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51-503: Originally undertaken in 1984, ITRON is a Japanese open standard for a real-time operating system initiated under the guidance of Ken Sakamura . This project aims to standardize the RTOS and related specifications for embedded systems , particularly small-scale embedded systems. The ITRON RTOS specification is targeted for consumer electronic devices, such as mobile phones and fax machines . Various vendors sell their own implementations of

102-603: A GUI that is closest to the average consumer, μITRON was widely used as the OS for the high-function mobile phones that became popular in Japan in the early to late 2000s. Microprocessor manufacturers that provide processors to mobile phone manufacturers, such as the SH-Mobile3, which was released by Renesas in 2004 and was used as the main CPU in many of the high-function mobile phones released in Japan in

153-657: A common patent policy under the banner of the WSC . However, the ITU-T definition should not necessarily be considered also applicable in ITU-R, ISO and IEC contexts, since the Common Patent Policy does not make any reference to "open standards" but rather only to "standards." In section 7 of its RFC 2026, the IETF classifies specifications that have been developed in a manner similar to that of

204-402: A data format which is made public, is thoroughly documented and neutral with regard to the technological tools needed to peruse the same data. The E-Government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF) defines open standard as royalty-free according to the following text: While a universally agreed definition of "open standards" is unlikely to be resolved in the near future, the e-GIF accepts that

255-601: A definition of "open standards" needs to recognise a continuum that ranges from closed to open, and encompasses varying degrees of "openness." To guide readers in this respect, the e-GIF endorses "open standards" that exhibit the following properties: The e-GIF performs the same function in e-government as the Road Code does on the highways. Driving would be excessively costly, inefficient, and ineffective if road rules had to be agreed each time one vehicle encountered another. The Portuguese Open Standards Law, adopted in 2011, demands

306-528: A definition of open standards, which also is used in pan-European software development projects. It states: The French Parliament approved a definition of "open standard" in its "Law for Confidence in the Digital Economy." The definition is (Article 4): A clear royalty-free stance and far reaching requirements case is the one for India's Government 4.1 Mandatory Characteristics An Identified Standard will qualify as an "Open Standard", if it meets

357-584: A full, irrevocable and irreversible way to the Portuguese State; e) There are no restrictions to its implementation. A Law passed by the Spanish Parliament requires that all electronic services provided by the Spanish public administration must be based on open standards. It defines an open standard as royalty-free, according to the following definition (ANEXO Definiciones k): An open standard fulfills

408-407: A game console which uses FreeBSD as the main OS of the main unit and μITRON4.0 for wireless communication control of the controller (Joy-Con) (2017). Note, however, during the time ITRON specification OS was distributed, TRON Project did not ask the users to mention its use in the manual or the product itself and so exact tally of the design wins does not exist at all. μITRON is used as an OS in

459-588: A set of principles which have contributed to the exponential growth of the Internet and related technologies. The "OpenStand Principles" define open standards and establish the building blocks for innovation. Standards developed using the OpenStand principles are developed through an open, participatory process, support interoperability, foster global competition, are voluntarily adopted on a global level and serve as building blocks for products and services targeted to meet

510-401: Is at the source level, and does not specify binary API compatibility. This makes it possible for implementers to make use of features of the particular CPU model to which the implementation is targeted. The developer even has the freedom of choosing to pass the parameters using a consolidated packet, or separate parameters to API (system call, library call, etc.). Such freedom is important to make

561-688: Is determined by the market. The ITU-T is a standards development organization (SDO) that is one of the three sectors of the International Telecommunication Union (a specialized agency of the United Nations ). The ITU-T has a Telecommunication Standardization Bureau director's Ad Hoc group on IPR that produced the following definition in March 2005, which the ITU-T as a whole has endorsed for its purposes since November 2005: The ITU-T , ITU-R , ISO , and IEC have harmonized on

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612-557: Is here meant in the sense of fulfilling the following requirements: The Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium (NCOIC) defines open standard as the following: Specifications for hardware and/or software that are publicly available implying that multiple vendors can compete directly based on the features and performance of their products. It also implies that the existing open system can be removed and replaced with that of another vendor with minimal effort and without major interruption. The Danish government has attempted to make

663-413: Is meant for hard real-time embedded RTOS. It is very popular in the embedded market, as there are many applications for it, i.e., devices with the OS embedded inside. For example, there is an ACM Queue interview with Jim Ready, founder of MontaVista (realtime linux company), "Interview with Jim Reddy", April 2003, ACM Queue. He says in the interview, "The single, most successful RTOS in Japan historically

714-454: Is no single definition, and interpretations vary with usage. Examples of open standards include the GSM , 4G , and 5G standards that allow most modern mobile phones to work world-wide. The terms open and standard have a wide range of meanings associated with their usage. There are a number of definitions of open standards which emphasize different aspects of openness, including the openness of

