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114-497: In response, housing activists, students, community members, and tenants united to protest and resist eviction. All the tenants were evicted on August 4, 1977 and the hotel was demolished in 1981. After the site was purchased by the International Hotel Senior Housing Inc., it was rebuilt and opened in 2005. It now shares spaces with St. Mary's School and Manilatown Center. The I-Hotel, originally established as

228-690: A boycott of the San Francisco News . The newspaper had reported on the DWI arrest of one of his priests; Mitty called the coverage anti-Catholic . In 1952, the Vatican elected the Mission Dolores Church to a basilica. Mitty died in 1961. Pope John XXIII named Bishop Joseph McGucken from the Diocese of Sacramento as the next archbishop of San Francisco in 1962. That same year, an arson fire destroyed

342-589: A labor union affiliate of the California Federation of Teachers ( AFT , AFL–CIO ), and have a collective bargaining agreement with the Archdiocese of San Francisco. The CBA governs the terms of their employment. Marin Catholic High School – Kentfield Mercy High School – San Francisco The archdiocese's first official weekly newspaper, The Monitor , published from 1858 to 1984. In 1999,

456-690: A backdoor to the Chinese Exclusion Act , and bring in their relatives from China . The earthquake was also responsible for the development of the Pacific Heights neighborhood. The immense power of the earthquake had destroyed almost all of the mansions on Nob Hill except for the James C. Flood Mansion . Others that had not been destroyed were dynamited by the Army forces aiding the firefighting efforts in attempts to create firebreaks. As one indirect result,

570-526: A fireman who told me that people in that neighborhood were firing their houses...they were told that they would not get their insurance on buildings damaged by the earthquake unless they were damaged by fire". One landmark building lost in the fire was the Palace Hotel , subsequently rebuilt, which had many famous visitors including royalty and celebrated performers. It was constructed in 1875 primarily financed by Bank of California co-founder William Ralston ,

684-665: A former advisor to Quinn, was charged with embezzling over $ 260,000 in donations from the archdiocese. In 2004, O'Shea pleaded guilty and was sentenced to time served in prison for molestation charges and ordered to pay $ 187,000 back to the archdiocese. In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI named Levada as prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in Rome. To replace Levada in San Francisco,

798-430: A ground-floor community center and a historical display commemorating the original I-Hotel. Additionally, a new mural on the site of the new building by Johanna Poethig features Robles, Etta Moon, Bill Sorro, and other tenant activists, commemorating their struggle to preserve affordable housing in San Francisco. 1906 San Francisco earthquake At 05:12 AM Pacific Standard Time on Wednesday, April 18, 1906,

912-537: A luxury location for travelers in 1854, relocated to Kearny Street in 1873 and was rebuilt in 1907 after the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire . During the 1920s and 1930s, thousands of seasonal Asian laborers came to reside at the I-Hotel. The communities and building around the I-Hotel grew into a 10-block Filipino American enclave along Kearny Street known as Manilatown, the Manilatown section of San Francisco . During

1026-540: A makeshift tent city in Golden Gate Park and were treated by the faculty of the Affiliated Colleges. This brought the school, which until then was located on the western outskirts of the city, in contact with significant population and fueled the commitment of the school towards civic responsibility and health care, increasing the momentum towards the construction of its own health facilities. In April 1907, one of

1140-575: A positive. He supported the efforts of Most Holy Redeemer Church in the Castro district in their efforts to reach out to the LGBTQ+ population of the neighborhood. Quinn regularly visited this parish, especially during the annual 40 Hours Vigil held throughout the 1980s in support of those who were HIV-positive and their caregivers. In 1985, Quinn initiated the Catholic Church's first institutional response to

1254-564: A result of the erosion caused by hydraulic mining in the later years of the California Gold Rush . For years, the epicenter of the quake was assumed to be near the town of Olema , in the Point Reyes area of Marin County , due to local earth displacement measurements. In the 1960s, a seismologist at UC Berkeley proposed that the epicenter was more likely offshore of San Francisco, to

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1368-400: A suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of San Francisco. The dioceses of Reno and Salt Lake City then became suffragan dioceses of the new archdiocese. As of 2023, Cordileone is the archbishop of San Francisco. Reverend Patrick O'Shea was defrocked in 1994 after numerous men accused him of sexually abusing them as boys. O'Shea had operated the altar server program at Mission Dolores in

1482-509: A time when the science of seismology was blossoming. Although the impact of the earthquake on San Francisco was the most famous, the earthquake also inflicted considerable damage on several other cities. These include San Jose and Santa Rosa , the entire downtown of which was essentially destroyed. As damaging as the earthquake and its aftershocks were, the fires that burned out of control afterward were far more destructive. It has been estimated that at least 80%, and at most over 95%, of

1596-595: A woman who lit her stove to prepare breakfast, unaware of the badly damaged chimney, destroying a 30-block area, including a college, the Hall of Records and City Hall. Some of the fires were started when San Francisco Fire Department firefighters, untrained in the use of dynamite , attempted to demolish buildings to create firebreaks . The dynamited buildings often caught fire. The city's fire chief, Dennis T. Sullivan , who would have been responsible for coordinating firefighting efforts, had died from injuries sustained in

