87-563: Ibong Adarna , also known as The Adarna Bird , is an early 19th century Filipino epic poem that centers around a magical bird of the same name. During the Spanish era , the longer form of the story's title was Korrido at Buhay na Pinagdaanan ng Tatlong Prinsipeng Magkakapatid na anak ni Haring Fernando at ni Reyna Valeriana sa Kahariang Berbanya ' (" Corrido and Life Lived by the Three Princes, children of King Fernando and Queen Valeriana in
174-692: A dangerous quest for a magical bird with the power to heal any ailment in "Ibong Adarna: The Pinoy Adventure". The 2014 film starred Rocco Nacino as Prinsipe Sigasig, Joel Torre as Sultan Mabait, Angel Aquino as Sultana Mabunyi, Leo Martinez as Datu Maimbot, Benjie Paras as Sipsipayo, Ronnie Lazaro as Dulangkaw, Patricia Fernandez as Diwata , Lilia Cuntapay as Bruha, Gary Lising as Nuno ng Lipi, Miss Intercontinental 2018 Karen Gallman as Adarna and Philip "Kohol" Supnet as Higante. “MALA" (Movies Adapted from Literary Arts), an educational puppetry film series for children directed by actor Xian Lim and written by renowned ventriloquist Ronaldo "Ony" Carcamo,
261-525: A few towns, while others span provinces. Buddhism and Hinduism in the Philippines is influential. Pre-colonial Luzon was split among Hindu-Buddhist, Muslim , and animist worshippers. Pre-colonial Visayas were influenced by Hindu-Buddhist and Animism . The Spaniards described some of the people who lived there as p intados , Pre-colonial Mindanao (around 900AD) was influenced by Hindu-Buddhist, Indonesian , and Malaysian beliefs and culture. By
348-418: A journey and eventually encounters the bird, but it sings seven songs that lull him to sleep. It then defecates on him, turning him into stone. Next, Don Diego is sent on the same mission and suffers a similar fate. Three years later, Don Juan sets out on his quest and meets an old hermit who warns him about the bird's enchantments. The hermit provides him with a knife and dayap lemons to stay awake during
435-666: A nationalistic pair of dangling earrings she designed herself, Tessera Jewelry executed her vision with the Philippine sun and golden South sea pearls . Epic poetry An epic poem , or simply an epic , is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces , gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants. With regard to oral tradition , epics consist of formal speech and are usually learnt word for word, and are contrasted with narratives which consist of everyday speech where
522-505: A papyrus, and fashioned into scrolls or books. Some were also written on bamboos. Juan de Plasencia wrote the Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos in 1589, documenting the traditions of the Tagalog people . Miguel de Loarca wrote Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas and Pedro Chirino added Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (1604). Anitism books have been published by universities throughout
609-410: A road. They deceive the king, claiming they don't know what happened to Don Juan but that the bird awaits its true captor. Don Juan eventually recovers and forgives his brothers. As a punishment, Don Pedro and Don Diego are supposedly killed, but Don Juan forgave them, and pleaded to his father not to, which because of that King Fernando, took it into consideration and instead tasked them to take care of
696-510: A seven-year delay. Don Juan was heavily injured, but was cured with the help of Princess Leonora's wolf, who she has sent. and sets out to find his way back to the Kingdom. With the guidance of an eagle and the initial advice of the Adarna Bird, he reaches the Kingdom of Reino de Los Cristales. There, he encounters a crystal lake where three princesses bathe. Don Juan steals a dress belonging to one of
783-418: A unified narrative. Each story has multiple versions. In many cases, stories vary from place to place even within a single ethnic group. The 7,000 Philippines islands divide into three main regions: Luzon , Visayas , and Mindanao (which is subdivided into North and South). The difference in mythologies and belief systems is by ethnic group rather than geography. Some ethnic groups have influence in only
870-712: A variety of belief systems. Around 900 CE, Chinese influence spread in some areas, adding Sinified and Buddhist belief systems. The most prominent was belief in ghosts . By 1300 CE, Muslim traders arrived in the southern Philippines, bringing with them Islamic myth and belief systems. Many in the southern and western Philippines converted to Islam. In the middle of the 16th century, the Spanish arrived from Latin America and brought with them Ibero-American Christian myth (for example, veneration to Our Lady of Guadalupe ). Some inhabitants were receptive to these myths, but most were not as
957-412: A well, and while exploring it, Don Juan discovers two enchanted "palaces". Inside, he rescues Princess Juana and Princess Leonora from a giant and a seven-headed serpent, respectively. However, his brothers betray him by cutting the rope that he was tied to while he descends, causing him to fall to the bottom of the well. Don Diego marries Princess Juana, and Don Pedro plans to marry Princess Leonora after
