to them, may then float down the river in exploration, and each tributary joining it as they pass by appears as

437-552: The help of linguists (Menget & Troncarelli, 2003). This was done through the Instituto Socioambiental’s Teacher Training program, which has allowed Ikpeng children to learn their own language alongside Portuguese in the Ikpeng School (2003). This school plays a central role in the project, and it is responsible for the creation of material and distribution of this material for Ikpeng communities within

460-462: The opposite bank before approaching the confluence. An early tributary is a tributary that joins the main stem river closer to its source than its mouth, that is, before the river's midpoint ; a late tributary joins the main stem further downstream, closer to its mouth than to its source, that is, after the midpoint. In the United States, where tributaries sometimes have the same name as

483-643: The river into which they feed, they are called forks . These are typically designated by compass direction. For example, the American River in California receives flow from its North, Middle, and South forks. The Chicago River 's North Branch has the East, West, and Middle Fork; the South Branch has its South Fork, and used to have a West Fork as well (now filled in). Forks are sometimes designated as right or left. Here,

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506-418: The smaller stream designated the little fork, the larger either retaining its name unmodified, or receives the designation big . Tributaries are sometimes listed starting with those nearest to the source of the river and ending with those nearest to the mouth of the river . The Strahler stream order examines the arrangement of tributaries in a hierarchy of first, second, third and higher orders, with

529-432: The streams are seen to diverge by the cardinal direction (north, south, east, or west) in which they proceed upstream, sometimes a third stream entering between two others is designated the middle fork; or the streams are distinguished by the relative height of one to the other, as one stream descending over a cataract into another becomes the upper fork, and the one it descends into, the lower ; or by relative volume:

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