1710-749: Is ex officio metropolitan bishop of the Province of San Francisco, has limited oversight responsibilities for the Dioceses of Honolulu , Oakland , Sacramento , San Jose , Santa Rosa , and Stockton . Prior to the elevation of the Diocese of Las Vegas to an archdiocese in May 2023, the Province of San Francisco also covered the Dioceses of Las Vegas, Reno and Salt Lake City. [REDACTED] Media related to Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

1824-665: Is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in the northern California region of the United States. The Archdiocese of San Francisco was erected on July 29, 1853, by Pope Pius IX and its cathedral is the Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption . The Archdiocese of San Francisco covers San Francisco, Marin County , and San Mateo County . It is

1938-737: Is asking for the same respect". Ting and Mulin called for an investigation of working conditions at archdiocesan high schools over the archbishop's proposed morality clauses for teachers. In April 2015, more than 100 Catholic donors and church members from the Bay Area signed a full-page advertisement in the San Francisco Chronicle appealing to Pope Francis to replace Cordileone. The signers objected to Cordileone's characterization of extramarital sex and LBGTQ+ relationships as "gravely evil", saying that Cordileone fostered "an atmosphere of division and intolerance". The archdiocese responded that

2052-550: Is characterized by mainly lateral motion in a dextral sense, where the western (Pacific) plate moves northward relative to the eastern (North American) plate. This fault runs the length of California from the Salton Sea in the south to Cape Mendocino in the north, a distance of about 810 miles (1,300 km). The maximum observed surface displacement was about 20 feet (6 m); geodetic measurements show displacements of up to 28 feet (8.5 m). The 1906 earthquake preceded

2166-450: Is credited with saving nearly 1,500 specimens, including the entire type specimen collection for a newly discovered and extremely rare species, before the remainder of the largest botanical collection in the western United States was destroyed in the fire. The entire laboratory and all the records of Benjamin R. Jacobs , a biochemist who was researching the nutrition of everyday foods, were destroyed. The original California flag used in

2280-427: Is equivalent to $ 10.2 billion in 2023 dollars. An insurance industry source tallies insured losses at $ 235 million, the equivalent to $ 5.97 billion in 2023 dollars. Political and business leaders strongly downplayed the effects of the earthquake, fearing loss of outside investment in the city which was badly needed to rebuild. In his first public statement, California Governor George Pardee emphasized

2394-405: Is still uncertain, but various reports presented a range of 700–3,000+. In 2005, the city's Board of Supervisors voted unanimously in support of a resolution written by novelist James Dalessandro ("1906") and city historian Gladys Hansen ("Denial of Disaster") to recognize the figure of 3,000+ as the official total. Most of the deaths occurred within San Francisco, but 189 were reported elsewhere in

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2508-562: Is talking of it this afternoon, and no one is in the least degree dismayed. I have talked and listened in two clubs, watched people in cars and in the street, and one man is glad that Chinatown will be cleared out for good; another's chief solicitude is for Millet 's Man with a Hoe . 'They'll cut it out of the frame,' he says, a little anxiously. 'Sure.' But there is no doubt anywhere that San Francisco can be rebuilt, larger, better, and soon. Just as there would be none at all if all this New York that has so obsessed me with its limitless bigness

2622-519: The Bank of Canada in Ottawa gave $ 25,000. The U.S. government quickly voted for one million dollars in relief supplies which were immediately rushed to the area, including supplies for food kitchens and many thousands of tents that city dwellers would occupy the next several years. These relief efforts were not enough to get families on their feet again, and consequently the burden was placed on wealthier members of

2736-518: The California Gold Rush . He established parishes for the city's Italian, Irish, French, German and Mexican communities. In 1883, Bishop Patrick Riordan from the Diocese of Chicago was appointed as coadjutor archbishop by Pope Leo XIII to assist Alemany. In May 1883 Alemany purchased land in San Francisco for a larger cathedral to serve the growing Catholic population. When Alemany retired in 1884, Riordan automatically succeeded him as archbishop. In 1884, Riordan's first full year in San Francisco,

2850-595: The California Senate enacted the California Standard Form of Fire Insurance Policy, which did not contain any earthquake clause. Thus the state decided that insurers would have to pay again if another earthquake was followed by fires. Other earthquake-endangered countries followed the California example. The 1906 Centennial Alliance was set up as a clearing-house for various centennial events commemorating

2964-480: The Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption . The cornerstone for the new cathedral was laid in 1967 and the building was completed in 1970. In 1968, McGucken became embroiled in a controversy with Eugene Boyle , a progressive diocesan priest with ties to the Black Panther Party . The group had set up, with Boyle's permission, their Free Breakfast programme at Sacred Heart School for primary school children in

3078-452: The HIV/AIDS epidemic . When Pope John Paul II visited San Francisco in 1987, Quinn arranged for him to meet with several HIV/AIDS patients, including a young boy. The damage caused by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake prompted the archdiocese to close a dozen parishes with severely damaged buildings. This plan drew the wrath of many priests, 41 of whom signed a dissenting petition. Quinn sold

3192-559: The Imperial Valley area, which culminated in an earthquake of about 6.1 M I   at 16:30 PST on April 18, 1906. Another event of this type occurred at 12:31 PST on April 19, 1906, with an estimated magnitude of about 5.0 M I  , and an epicenter beneath Santa Monica Bay . Early death counts ranged from 375 to over 500. However, hundreds of fatalities in Chinatown went ignored and unrecorded. The total number of deaths