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#17331146902641044-612: Is a rhyming verse stanza form that consists of an interlocking three-line rhyme scheme. An example is found in the first lines of the Divine Comedy by Dante , who originated the form: Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita (A) mi ritrovai per una selva oscura (B) ché la diritta via era smarrita. (A) Ahi quanto a dir qual era è cosa dura (B) esta selva selvaggia e aspra e forte (C) che nel pensier rinnova la paura! (B) In ottava rima , each stanza consists of three alternate rhymes and one double rhyme, following
1131-743: Is a couplet), as well as long prose passages, so that at ~1.8 million words it is roughly twice the length of Shahnameh , four times the length of the Rāmāyaṇa , and roughly ten times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined. Famous examples of epic poetry include the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh , the ancient Indian Mahabharata and Rāmāyaṇa in Sanskrit and Silappatikaram and Manimekalai in Tamil,
1218-515: Is also thought to share a resemblance to other legendary birds such as the Sarimanok and the phoenix . Being one of the most colorful birds endemic in the Philippines, local birders associate the Philippine trogon ( Harpactes ardens ) to the mythical bird. According to professor Damiana Eugenio , the Ibong Adarna or The Adarna Bird epic reworks and combines themes from recognizable folktales of
1305-635: Is as follows: Old English, German and Norse poems were written in alliterative verse , usually without rhyme . The alliterative form can be seen in the Old English " Finnsburg Fragment " (alliterated sounds are in bold): Ac on w acnigeað nū, w īgend mīne e alra ǣ rest e orðbūendra, But awake now, my warriors, of all first the men While the above classical and Germanic forms would be considered stichic , Italian, Spanish and Portuguese long poems favored stanzaic forms, usually written in terza rima or especially ottava rima . Terza rima
1392-485: Is included in the curriculum for Junior High School students and Grade 7 students in the Philippines. King Fernando and Queen Valeriana of the Kingdom of Berbania have three sons: Don Pedro, Don Diego, and Don Juan. King Fernando falls ill after a dream in which he sees Don Juan being murdered. Desperate for a cure, he sends Don Pedro to find the Ibong Adarna, a magical bird known for its healing songs. Don Pedro embarks on
1479-400: Is not a complete biography of Roland, but picks up from the plot of Orlando Innamorato , which in turn presupposes a knowledge of the romance and oral traditions . Epic catalogues and genealogies are given, called enumeratio . These long lists of objects, places, and people place the finite action of the epic within a broader, universal context, such as the catalog of ships . Often,
1566-675: Is part of the Cultural Center of the Philippines ' "Sining Sigla", a season-long virtual outreach program of the CCP Office of the President Arsenio "Nick" Lizaso. Lim and Carcamo used muppets, visual effects and live action with music and poetry in the dialogue on their adaptation. MALA's production designers are shadowplay and puppet designer Aina Ramolete and production designer and art director Kaye Banaag. Joined by music composer Jem Florendo and sound designer Miguel Hernandez. In time for
1653-408: Is perhaps Catullus 64 . Epyllion is to be understood as distinct from mock epic , another light form. Romantic epic is a term used to designate works such as Morgante , Orlando Innamorato , Orlando Furioso and Gerusalemme Liberata , which freely lift characters, themes, plots and narrative devices from the world of prose chivalric romance . Long poetic narratives that do not fit
1740-504: Is seldom taught in school. Most mythologies currently taught and approved by the Department of Education and the Commission on Higher Education are Western mythologies, such as Greek , Roman , and Norse . Most entities that promote Philippine mythology for education are artists, scholars, television networks, publishers, and non-profit organizations. Certain stories from Anitism, notably
1827-528: Is the first Filipino full-length theatrical animated film. It stars Jolina Magdangal – who previously played the Ibong Adarna – as the voice of Princess Carmona along with other voice casts: Marvin Agustin , Martin Nievera and Regine Velasquez . Nievera and Velasquez sung the soundtrack "Touched by Your Love" and "Nagmamahal", "Believe It" was performed by Velasquez and "Halakhak" by The Youth. A young man sets out on
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#17331146902641914-539: Is the most popular. In Serbian poetry, the decasyllable is the only form employed. Balto-Finnic (e.g. Estonian, Finnish, Karelian) folk poetry uses a form of trochaic tetrameter that has been called the Kalevala meter. The Finnish and Estonian national epics, Kalevala and Kalevipoeg , are both written in this meter. The meter is thought to have originated during the Proto-Finnic period. In Indic epics such as