765-456: Is not well standardized, TRON Forum recommends T-Kernel as an RTOS for high-function embedded systems. In embedded devices for general consumers in the early 2000s, the series of Colorio, Seiko Epson's printer, adopted "eCROS," a software platform based on T-Kernel from eSOL in 2008. ITRON's popularity comes from many factors, but one factor is the notion of "loose standardization": the API specification

816-501: Is then published in the form of RFC 6852 in January 2013. The European Union defined the term for use within its European Interoperability Framework for Pan-European eGovernment Services, Version 1.0 although it does not claim to be a universal definition for all European Union use and documentation. To reach interoperability in the context of pan-European eGovernment services, guidance needs to focus on open standards. The word "open"

867-645: Is μITRON. This is an indigenous open specification led by Dr. Ken Sakamura of the University of Tokyo. It is an industry standard there." Many Japanese digital cameras, for example, have use ITRON specification OS. Toyota automobile has used ITRON specification OS for engine control. According to the "Survey Report on Embedded Real-time OS Usage Trends" conducted every year by TRON Forum at the Embedded Technology (ET, organized by Japan Embedded Systems Technology Association: JASA), ITRON specification OS has long held

918-698: The GSM phones (adopted as a government standard), Open Group which promotes UNIX , and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) which created the first standards of SMTP and TCP/IP. Buyers tend to prefer open standards which they believe offer them cheaper products and more choice for access due to network effects and increased competition between vendors. Open standards which specify formats are sometimes referred to as open formats . Many specifications that are sometimes referred to as standards are proprietary, and only available (if they can be obtained at all) under restrictive contract terms from

969-584: The New Zealand , South African and the Venezuelan governments. On the standard organisation side, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) ensures that its specifications can be implemented on a royalty-free basis. Many definitions of the term standard permit patent holders to impose " reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing" royalty fees and other licensing terms on implementers or users of

1020-462: The "PrFILE2 exFAT" for the file system of its main unit, which is part of "eCROS" platform based on T-Kernel by eSOL Co., Ltd., and the "Libnfc-nci" as the communication stack for handling NFC, which is part of the Android platform. In addition to Nintendo game consoles, advanced devices such as cars and smartphones are equipped with multiple OSs, including RTOSs, in addition to the main OS. As an OS with

1071-593: The "Simplified BSD License" as stated in the IETF Trust Legal Provisions and Copyright FAQ based on RFC 5377. In August 2012, the IETF combined with the W3C and IEEE to launch OpenStand and to publish The Modern Paradigm for Standards. This captures "the effective and efficient standardization processes that have made the Internet and Web the premiere platforms for innovation and borderless commerce". The declaration

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1122-495: The IETF and ITU-T explicitly refer to their standards as "open standards", while the others refer only to producing "standards". The IETF and ITU-T use definitions of "open standard" that allow "reasonable and non-discriminatory" patent licensing fee requirements. There are those in the open-source software community who hold that an "open standard" is only open if it can be freely adopted, implemented and extended. While open standards or architectures are considered non-proprietary in

1173-518: The IETF itself as being "open standards," and lists the standards produced by ANSI , ISO , IEEE , and ITU-T as examples. As the IETF standardization processes and IPR policies have the characteristics listed above by ITU-T, the IETF standards fulfill the ITU-T definition of "open standards." However, the IETF has not adopted a specific definition of "open standard"; both RFC 2026 and the IETF's mission statement (RFC 3935) talks about "open process," but RFC 2026 does not define "open standard" except for

1224-523: The IoT era. T-Kernel is mainly used in embedded systems that require advanced information processing, but μITRON is still used in systems that do not require such advanced processing. There are design wins such as Toyota PRADO (2005) which uses μITRON for its engine control system, which are listed in 30th anniversary of the TRON Project page. Other design wins that came after that date include Nintendo Switch,

1275-482: The MCU for writing media on recording servers or the MCU for controlling the engine of automobiles. Nintendo Switch, a game console released by Nintendo in 2017, uses a FreeBSD-compliant OS as its main OS, but it uses an RTOS from eSOL that complies with the μITRON4.0 specification for controlling the near-field communication (NFC) of the controller (Joy-Con). Nintendo Switch uses a variety of platforms, including TRON OSs, such as

1326-462: The OSs for its 3G FOMA service. Thus, from around 2005, "Galapagos" mobile phones also began to use general-purpose OSs like Linux rather than RTOSs like ITRON. Even after μITRON is no longer used as the main OS for mobile phones, it may still be running in microprocessrs for camera control, etc. For example, the "Milbeaut Mobile" image processing LSI, which was released by Fujitsu in 2003 and used in many of