3306-702: The Intermountain West became part of the United States. The Vatican erected the new Diocese of Monterey in 1849 to remove these areas from the jurisdiction of the Mexican Catholic hierarchy. The new diocese covered the California Territory east to the Colorado River . St. Francis of Assisi Parish was founded in San Francisco in 1849 and St. Patrick in the same city in 1851. In 1850, the Province of

3420-505: The Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives and a San Francisco resident, that he would prohibit her from receiving Holy Communion unless she repudiated her promotion of abortion rights . In May 2022, Cordileone notified her and publicly announced that he took that action. Pope Francis erected the Archdiocese of Las Vegas in May 2023, suppressing the Diocese of Las Vegas that had been

3534-490: The U.S. Mint , post office, and county jail. They aided the fire department in dynamiting to demolish buildings in the path of the fires. The Army also became responsible for feeding, sheltering, and clothing the tens of thousands of displaced residents of the city. Under the command of Funston's superior, Major General Adolphus Greely , Commanding Officer of the Pacific Division, over 4,000 federal troops saw service during

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3648-461: The metropolitan see of a province that includes the following suffragan dioceses: The first church in the Archdiocese of San Francisco is older than the archdiocese itself; Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores) was founded in 1776, by Franciscan Friars . The friars built the current mission building in 1791. After the end of the Mexican–American War in 1848, California and

3762-622: The "man who built San Francisco". In April 1906, the tenor Enrico Caruso and members of the Metropolitan Opera Company came to San Francisco to give a series of performances at the Grand Opera House . The night after Caruso's performance in Carmen , the tenor was awakened in the early morning in his Palace Hotel suite by a strong jolt. Clutching an autographed photo of President Theodore Roosevelt , Caruso made an effort to get out of

3876-522: The 1846 Bear Flag Revolt at Sonoma , which at the time was being stored in a state building in San Francisco, was also destroyed in the fire. The city's fire chief, Dennis T. Sullivan, was gravely injured when the earthquake first struck and later died from his injuries. The interim fire chief sent an urgent request to the Presidio, a United States Army post on the edge of the stricken city, for dynamite. General Frederick Funston had already decided that

3990-547: The 1960s, residents were able to rent a room in the hotel for less than $ 50 a month. During the urban renewal and redevelopment movement of the mid-1960s, the International Hotel was targeted for demolition. This "urban renewal" that occurred in response to the end of World War II had destroyed the heart of the Fillmore District, San Francisco , and hundreds of homes and thousands of residents were displaced due to

4104-490: The 1960s. He was convicted in 1995 of sexually molesting 13 boys. After serving two years in prison, O'Shea was released in 2002 after all the molestation charges were overturned in an appeals court. The archdiocese in 2005 agreed to a $ 4 million legal settlement for O'Shea's victims. In a 2006 court deposition, it was revealed that in 1992 Bishop Levada had removed Reverend Joseph Baccellieri from ministry after hearing allegations that he had sexually molested three boys during

4218-520: The 1970s. Levada sent Baccellieri away for treatment and in 1995 assigned him to a new parish, with monitoring and numerous restrictions. At no point did Levada notify Baccellieri's former parish or report him to law enforcement. Levada defended his actions in the deposition, saying he had made the right decision. In 2018, the archdiocese reported that had spent $ 87 million in settling sexual abuse lawsuits since 2005. Archbishop Cordileone said that there were no new allegations dating after 2000. In 2019,

4332-450: The 22nd Infantry and other military units involved in the emergency. Ord later wrote a long letter to his mother on April 20 regarding Schmitz's "Shoot-to-Kill" order and some "despicable" behavior of certain soldiers of the 22nd Infantry who were looting. He also made it clear that the majority of soldiers served the community well. Property losses from the disaster have been estimated to be more than $ 400 million in 1906 dollars. This

4446-626: The Bay Area; nearby cities such as Santa Rosa and San Jose also suffered severe damage. Between 227,000 and 300,000 people were left homeless out of a population of about 410,000; half of those who evacuated fled across the bay to Oakland and Berkeley . Newspapers described Golden Gate Park , the Presidio, the Panhandle and the beaches between Ingleside and North Beach as covered with makeshift tents. More than two years later, many of these refugee camps were still in operation. The earthquake and fire left long-standing and significant pressures on

4560-489: The Chinese population and export Chinatown (and other poor populations) to the edge of the county where the Chinese could still contribute to the local taxbase. The Chinese occupants had other ideas and prevailed instead. Chinatown was rebuilt in the newer, modern, Western form that exists today. The destruction of City Hall and the Hall of Records enabled thousands of Chinese immigrants to claim residency and citizenship, creating

4674-573: The Federal Government of the United States had not conducted the serious studies that were needed to gather data about earthquakes on the west coast. He said public discussion was being stifled by fears that acknowledgement of earthquakes would drive away business and investors, and that geologists were told not to gather information about the 1906 earthquake, and certainly to not publish it. Some people went as far as to deny that an earthquake had happened. Branner argued that preparation for earthquakes