2001-593: The Iliad ) or both. Epics also tend to highlight cultural norms and to define or call into question cultural values, particularly as they pertain to heroism . In the proem or preface, the poet may begin by invoking a Muse or similar divinity. The poet prays to the Muses to provide them with divine inspiration to tell the story of a great hero. Example opening lines with invocations: An alternative or complementary form of proem, found in Virgil and his imitators, opens with
2088-626: The epyllion (plural: epyllia), a brief narrative poem with a romantic or mythological theme . The term, which means "little epic ", came into use in the nineteenth century. It refers primarily to the erudite, shorter hexameter poems of the Hellenistic period and the similar works composed at Rome from the age of the neoterics ; to a lesser degree, the term includes some poems of the English Renaissance , particularly those influenced by Ovid . The most famous example of classical epyllion
2175-485: The Neo-Sumerian Empire . The poem details the exploits of Gilgamesh , the king of Uruk . Although recognized as a historical figure, Gilgamesh, as represented in the epic, is a largely legendary or mythical figure. The longest written epic from antiquity is the ancient Indian Mahabharata ( c. 3rd century BC –3rd century AD), which consists of 100,000 ślokas or over 200,000 verse lines (each shloka
2262-451: The Ramayana and Mahabharata , the shloka form is used. The primary form of epic, especially as discussed in this article, is the heroic epic , including such works as the Iliad and Mahabharata . Ancient sources also recognized didactic epic as a category, represented by such works as Hesiod 's Works and Days and Lucretius's De rerum natura . A related type of poetry is
2349-634: The performative verb "I sing". Examples: This Virgilian epic convention is referenced in Walt Whitman 's poem title / opening line "I sing the body electric". Compare the first six lines of the Kalevala : These conventions are largely restricted to European classical culture and its imitators. The Epic of Gilgamesh , for example, or the Bhagavata Purana do not contain such elements, nor do early medieval Western epics that are not strongly shaped by
2436-407: The 100th year of Philippine cinema, Cinema One brought the film that was scanned in a high definition 4K resolution back via cable TV on June 30, 2019. Ibong Adarna was the opening full-length film of the 12th Cinema Rehiyon held on February 24–28, 2020, at Naga City, Camarines Sur. In 2013, GMA Network produced Adarna , a contemporary television series adaptation starring Kylie Padilla in
2523-408: The 14th century, Islam was well established in most northern islands of Mindanao. Cosmogony or creation myths tell how the world was created, and how people came into existence. Each ethnic group has its own creation myth . In some cases, a single ethnic group has multiple versions of its creation myth, depending on locality and sub-culture. Examples: Like most myths (or religions) in the world,
2610-518: The 16th century the Spenserian stanza and blank verse were also introduced. The French alexandrine is currently the heroic line in French literature, though in earlier literature – such as the chanson de geste – the decasyllable grouped in laisses took precedence. In Polish literature, couplets of Polish alexandrines (syllabic lines of 7+6 syllables) prevail. In Russian, iambic tetrameter verse
2697-405: The 21st century due to interest among the youth , coupled with literary works, television, radio, and social media. Spanish chroniclers have claimed that the indigenous population of the Philippines did not have written religious literature. However, scholars agree that statements of denial likely reflected a desire by the colonizers to deny the existence of what they did not approve. For example,
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2784-456: The ABABABCC rhyme scheme . Example: Canto l'arme pietose, e 'l Capitano Che 'l gran sepolcro liberò di Cristo. Molto egli oprò col senno e con la mano; Molto soffrì nel glorioso acquisto: E invan l'Inferno a lui s'oppose; e invano s'armò d'Asia e di Libia il popol misto: Chè 'l Ciel gli diè favore, e sotto ai santi Segni ridusse i suoi compagni erranti. The sacred armies, and
2871-513: The Berbanian Kingdom. Back in the Berbanian Kingdom, Don Juan forgets his love for the princess from Reino de Los Cristales and falls in love with Princess Leonora again. However, when the wedding took place, Doña Maria, the princess he was truly in love— was dressed in pilgrim clothing— arrives. Doña Maria uses the jar in which the negrito people were placed to make him regain his memory, which he does. So, Don Juan reunites with Doña Maria, and
2958-621: The Hanunoo Mangyan, Buhid Mangyan, Tagbanwa, and Palaw'an peoples), with the inclusion of Ambahan poetry, are in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register , in a single entry. The José Maceda Collection in the Memory of the World Register contains an array of traditional music from the Philippines containing stories from ethnic mythologies. Asteroid 1982 XB was named 3757 Anagolay , after