1377-621: The RTOS. ITRON, and μITRON (sometimes also spelled uITRON or microITRON) are the names of RTOS specifications derived from ITRON projects. The 'μ' character indicates that the particular specification is meant for the smaller 8-bit or 16-bit CPU targets. Specifications are available for free. Commercial implementations are available, and offered under many different licenses. A few sample source implementations of ITRON specification exist, as do many commercial source offerings. Examples of open source RTOSes incorporating an API based on μITRON specification are eCos and RTEMS . ITRON specification

1428-528: The basic design at the 29th National Convention of the Information Processing Society of Japan in 1984. The latest version of the μITRON specification, as of 2016, is μITRON4, released in 1999, and the latest version of μITRON4 is 4.03.03, released in December 2006. The specification states that the plan is to design specifications that will allow for a smooth transition from μITRON to T-Kernel in

1479-489: The best use of not so powerful 8-bit or 16-bit CPUs. This makes keeping the binary compatibility among different implementations impossible. This led to the development of T-Kernel in the 2000s in order to promote binary compatibility for middleware distribution. T-Kernel refers to both the specification and the single implementation based on the authorized source code available from TRON Forum (formerly T-Engine Forum) for free under T-License . So T-Kernel doesn't suffer from

1530-426: The binary API incompatibility. ITRON specification was promoted by the various companies which sell the commercial implementations. There was also an NPO,TRON Association that promoted the specification by publishing it as well as other TRON specification OSes. But since the first quarter of 2010, TRON Association became part of T-Engine Forum, another non-profit organization that promotes other operating system such as

1581-646: The degree of openness will be taken into account when selecting an appropriate standard: The UK government 's definition of open standards applies to software interoperability, data and document formats. The criteria for open standards are published in the "Open Standards Principles" policy paper and are as follows. The Cabinet Office in the UK recommends that government departments specify requirements using open standards when undertaking procurement exercises in order to promote interoperability and re-use, and avoid technological lock-in. The Venezuelan Government approved

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1632-502: The following conditions: The South African Government approved a definition in the "Minimum Interoperability Operating Standards Handbook" (MIOS). For the purposes of the MIOS, a standard shall be considered open if it meets all of these criteria. There are standards which we are obliged to adopt for pragmatic reasons which do not necessarily fully conform to being open in all respects. In such cases, where an open standard does not yet exist,

1683-564: The following criteria: Italy has a general rule for the entire public sector dealing with Open Standards, although concentrating on data formats, in Art. 68 of the Code of the Digital Administration ( Codice dell'Amministrazione Digitale ) [applications must] allow representation of data under different formats, at least one being an open data format. [...] [it is defined] an open data format,

1734-544: The future. (The English specicification is available: μITRON 4.0 Specification Ver. 4.03.00 ) Sakamura says that μITRON was already a "mature technology" in 2000. From the standpoint that more effort should be focused on the T-Kernel project than the ITRON project in the age of ubiquitous computing, μT-Kernel has been provided for small-scale systems, for which μITRON was traditionally used, and μT-Kernel 2.0 has also been provided for

1785-506: The high-function mobile phones with cameras that became popular in Japan in the early 2000s, used μITRON as its OS. The Milbeaut series is still being sold in the 2010s as an image processing LSI for dashboard cameras, drones, surveillance cameras, etc. In multimedia devices from the 1990s to the early 2000s, in order to achieve advanced functions such as maximizing the performance of low-performance processors and controlling video processing and network communication in real time in parallel, it

1836-425: The invisible realm of devices such as business equipment, home appliances, and game console remote controls. It is also used in advanced devices such as TV recording servers and automobiles, and under the advanced OS that controls the entire system, multiple MCUs and multiple OSs are installed to control them. Even if the main OS uses embedded Linux or embedded Windows, μITRON is running in the invisible area, such as

1887-445: The low-end CPU market as well as large-scale systems, the term ITRON often refers to μITRON. Supported CPUs are numerous. ARM , MIPS , x86 , SH FR-V and many others including CPUs supported by open source RTOS eCos and RTEMS , both of which include the support for μITRON compatible APIs. TRON Project began designing the computer architecture as an infrastructure of the future computer applications, and presented an overview of

1938-416: The mid-2000s, provided ITRON specification OSs as part of their platforms. ITRON specification OS was not standardized well, and each company customized the software for each mobile phone, causing the software to expand, and the OS customization became a problem for third-generation mobile communication system (3G) mobile phones. In 2003, NTT DoCoMo announced that it would be recommending Symbian OS and Linux as

1989-400: The needs of markets and consumers. This drives innovation which, in turn, contributes to the creation of new markets and the growth and expansion of existing markets. There are five, key OpenStand Principles, as outlined below: 1. Cooperation Respectful cooperation between standards organizations, whereby each respects the autonomy, integrity, processes, and intellectual property rules of