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4788-617: The Highlanders (soon to be the Yankees) and the Philadelphia Athletics to raise money for quake survivors. William James , the pioneering American psychologist, was teaching at Stanford at the time of the earthquake and traveled into San Francisco to observe first-hand its aftermath. He was most impressed by the positive attitude of the survivors and the speed with which they improvised services and created order out of chaos. This formed

4902-570: The I-Hotel. Within six hours, all 55 remaining tenants had been evicted. In total, 197 tenants were evicted. In 1994, real estate company Pan-Magna sold the I-Hotel land to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco . Subsequently, an $ 8.3 million grant from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development was awarded to facilitate development of low-income housing. The Chinatown Community Development Center

5016-484: The Mission Dolores Church after its destruction in the 1906 earthquake was completed in 1918. In 1921, Hanna was named chairman of San Francisco's wage arbitration boards; Hanna served on the boards through 1924. Hanna was key to the 1924 opening of St. Joseph's Seminary in Mountain View. In 1932, Pope Pius XI appointed Bishop John Mitty of the Diocese of Salt Lake as coadjutor archbishop to assist Hanna. Hanna

5130-568: The Most Holy Name of Jesus , the western province for the Dominican Order in the United States, was established in San Francisco. In 1853, the Vatican erected the Archdiocese of San Francisco. Its jurisdiction extended to northern and central California , along with present-day Nevada and Utah. Pope Pius IX named Bishop Joseph Sadoc Alemany of Monterey as the first archbishop of San Francisco. Old St. Mary's Cathedral on California Street

5244-851: The Thailand-based Four Seas Investment Corporation bought the I-Hotel with the similar intentions to replace it with more profitable building or structure. For years after the first eviction notices were served in 1968, many individuals were involved in the long fight that took place on the streets, in courtrooms, and in the everyday lives of the I-Hotel Manilatown residents. In 1969, tenants and activists successfully negotiated an extended lease from Milton Meyer & Co. To finance this lease, Asian American art workshops Kearny Street Workshop and Jackson Street Gallery, as well as other rent-paying cultural organizations and businesses such as Everybody's Bookstore, moved into

5358-452: The Vatican erected the Diocese of San Jose , taking its territory from the archdiocese. Quinn reached out to gay Catholics in the archdiocese as early as 1983. He issued a document that asked priests to take concerns of gay people seriously. In it, he said he wanted gay Catholics to find "a church where he or she will find acceptance, understanding, and love." Priests were reminded in the letter that many gay Catholics saw their orientation as

5472-424: The advertisement was a "misrepresentation of the spirit of the archbishop" and that it was also a misrepresentation to suggest that the signers spoke for the entire Catholic community in the Bay Area. The archdiocese claimed to have received over 7,500 letters of support. A subsequent picnic set up to show support for Cordileone was held in May 2015 in San Francisco. In April 2022, Cordileone warned Nancy Pelosi ,

5586-512: The archdiocese began publishing a second paper, Catholic San Francisco , adding a Spanish edition, San Francisco Católico , in 2012. Catholic San Francisco now publishes in magazine format. KSFB , an independent Catholic radio station, broadcasts from San Francisco. The Metropolitan Ecclesiastical Province of San Francisco covers Northern California north of the Monterey Bay , as well as all of Hawaii. The Archbishop of San Francisco, who

5700-407: The archdiocese contained 175 priests, 128 churches, and 25 chapels and stations to serve a Catholic population of 200,000. Riordan laid the cornerstone in 1887 and dedicated the new Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption in 1891. In early 1894, Riordan protested against the use of Outlines of Mediæval and Modern History by Philip van Ness Myers in San Francisco's public schools. He denounced

5814-681: The archdiocese filed a petition under Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code in the San Francisco County Superior Court after it officially confirmed it was declared broke, and could no longer afford any cash to pay off the estimated 500 sex abuse lawsuits. The archdiocese has the following historic churches: All full-time faculty, librarians, and counselors at Archbishop Riordan, Junipero Serra, Marin Catholic, and Sacred Heart Cathedral high schools are represented by The San Francisco Archdiocesan Federation of Teachers, Local 2240,

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5928-472: The archdiocese provided documents to California State Attorney Xavier Becerra in preparation for lawsuits after the statute of limitations was temporarily removed in 2020. Due to these claims, the archdiocese announced that bankruptcy was highly likely in August 2022. In 2022, Cordileone released a list of 312 clergy with credible accusations of sexual abuse of minors, going back 100 years. In August 2023,

6042-519: The archdiocese. Riordan celebrated open-air Masses for his displaced parishioners, who were living amidst the ruins in temporary shelters, and assured them, "We shall rebuild." Riordan temporarily moved in San Mateo , allowing the Presentation Sisters , who had lost their convent, to use the archbishop's residence. Every church that had been destroyed had a temporary structure within two years and

6156-479: The archdiocese. Word soon came out that the Black Panthers were distributing a coloring book at the school that advocated violence against police officers. Boyle said that when he learned about the book, he blocked its distribution. To appease public outrage over Boyle's defense of the Black Panthers, McGucken cancelled a yearly seminar that Boyle would deliver. Facing intense accusations of racial bias from parts of