3045-510: The Homeric epics, the earliest works of Western literature, were fundamentally an oral poetic form. These works form the basis of the epic genre in Western literature. Nearly all of Western epic (including Virgil's Aeneid and Dante's Divine Comedy ) self-consciously presents itself as a continuation of the tradition begun by these poems. In his work Poetics , Aristotle defines an epic as one of
3132-447: The Kingdom of Berbania"). Some researchers suggest that the tale may have been influenced by similar European stories. The narrative focuses on the lives of King Fernando, Queen Valeriana, and their three sons: Don Pedro, Diego, and Juan. Upon learning of their father's incurable illness, the three princes embark on a quest to find the legendary Adarna bird, whose healing powers can save their father. The prince who successfully brings back
3219-653: The Mongols , the Kyrgyz Manas , and the Malian Sundiata . Epic poems of the modern era include Derek Walcott 's Omeros , Mircea Cărtărescu 's The Levant and Adam Mickiewicz 's Pan Tadeusz . Paterson by William Carlos Williams , published in five volumes from 1946 to 1958, was inspired in part by another modern epic, The Cantos by Ezra Pound . The first epics were products of preliterate societies and oral history poetic traditions. Oral tradition
3306-1068: The Persian Shahnameh , the Ancient Greek Odyssey and Iliad , Virgil 's Aeneid , the Old English Beowulf , Dante 's Divine Comedy , the Finnish Kalevala , the German Nibelungenlied , the French Song of Roland , the Spanish Cantar de mio Cid , the Portuguese Os Lusíadas , the Armenian Daredevils of Sassoun , the Old Russian The Tale of Igor's Campaign , John Milton 's Paradise Lost , The Secret History of
3393-581: The Philippines are termed Anito and Anitism . Alternate designations include Anitismo , (Hispano-Filipino translation of the concept), and Anitería, a term with derogatory connotations frequently used by the Spanish clergy during the colonial era. Scholarly attention has been directed towards Anito . However, many of its stories and traditions have not yet been systematically documented. The two significant sources of Philippine mythologies are oral and written literature. Oral literature (also known as folk literature) consists of stories are passed down
3480-409: The Philippines, continuing to other islands. The Austronesians are believed to have brought animist beliefs incorporating shamanism , ancestor worship , totemism , and tattoos . Beliefs in benevolent and malevolent spirits was established by their arrival. By 200 to 300 CE, Hindu mythologies arrived in the Philippines through trade routes and migration. Hinduism brought Indianized traditions to
3567-581: The Philippines, including indigenous epics such as Ibalong , Siday , and Hinilawod , folk stories, and superstitions that blended with indigenous polytheisims . The concept of good and bad demons , prevalent in Indian societies, became widespread in the archipelago. These demons were viewed as both evil and good. Indigenous religions were not replaced by Hinduism, rather, the former absorbed traditions and beliefs from it. Gender-variant deities and shamans became widespread. Humanoid mythical creatures emerged alongside
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3654-429: The Spanish chronicler Chirino claimed that the natives had no religious writings, but on the same account narrated that a native possessed an indigenous poetic book. The book was utilized by the natives to express a "deliberate pact" with what the Spanish called with prejudice as "the devil", which contextually was an indigenous god and not a demon. The book was burned by order of the Spanish. The scholar Beyer also noted of
3741-428: The Spanish wanted to conquer the islands, instead of just injecting traditions. The Spanish began a three-century purge against indigenous religions, suppressing and mocking indigenous cultures. Monotheism generally replaced indigenous polytheistic beliefs. Existing myth and folklore were retrofitted accordingly. However, indigenous belief systems survived–despite Spanish threats and killings. The Philippine revolution
3828-625: The Tagalog goddess of lost things, Anagolay. The Philippine Registry of Cultural Property (PReCUP) is the national registry that consolidates in one record all cultural property deemed important to the nation's cultural heritage, tangible and intangible. The registry safeguards Philippine heritage elements, including oral literature, music, dances, ethnographic materials, and sacred grounds. The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Law protects certain Anitist sacred grounds. Philippine mythology