2040-553: The next generation RTOS, T-Kernel . T-Engine Forum, in turn, changed its name into TRON Forum in 2015. JTRON ( Java TRON ) is a sub-project of ITRON to allow it to use the Java platform . Open standard An open standard is a standard that is openly accessible and usable by anyone. It is also a common prerequisite that open standards use an open license that provides for extensibility. Typically, anybody can participate in their development due to their inherently open nature. There

2091-411: The organization that owns the copyright on the specification. As such these specifications are not considered to be fully open . Joel West has argued that "open" standards are not black and white but have many different levels of "openness". A more open standard tends to occur when the knowledge of the technology becomes dispersed enough that competition is increased and others are able to start copying

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2142-711: The others. 2. Adherence to Principles – Adherence to the five fundamental principles of standards development, namely 3. Collective Empowerment Commitment by affirming standards organizations and their participants to collective empowerment by striving for standards that: 4. Availability Standards specifications are made accessible to all for implementation and deployment. Affirming standards organizations have defined procedures to develop specifications that can be implemented under fair terms. Given market diversity, fair terms may vary from royalty-free to fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms (FRAND). 5. Voluntary Adoption Standards are voluntarily adopted and success

2193-631: The purpose of defining what documents IETF standards can link to. RFC 2026 belongs to a set of RFCs collectively known as BCP 9 (Best Common Practice, an IETF policy). RFC 2026 was later updated by BCP 78 and 79 (among others). As of 2011 BCP 78 is RFC 5378 (Rights Contributors Provide to the IETF Trust), and BCP 79 consists of RFC 3979 (Intellectual Property Rights in IETF Technology) and a clarification in RFC 4879. The changes are intended to be compatible with

2244-584: The resulting specification, the openness of the drafting process, and the ownership of rights in the standard. The term "standard" is sometimes restricted to technologies approved by formalized committees that are open to participation by all interested parties and operate on a consensus basis. The definitions of the term open standard used by academics, the European Union , and some of its member governments or parliaments such as Denmark , France , and Spain preclude open standards requiring fees for use, as do

2295-480: The sense that the standard is either unowned or owned by a collective body, it can still be publicly shared and not tightly guarded. The typical example of "open source" that has become a standard is the personal computer originated by IBM and now referred to as Wintel , the combination of the Microsoft operating system and Intel microprocessor. There are three others that are most widely accepted as "open" which include

2346-512: The standard. For example, the rules for standards published by the major internationally recognized standards bodies such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and ITU-T permit their standards to contain specifications whose implementation will require payment of patent licensing fees. Among these organizations, only

2397-693: The technology as they implement it. This occurred with the Wintel architecture as others were able to start imitating the software. Less open standards exist when a particular firm has much power (not ownership) over the standard, which can occur when a firm's platform "wins" in standard setting or the market makes one platform most popular. On August 12, 2012, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Internet Society (ISOC), World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Architecture Board (IAB), jointly affirmed

2448-690: The top share in the embedded OS market in Japan and is adopted as the industry standard OS. For example, in the FY 2016 survey, TRON OSs (including ITRON specification OS and T-Kernel) accounted for around 60% of the embedded systems market. ITRON specification OSs (including μITRON) alone accounted for 43% of the market, and had a 20% lead over UNIX-based OSs (including POSIX), which are in second place behind TRON OSs. Although ITRON specification may not be very well known overseas, OSs that conform to it have been installed in Japanese-made home appliances and exported around

2499-667: The use of Open Standards, and is applicable to sovereign entities, central public administration services (including decentralized services and public institutes), regional public administration services and the public sector. In it, Open Standards are defined thus: a) Its adoption is fruit off an open decision process accessible to all interested parties; b) The specifications document must have been freely published, allowing its copy, distribution and use without restrictions; c) The specifications document cannot cover undocumented actions of processes; d) The applicable intellectual property rights, including patents, have been made available in

2550-493: The world, so ITRON specification OS has a high market share. As of 2003, it was ranked number one in the world in terms of OS market share. Because its license could be easily obtained and it was free, it was used quite a bit in Asia. μITRON (read as micro ITRON, not "mu" ITRON) specification started out as a subset of the original ITRON specification. However, after the version 3 of the μITRON specification appeared, since it covers both

2601-419: Was necessary to use an RTOS such as ITRON. However, on the other hand, the burden on engineers was very great, and since the 2010s, when the performance of microprocessors has greatly improved, it is not recommended to use an RTOS to control such high-function devices. Basically, embedded Linux such as Android is used, and only the parts that require real-time performance use an RTOS. Because ITRON specification OS

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