6270-488: The arts colony reputation that continues today. The 1908 Lawson Report, a study of the 1906 quake led and edited by Professor Andrew Lawson of the University of California, showed that the same San Andreas Fault which had caused the disaster in San Francisco ran close to Los Angeles as well. The earthquake was the first natural disaster of its magnitude to be documented by photography and motion picture footage and occurred at

6384-439: The basement of the I-Hotel. However, in 1974, tenants received eviction notices from Four Seas Investment Corporation, forcing community organizers to revise their plans to resist eviction. Community poet and historian Al Robles played a key role in organizing the broad coalition of protesters, as did International Hotel Tenant Association chairperson Emil deGuzman and tenants Wahat Tampao and Felix Ayson. Ed Lee volunteered for

6498-529: The basis of the chapter "On some Mental Effects of the Earthquake" in his book Memories and Studies . H. G. Wells had just arrived in New York on his first visit to America when he learned of the San Francisco earthquake. What struck him about the reaction of those around him was that "it does not seem to have affected any one with a sense of final destruction, with any foreboding of irreparable disaster. Every one

6612-620: The book as anti-Catholic and declared that it was "utterly unfit for use in a school patronized by children of various creeds." In April 1894, the San Francisco Board of Education ruled that the book would still be used but allowed teachers to omit any passages that might "appear in any way to favor or to reflect on the particular doctrines or tenets of any religious sect." In 1906, the San Francisco earthquake caused $ 2 to $ 6 million in damages to over 12 churches and other institutions in

6726-497: The building, barricaded the doors and chanted "No, no, no evictions!" Sheriff Richard Hongisto , a political ally of Jones, refused to execute the eviction order, which resulted in Hongisto being held in contempt of court and serving five days in his own jail. In the early morning of August 4, 1977, 400 San Francisco riot police began to physically remove tenants from homes despite the 3,000 protesters attempting to surround and barricade

6840-463: The buildings was renovated for outpatient care with 75 beds. This created the need to train nursing students, and the UC Training School for Nurses was established, adding a fourth professional school to the Affiliated Colleges. The grandeur of citywide reconstruction schemes required investment from Eastern monetary sources, hence the spin and de-emphasis of the earthquake, the promulgation of

6954-644: The cause by working through the terms of various anti-eviction agreements as an attorney for the Asian Legal Caucus. Asian American student activists from nearby University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco State University also joined the protests, volunteering to repair and repaint the I-Hotel so that it remained habitable for tenants even as the Four Seas Investment Corporation failed to maintain basic utilities. Controversial Peoples Temple leader Jim Jones also became involved in

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7068-494: The church's doctrine. Democratic California State Assemblymen Phil Ting of San Francisco and Kevin Mullin of San Mateo sent a letter to Cordileone urging him to withdraw what they called "discriminatory morality clauses". The letter was signed lawmakers from each community in the archdiocese with a Catholic high school. Cordileone responded, saying he "respects the lawmakers' right to hire whoever may advance their mission and that he

7182-597: The city and its "rise from the ashes". Since 1915, the city has officially commemorated the disaster each year by gathering the remaining survivors at Lotta's Fountain , a fountain in the city's financial district that served as a meeting point during the disaster for people to look for loved ones and exchange information. The Army built 5,610 redwood and fir "relief houses" to accommodate 20,000 displaced people. The houses were designed by John McLaren , and were grouped in eleven camps, packed close to each other and rented to people for two dollars per month until rebuilding

7296-550: The city was destroyed. The event is remembered as the deadliest earthquake in the history of the United States . The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California's history and high on the lists of American disasters. The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that forms part of the tectonic boundary between the Pacific plate and the North American plate . The strike-slip fault

7410-432: The city's plans to expand the downtown business sector. In 1968, Milton Meyer & Co., a real-estate company, issued eviction notices to the I-Hotel tenants, with plans to demolish and replace the I-Hotel with a parking garage. This demolition would happen concurrently with the destruction of ten blocks of low-cost housing, restaurants, barber shops, markets, clubs and other Filipino community businesses. In October 1973,

7524-485: The city, first by boat and then by train, and vowed never to return to San Francisco. Caruso died in 1921, having remained true to his word. The Metropolitan Opera Company lost all of its traveling sets and costumes in the earthquake and ensuing fires. Some of the greatest losses from fire were in scientific laboratories. Alice Eastwood , the curator of botany at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco,

7638-566: The city, who were reluctant to assist in the rebuilding of homes they were not responsible for. All residents were eligible for daily meals served from a number of communal soup kitchens, and citizens as far away as Idaho and Utah were known to send daily loaves of bread to San Francisco as relief supplies were coordinated by the railroads. Insurance companies, faced with staggering claims of $ 250 million, paid out between $ 235 million and $ 265 million on policyholders' claims, often for fire damage only, since shake damage from earthquakes

7752-627: The coast of Northern California was struck by a major earthquake with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ). High-intensity shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley , an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area . Devastating fires soon broke out in San Francisco and lasted for several days. More than 3,000 people died, and over 80% of

7866-405: The development of California. At the time of the disaster, San Francisco had been the ninth-largest city in the United States and the largest on the West Coast . Over a period of 60 years, the city had become the financial, trade, and cultural center of the West , operating the busiest port on the West Coast. It was the "gateway to the Pacific", through which growing U.S. economic and military power