3915-475: The bird will inherit the throne. While the story is commonly attributed to the Tagalog poet José de la Cruz or " Huseng Sisiw ," the actual authorship remains unproven. Contrary to popular belief, Ibong Adarna was not brought to the Philippines by Miguel López de Legazpi , as was the case with other European stories. According to Eulogio Balan Rodriguez, assistant director of the National Library in 1893,
4002-420: The bird's songs, with instructions to create cuts on his arm with the knife and to put the calamansi on the wounds. He also gives him a golden rope to capture the bird and a bucket of water to revive his petrified brothers. Don Juan successfully captures the Ibong Adarna, restores his brothers, and heads back to the palace. However, Don Pedro and Don Diego grow envious and beat Don Juan, leaving him unconscious on
4089-456: The bird. Don Pedro and Don Diego were already planning once Don Juan was asleep when it was his turn with the Adarna Bird. They agreed to release the Adarna from its cage, and upon waking up, Juan realizes and flees. Afraid his father would scold him for his irresponsibility. Don Juan continues his journey with the Ibong Adarna followed by his brothers, finding refuge on Mt. Armenia. They come across
4176-540: The caste system of Indian society and the life of the lower levels of society, such as cobblers and shepherds, see C.N. Ramachandran, "Ambivalence and Angst: A Note on Indian folk epics," in Lauri Honko (2002. p. 295). Some Indian oral epics feature strong women who actively pursue personal freedom in their choice of a romantic partner (Stuart, Claus, Flueckiger and Wadley, eds, 1989, p. 5). Japanese traditional performed narratives were sung by blind singers. One of
4263-635: The classical traditions, such as the Chanson de Roland or the Poem of the Cid . Narrative opens " in the middle of things ", with the hero at his lowest point. Usually flashbacks show earlier portions of the story. For example, the Iliad does not tell the entire story of the Trojan War, starting with the judgment of Paris , but instead opens abruptly on the rage of Achilles and its immediate causes. So too, Orlando Furioso
4350-450: The concept of realms focuses on Earth, heaven, and hell. These concepts are present in Philippine myth. The Philippine concept of heaven may locate it in the underworld, while hell may be located in the skyworld. These differences stem from cultural diffusion and cultural parallelism . Examples: Each ethnic group has its own pantheon of deities. Some ethnic groups have a supreme deity, while others revere ancestor spirits and/or spirits of
4437-587: The cornerstone of the dance vocabulary." It even featured the Alitaptap ( lit. ' firefly ' ) Dance and the Monkey Dance . It made its world premiere on August 26, 2017, at the Aliw Theater stage. REP staged an English version of the epic which featured fun, child-friendly music, and bright and colorful costumes. The Adarna House is a Philippine publishing house. An interactive ebook version of
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#17331146902644524-557: The country, such as Mindanao State University , University of San Carlos , University of the Philippines , Ateneo Universities , Silliman University , and University of the Cordilleras , as well as other publishers such as Anvil Publishing . The publications spanned the 16th to the 21st centuries. Printed but unpublished sources include college and graduate school theses. Written literature does not provide definitive accounts of particular stories, which vary from town to town, even within
4611-540: The end of the tale). According to Dean Fansler , the romance is very popular in the archipelago, with at least five different language printings: Tagalog , Pampango , Visayan , Ilocano and Bicol . The differences between the literary versions led Fansler to believe in a folkloric origin for the tale. The story of Ibong Adarna is known all over the Philippines and has been told in different languages and media. Narcisa "Doña Sisang" de Leon of LVN Studios produced
4698-449: The epic as received in tradition and add to the epic in their performances. Later writers like Virgil , Apollonius of Rhodes , Dante , Camões , and Milton adopted and adapted Homer's style and subject matter , but used devices available only to those who write. The oldest epic recognized is the Epic of Gilgamesh ( c. 2500–1300 BCE ), which was recorded in ancient Sumer during
4785-662: The epic including animation and sound was released for the iPad. Project Gutenberg also has a version of the epic in its library. Miss Universe 2018 Catriona Gray ’s preliminary gown by Mak Tumang at the Miss Universe preliminary competition was called "Adarna: Blazing Siren.” Her gown which was inspired by the Ibong Adarna and the Phoenix Mikimoto Crown was adorned with layers of embroidered gold feathers and thousands of hand-placed genuine Swarovski crystals in different shades of orange and topaz ; she paired it with
4872-522: The ethnic group. The concept of diwata and anito are similar to the Japanese kami . However, during the colonial era, the Spanish intentionally modified the meaning of both words because they were not in line with Christian monotheism. This modification was supported by the Americans in the early 20th century. The meaning of diwata was transformed to "fairy" or "enchantress", while the meaning of anito
4959-477: The film Ang TV Movie: The Adarna Adventure . Jolina Magdangal played the Ibong Adarna/Prinsesa Adarna. The cast included Nida Blanca as Lola Binyang, Tirso Cruz III as Prinsipe Diego, Dindo Arroyo as Prinsipe Pedro, Gio Alvarez as Prinsipe Juan and Gamaliel Viray as Hari ng Berbanya along with the kids and teens of Ang TV . Adarna: The Mythical Bird which premiered on December 25, 1997,
5046-446: The first two Ibong Adarna films. The first one, made in 1941, starred Mila del Sol as Prinsesa Maria, Fred Cortes as Prinsipe Juan, Ester Magalona, Vicente Oliver, Deanna Prieto, Ben Rubio and Angeles Gayoso who voiced the Ibong Adarna. It had a magical sequence that showed the singing of the bird. That used a painstakingly hand-painted process called "Varicolor", where the bird was colorized in this otherwise black and white film. LVN
5133-499: The forms of poetry, contrasted with lyric poetry and drama (in the form of tragedy and comedy). Harmon & Holman (1999) define an epic: Harmon and Holman delineate ten main characteristics of an epic: The hero generally participates in a cyclical journey or quest, faces adversaries that try to defeat them in their journey, and returns home significantly transformed by their journey. The epic hero illustrates traits, performs deeds, and exemplifies certain morals that are valued by
5220-619: The generations by speech or song. All Philippine mythologies originated as oral literature. Stories naturally change and proliferate. Despite many recording projects, the majority have yet to be properly documented. These traditions were intentionally interfered with by the Spanish through the 16th century introduction of Christian mythology. Examples include the Biag ni Lam-ang and the Tale of Bernardo Carpio , where certain characters were imposed with Spanish names and influence. Interest in oral literature grew in
5307-499: The godly knight, That the great sepulchre of Christ did free, I sing; much wrought his valor and foresight, And in that glorious war much suffered he; In vain 'gainst him did Hell oppose her might, In vain the Turks and Morians armèd be: His soldiers wild, to brawls and mutines prest, Reducèd he to peace, so Heaven him blest. From the 14th century English epic poems were written in heroic couplets , and rhyme royal , though in
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#17331146902645394-412: The importance of line consistency and poetic meter. Ancient Greek epics were composed in dactylic hexameter . Very early Latin epicists, such Livius Andronicus and Gnaeus Naevius , used Saturnian meter. By the time of Ennius , however, Latin poets had adopted dactylic hexameter . Dactylic hexameter has been adapted by a few anglophone poets such as Longfellow in " Evangeline ", whose first line
5481-432: The international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index , namely types ATU 551, "The Sons on a Quest for a Wonderful Remedy for their Father"; ATU 301, "The Three Stolen Princesses" (hero's descent into a lower world, pit or hole to rescue kidnapped princesses), and ATU 313, " The Magical Flight " (hero meets villain's daughter and falls in love with her; her father imposes tasks on the hero; hero and villain's daughter escape together at
5568-596: The lead Prince Adolfo and comedians Panchito Alba as Prince Alfonso, Babalu as Prince Albano and Rosanna Ortiz as the Ibong Adarna. Tagalog Pictures, Inc. produced the film Si Prinsipe Abante at ang Lihim ng Ibong Adarna in 1990 starring comedian Rene Requiestas as the lead Prinsipe Abante ( forward ), Paquito Diaz as Prinsipe Atras ( retreat ), Joaquin Fajardo as Prinsipe Urong-Sulong (synonymous to atras-abante ; back and forth ) and Monica Herrera as Prinsesa Luningning/the Ibong Adarna. In 1996, Star Cinema produced
5655-498: The most famous, The Tale of the Heike , deals with historical wars and had a ritual function to placate the souls of the dead (Tokita 2015, p. 7). A variety of epic forms are found in Africa. Some have a linear, unified style while others have a more cyclical, episodic style (Barber 2007, p. 50). People in the rice cultivation zones of south China sang long narrative songs about
5742-606: The mythical creatures of Philippine mythology are: A variety of known mythical objects appear in oral literature, notably in epics and stories concerning the deities, heroes, and mythical creatures. Examples: At least two oral literatures, the Hudhud and the Darangen , and one indigenous game, Punnuk , appear in UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists . Additionally, four Philippine paleographs (still used by
5829-555: The natural world. The usage of the term " diwata " is mostly found in the central and southern Philippines while the usage of " anito " is found in the northern Philippines. In a buffer zone area both terms are used. Diwata may originate from the Sanskrit word devata ( deity), anito may have derived from the proto-Malayo-Polynesian word qanitu and the proto-Austronesian qanicu , both meaning ancestral spirits. Both diwata and anito are gender-neutral terms. They translate into deities, ancestral spirits, and/or guardians, depending on