7980-423: The development of the Richter scale by three decades. The most widely accepted estimate for the magnitude of the quake on the modern moment magnitude scale is 7.9; values from 7.7 to as high as 8.3 have been proposed. According to findings published in the Journal of Geophysical Research , severe deformations in the Earth's crust took place both before and after the earthquake's impact. Accumulated strain on

8094-566: The earthquake strongly suggests that the rupture along the San Andreas Fault was about 310 miles (500 km) in length, in agreement with observed intensity data. The available seismological data support a significantly shorter rupture length, but these observations can be reconciled by allowing propagation at speeds above the S-wave velocity ( supershear ). Supershear propagation has now been recognized for many earthquakes associated with strike-slip faulting. In 2019, using an old photograph and an eyewitness account, researchers were able to refine

8208-719: The earthquake when it became too much trouble for them. Del Monte and another survivor, Rose Cliver (1902–2012), then 106, attended the earthquake reunion celebration on April 18, 2009, the 103rd anniversary of the earthquake. Nancy Stoner Sage (1905–2010) died, aged 105, in Colorado just three days short of the 104th anniversary of the earthquake on April 18, 2010. Del Monte attended the event at Lotta's Fountain in 2010. 107-year-old George Quilici (1905–2012) died in May 2012, and 113-year-old Ruth Newman (1901–2015) in July 2015. William Del Monte (1906–2016), who died 11 days shy of his 110th birthday,

8322-523: The earthquake. Award presentations, religious services, a National Geographic TV movie, a projection of fire onto the Coit Tower, memorials, and lectures were part of the commemorations. The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program issued a series of Internet documents, and the tourism industry promoted the 100th anniversary as well. Eleven survivors of the 1906 earthquake attended the centennial commemorations in 2006, including Irma Mae Weule (1899–2008), who

8436-428: The emergency. Police officers, firefighters, and soldiers would regularly commandeer passing civilians for work details to remove rubble and assist in rescues. On July 1, 1906, non-military authorities assumed responsibility for relief efforts, and the Army withdrew from the city. On April 18, in response to riots among evacuees and looting, Mayor Schmitz issued and ordered posted a proclamation that "The Federal Troops,

8550-455: The faults in the system was relieved during the earthquake, which is the supposed cause of the damage along the 280-mile-long (450 km) segment of the San Andreas plate boundary. The 1906 rupture propagated both northward and southward for a total of 296 miles (476 km). Shaking was felt from Oregon to Los Angeles, and as far inland as central Nevada . A strong foreshock preceded

8664-673: The fight for the I-Hotel. After Jones was appointed as Chairman of the San Francisco Housing Authority Commission , the Housing Authority voted to acquire the building using $ 1.3 million in federal funds and then to turn it over to tenants rights groups. When a court rejected that plan and ordered evictions in January 1977, the Peoples Temple provided two thousand of the five thousand people that surrounded

8778-441: The fire had the effect of increasing the share of land used for nonresidential purposes: "Overall, relative to unburned blocks, residential land shares on burned blocks fell while nonresidential land shares rose by 1931. The study also provides insight into what held the city back from making these changes before 1906: the presence of old residential buildings. In reconstruction, developers built relatively fewer of these buildings, and

8892-473: The first few days after news of the disaster reached the rest of the world, relief efforts reached over $ 5,000,000, equivalent to $ 169,560,000 in 2023. London raised hundreds of thousands of dollars. Individual citizens and businesses donated large sums of money for the relief effort: Standard Oil and Andrew Carnegie each gave $ 100,000; the Dominion of Canada made a special appropriation of $ 100,000; and even

9006-441: The first few days of near M 5 or greater occurred near Santa Cruz at 14:28 PST on April 18, with a magnitude of about 4.9 M I . The largest aftershock happened at 01:10 PST on April 23, west of Eureka with an estimated magnitude of about 6.7 M I  , with another of the same size more than three years later at 22:45 PST on October 28 near Cape Mendocino. Remotely triggered events included an earthquake swarm in

9120-488: The former archiepiscopal residence and in 1992 moved into the cathedral rectory, where he lived with fellow clergy until his retirement. In August 1995, Archbishop William Levada from the Archdiocese of Portland was appointed coadjutor archbishop of San Francisco by John Paul II to assist Quinn. When Quinn retired in December 1995, Levada automatically succeeded him as archbishop of San Francisco. In 1996, Patrick O'Shea,

9234-507: The initial quake. In total, the fires burned for four days and nights. Most of the destruction in the city was attributed to the fires, since widespread practice by insurers was to indemnify San Francisco properties from fire but not from earthquake damage. Some property owners deliberately set fire to damaged properties to claim them on their insurance. Captain Leonard D. Wildman of the U.S. Army Signal Corps reported that he "was stopped by

9348-568: The international financial system. Gold transfers from European insurance companies to policyholders in San Francisco led to a rise in interest rates, subsequently to a lack of available loans and finally to the Knickerbocker Trust Company crisis of October 1907 which led to the Panic of 1907 . After the 1906 earthquake, global discussion arose concerning a legally flawless exclusion of the earthquake hazard from fire insurance contracts. It

9462-502: The largest urban park in the world, stretching from Twin Peaks to Lake Merced with a large atheneum at its peak. But this plan was dismissed during the aftermath of the earthquake. For example, real estate investors and other land owners were against the idea because of the large amount of land the city would have to purchase to realize such proposals. While the original street grid was restored, many of Burnham's proposals inadvertently saw