5916-705: The notions of heaven ( kaluwalhatian , kalangitan , kamurawayan ), hell ( kasamaan , sulad ), and the human soul ( kaluluwa , kaulolan , makatu , ginoand kud ,...). The primary use of Philippine mythology is to explain the nature of the world , human existence, and life's mysteries. Myths include narratives of heroes, deities ( anito , Diwata ), and mythological creatures . These myths were transmitted through oral tradition, handed down through generations guided by spiritual leaders or shamans , ( babaylan , katalonan , mumbaki , baglan , machanitu , walian , mangubat , bahasa ,...), and community elders. The traditional belief systems and indigenous religions of
6003-718: The origin of rice growing, rebel heroes, and transgressive love affairs (McLaren 2022). The borderland ethnic populations of China sang heroic epics, such as the Epic of King Gesar of the Mongols , and the creation-myth epics of the Yao people of south China. Philippine folklore Philippine mythology is rooted in the many indigenous Philippine folk religions . Philippine mythology exhibits influence from Hindu , Muslim , Buddhist , and Christian traditions. Philippine mythology includes concepts akin to those in other belief systems, such as
6090-603: The past. Among these heroes: In Anitism numerous human figures, either full humans or demigods that may be mortal or immortal, have been attributed as actors or helpers in various events, and their actions supplement explanations of how things came to be. A few of these figures are: Some figures in Anitism are not human. Many are monsters, while others are deities, demigods, or humans that took non-human forms or were originally non-human in form. Some beings are essentially non-human messengers, divine familiars, or animal humanoids. Among
6177-487: The performer has the license to recontextualize the story to a particular audience, often to a younger generation. The English word epic comes from Latin epicus , which itself comes from the Ancient Greek adjective ἐπικός ( epikos ), from ἔπος ( epos ), "word, story, poem." In ancient Greek , 'epic' could refer to all poetry in dactylic hexameter ( epea ), which included not only Homer but also
6264-706: The poet is also paying homage to the ancestors of audience members. Examples: In the Homeric and post-Homeric tradition, epic style is typically achieved through the use of the following stylistic features: Many verse forms have been used in epic poems through the ages, but each language's literature typically gravitates to one form, or at least to a very limited set. Ancient Sumerian epic poems did not use any kind of poetic meter and lines did not have consistent lengths; instead, Sumerian poems derived their rhythm solely through constant repetition and parallelism , with subtle variations between lines. Indo-European epic poetry, by contrast, usually places strong emphasis on
6351-554: The princesses and falls in love with her. The ruler in this kingdom, King Salermo, was very angry and disproved of their relationship. So he gave Don Juan seven trials in which he passed all, so King Salermo tries to kill Don Juan, and out of pure anger, he cast a curse on them that when they step foot in Berbania, Don Juan would forget Doña Maria, and he dies of his rage. So both of them, flee the pursuing king. but were separated when Don Juan leaves her to make preparations for their entry into
6438-439: The role of Ibong Adarna with Mark Sumaylo as Don Pedro, Romeo Peralta as Don Diego and Ballet Manila's Principal dancer Rudy de Dios as Don Juan. It featured music by Diwa de Leon, with Gia Macuja Atchison as the voice of Ibong Adarna, and script by Angela Blardony Ureta. Ballet Manila's CEO and Artistic Director Lisa Macuja-Elizalde described the show as "a modern ballet with neo-classical and classical styles that serve as
6525-482: The same ethnic group. Examples include Bakunawa and the Seven Moons and The Tambanokano , whose specifics depend on the locality, ethnicity, story origin, and cultural progression. The indigenous religions of the Philippines developed through a variety of migrations and trade routes. Scholars theorized that Austronesians arrived through the "Out-of-Taiwan model", crossing from mainland Asia to Taiwan, and later
6612-436: The society the epic originates from. Many epic heroes are recurring characters in the legends of their native cultures. In the Indian mahākāvya epic genre, more emphasis was laid on description than on narration. Indeed, the traditional characteristics of a mahākāvya are listed as: Classical epic poetry recounts a journey, either physical (as typified by Odysseus in the Odyssey ) or mental (as typified by Achilles in
6699-463: The tale is of Pre-Spanish origin and represents indigenous Philippine literature . However, it does bear some influences from 19th-century European romances, which infuse it with a medieval chivalry atmosphere. It holds a comparable status, or possibly even parallels, with the Arabian Nights' Entertainments , a book included in the reading materials of both public and private schools. Ibong Adarna
6786-616: The time when a Spanish priest boasted about burning indigenous religious writings, specifically "more than three hundred scrolls written in the native character". Even Chinese sources maintain the existence of indigenous religious texts from the Philippines. In 1349, the Chinese Wang Ta-yuan recorded that widows of important leaders spent the rest of their lives poring over religious texts. Spanish sources note that native writings were written on native reeds and leaves using iron points and other local pens, similar to how things are written on
6873-429: The title role. In the 50th episode of season 1 of GMA's drama fantasy anthology series Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko which aired on April 22, 2018, lola Goreng ( Gloria Romero ) narrated the story of the Ibong Adarna. The episode starred Kyline Alcantara as Ibong Adarna, Jeric Gonzales as Juan, Lucho Ayala as Pedro, Aaron Yanga as Diego and Rey 'PJ' Abellana as Fernando. Ballet Manila soloist Abigail Oliveiro took on
6960-562: The traditional European definition of the heroic epic are sometimes known as folk epics. Indian folk epics have been investigated by Lauri Honko (1998), Brenda Beck (1982) and John Smith, amongst others. Folk epics are an important part of community identities. The folk genre known as al-sira relates the saga of the Hilālī tribe and their migrations across the Middle East and north Africa, see Bridget Connelly (1986). In India, folk epics reflect
7047-473: The wisdom poetry of Hesiod , the utterances of the Delphic oracle , and the strange theological verses attributed to Orpheus . Later tradition, however, has restricted the term 'epic' to heroic epic , as described in this article. Originating before the invention of writing, primary epics, such as those of Homer , were composed by bards who used complex rhetorical and metrical schemes by which they could memorize
7134-639: Was able to archive copies of the film which was shown again in theaters after the war in the late 40s and 50s. Fifteen years later, in 1956, LVN produced a second version, this time under the full direction of an older Manuel Conde, and starred Nida Blanca , Nestor de Villa , Carlos Salazar, Cecilia Lopez, Nita Javier and Jose Vergara. The 1956 film was the first Filipino commercial film shot and shown in its entirety in Eastman Color . Roda Film Productions produced two films, Ibong Adarna (1972) and its sequel Ang Hiwaga ng Ibong Adarna (1973) starring Dolphy as
7221-529: Was accompanied by attempts to revitalize the indigenous Philippine folk religions and establish them as the state religion. However, the proposals were sidelined over conflicts with the Americans, which led to war. In the late 19th century, the US occupied the country leading more people to convert to Christianity. Filipino mythologies from different ethnic groups have similarities such as: The deities, heroes, and creatures are different from each other, and do not form
7308-545: Was supposedly crowned King of Berbania by his father, but Don Juan gave the kingdom to Don Pedro and Princess Juana, and returns to Reino de los Cristales, where he became king, and Doña Maria became queen. The tale ends with Don Juan and Doña Maria's coronation, symbolizing their reunion and the restoration of happiness in Reino de Los Cristales. The Ibong Adarna is often described as the most colorful bird in Philippine folklore . It
7395-455: Was that oral epics tend to be constructed in short episodes, each of equal status, interest and importance. This facilitates memorization, as the poet is recalling each episode in turn and using the completed episodes to recreate the entire epic as he performs it. Parry and Lord also contend that the most likely source for written texts of the epics of Homer was dictation from an oral performance. Milman Parry and Albert Lord have argued that
7482-559: Was transformed to "ancestors and spirits". In areas not colonized by Spain, the meanings were not changed. Each ethnic group has stories depicting mythical heroes, notably through oral traditions such as epic poems . Spanish and American colonisation led some stories to be retrofitted with minor changes, notably to heroes' names. For the native people, many of these heroes are understood to be actual humans who lived centuries ago rather than mythical beings, analogous to Christian and Muslim beliefs that their prophets/saints were people from
7569-453: Was used alongside written scriptures to communicate and facilitate the spread of culture. In these traditions, poetry is transmitted to the audience and from performer to performer by purely oral means. Early 20th-century study of living oral epic traditions in the Balkans by Milman Parry and Albert Lord demonstrated the paratactic model used for composing these poems. What they demonstrated
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