9576-410: The light of day, such as a neoclassical civic center complex, wider streets, a preference of arterial thoroughfares, a subway under Market Street , a more people-friendly Fisherman's Wharf , and a monument to the city on Telegraph Hill , Coit Tower . Limestone used to reconstruct city buildings was quarried at the nearby Rockaway Quarry . City fathers likewise attempted at the time to eliminate

9690-477: The location of the hypocenter of the earthquake as offshore from San Francisco or near San Juan Bautista , confirming previous estimates. The most important characteristic of the shaking intensity noted in Andrew Lawson 's 1908 report was the clear correlation of intensity with underlying geologic conditions. Areas situated in sediment -filled valleys sustained stronger shaking than nearby bedrock sites, and

9804-483: The main shock by about 20 to 25 seconds. The strong shaking of the main shock lasted about 42 seconds. There were decades of minor earthquakes – more than at any other time in the historical record for northern California – before the 1906 quake. Previously interpreted as precursory activity to the 1906 earthquake, they have been found to have a strong seasonal pattern and are now believed to be caused by large seasonal sediment loads in coastal bays that overlie faults as

9918-434: The majority of the reduction came through single-family houses. Also, aside from merely expanding nonresidential uses in many neighborhoods, the fire created economic opportunities in new areas, resulting in clusters of business activity that emerged only in the wake of the disaster. These effects of the fire still remain today, and thus large shocks can be sufficient catalysts for permanently reshaping urban settings." During

10032-628: The members of the Regular Police Force and all Special Police Officers have been authorized by me to kill any and all persons found engaged in Looting or in the Commission of Any Other Crime". Accusations of soldiers engaging in looting also surfaced. Retired Captain Edward Ord of the 22nd Infantry Regiment was appointed a special police officer by Schmitz and liaised with Greely for relief work with

10146-506: The need to rebuild quickly: "This is not the first time that San Francisco has been destroyed by fire, I have not the slightest doubt that the City by the Golden Gate will be speedily rebuilt, and will, almost before we know it, resume her former great activity". The earthquake is not even mentioned in the statement. Fatality and monetary damage estimates were manipulated. Almost immediately after

10260-561: The northwest of the Golden Gate . The most recent analyses support an offshore location for the epicenter, although significant uncertainty remains. An offshore epicenter is supported by the occurrence of a local tsunami recorded by a tide gauge at the San Francisco Presidio ; the wave had an amplitude of approximately 3 inches (7.6 cm) and an approximate period of 40–45 minutes. Analysis of triangulation data before and after

10374-405: The pope named Bishop George Niederauer of Salt Lake City. In 2012, Benedict XVI appointed Bishop Salvatore J. Cordileone from the Diocese of Oakland as the next archbishop of San Francisco, replacing the retired Niederauer. In February 2015, Cordileone told teachers in the archdiocesan school system that they were expected to conduct their public lives in a way that does not undermine or deny

10488-428: The public, McGucken asked the San Francisco priest's senate to review his decision. In December 1968, the senate ruled that McGucken should reinstate Boyle's seminar, but also denied that McGucken had made his decision on racial grounds. After McGucken retired in 1977, Pope Paul VI named Archbishop John R. Quinn of the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City as the next archbishop of San Francisco. In 1981, at Quinn's request,

10602-437: The quake (and even during the disaster), planning and reconstruction plans were hatched to quickly rebuild the city. Rebuilding funds were immediately tied up by the fact that virtually all the major banks had been sites of the conflagration, requiring a lengthy wait of seven to ten days before their fire-proof vaults could cool sufficiently to be safely opened. The Bank of Italy (now Bank of America ) had evacuated its funds and

10716-571: The situation required the use of federal troops. Telephoning a San Francisco Police Department officer, he sent word to Mayor Eugene Schmitz of his decision to assist and then ordered federal troops from nearby Angel Island to mobilize and enter the city. Explosives were ferried across the bay from the California Powder Works in what is now Hercules . During the first few days, soldiers provided valuable services like patrolling streets to discourage looting and guarding buildings such as

10830-480: The strongest shaking occurred in areas of former bay where soil liquefaction had occurred. Modern seismic-zonation practice accounts for the differences in seismic hazard posed by varying geologic conditions. The shaking intensity as described on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale reached XI ( Extreme ) in San Francisco and areas to the north like Santa Rosa where destruction was devastating. The main shock

10944-463: The total destruction was the result of the subsequent fires. Within three days, over 30 fires, caused by ruptured gas mains, destroyed approximately 25,000 buildings on 490 city blocks. The fires cost an estimated $ 350 million at the time (equivalent to $ 8.9 billion in 2023). The Ham and Eggs fire, in the morning on the 18th, at Hayes and Gough Streets, in Hayes Valley , was started by

11058-428: The tough new building codes, and subsequent reputation sensitive actions such as the official low death toll. One of the more famous and ambitious plans came from famed urban planner Daniel Burnham . His bold plan called for, among other proposals, Haussmann -style avenues, boulevards, arterial thoroughfares that radiated across the city, a massive civic center complex with classical structures, and what would have been

11172-418: The wealthy looked westward where the land was cheap and relatively undeveloped, and where there were better views. Constructing new mansions without reclaiming and clearing rubble simply sped attaining new homes in the tent city during the reconstruction. Reconstruction was swift, and largely completed by 1915, in time for the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition which celebrated the reconstruction of

11286-401: Was able to provide liquidity in the immediate aftermath. Its president also immediately chartered and financed the sending of two ships to return with shiploads of lumber from Washington and Oregon mills which provided the initial reconstruction materials and surge. In an article written in 1913, John C. Branner, who was the first to begin study of the San Andreas fault in 1891 complained that

11400-849: Was appointed in 1933 as the chairman of a state mediation board to resolve the cotton strike in Corcoran . During the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike , President Franklin Roosevelt named Hanna the chairman of the National Longshoremen's Board. The board was tasked with resolving the strike by mediating between the International Longshoremen's Association , the International Seamen's Union, and their employers. When Hanna retired in 1935, Mitty automatically succeeded him as archbishop of San Francisco. Mitty's first act as archbishop

11514-453: Was chosen to steward this grant. In 2003, construction began on the new I-Hotel, and the building was completed on August 26, 2005. The new building contains 105 apartments of senior housing. A lottery was held to determine priority for occupancy, with the remaining living residents of the original I-Hotel given priority. Occupancy started in October 2005, and the new building also contains

11628-489: Was closed on June 30, 1908. Most of the cottages have been destroyed, but at least 30 survived. Of the remaining structures, there is a historically restored pair in the Presidio. Others have been built on as part of private homes, with a high concentration around the Bernal Heights neighborhood. One of the modest 720 sq ft (67 m ) homes was purchased in 2006 for more than $ 600,000. A 2017 study found that

11742-452: Was completed. They were painted navy blue, partly to blend in with the site and partly because the military had large quantities of navy blue paint on hand. The camps had a peak population of 16,448 people, but by 1907 most people had moved out. The camps were then re-used as garages, storage spaces or shops. The cottages cost on average $ 100 to build. The $ 2 monthly rents went towards the full purchase price of $ 50. The last official refugee camp

11856-653: Was dedicated in 1854. In 1855, the Society of Jesus founded St. Ignatius Academy in San Francisco, the forerunner of the University of San Francisco . Alemany founded Saint Mary's College in Moraga in 1863, then turned its operation over to the De La Salle Christian Brothers in 1868. As archbishop of San Francisco, Alemany presided over a multinational archdiocese, owing to the influx of people to California during

11970-677: Was excluded from coverage under most policies. At least 137 insurance companies were directly involved and another 17 as reinsurers. Twenty companies went bankrupt. Lloyd's of London reports having paid all claims in full, more than $ 50 million, thanks to the leadership of Cuthbert Heath . Insurance companies in Hartford, Connecticut , report paying every claim in full, with the Hartford Fire Insurance Company paying over $ 11 million and Aetna Insurance Company almost $ 3 million. The insurance payments heavily affected

12084-539: Was followed by many aftershocks and some remotely triggered events . As with the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake , there were fewer aftershocks than would have been expected for a shock of that size. Very few of them were located along the trace of the 1906 rupture, tending to concentrate near the ends of the rupture or on other structures away from the San Andreas Fault, such as the Hayward Fault . The only aftershock in

12198-600: Was itself a blazing ruin. I believe these people would more than half like the situation." The earthquake was crucial in the development of the University of California, San Francisco and its medical facilities. Until 1906, the school faculty had provided care at the City-County Hospital (now the San Francisco General Hospital ), but did not have a hospital of its own. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, more than 40,000 people were relocated to

12312-540: Was possible and necessary: The only way we know of to deal successfully with any natural phenomenon is to get acquainted with it, to find out all we can about it, and thus to meet it on its own grounds. That is the way mankind has succeeded thus far, and it is safe to conclude that it is the only way it will ever succeed. Eleven days after the earthquake a rare Sunday baseball game was played in New York City (which would not allow regular Sunday baseball until 1919) between

12426-461: Was pressed ahead mainly by re-insurers. Their aim: a uniform solution to insurance payouts resulting from fires caused by earthquakes. Until 1910, a few countries, especially in Europe, followed the call for an exclusion of the earthquake hazard from all fire insurance contracts. In the U.S., the question was discussed differently. But the traumatized public reacted with fierce opposition. On August 1, 1909,

12540-534: Was projected into the Pacific and Asia. Over 80% of the city was destroyed by the earthquake and fire. Though San Francisco rebuilt quickly, the disaster diverted trade, industry, and population growth south to Los Angeles, which during the 20th century became the largest and most important urban area in the West. Many of the city's leading poets and writers retreated to Carmel-by-the-Sea where, as "The Barness", they established

12654-463: Was rebuilt within another eight years. By the time of Riordan's death in 1914, the archdiocese had 367 priests, 182 churches, 94 chapels and stations, and 94 parochial schools for 280,000 Catholics. Many of the new parishes under his administration were established for immigrant communities. Riordan was succeeded as archbishop of San Francisco by Auxiliary Bishop Edward Hanna of San Francisco, appointed by Pope Gregory XV in 1915. The rebuilding of

12768-614: Was the oldest survivor of the quake at the time of her death in August 2008, aged 109. Vivian Illing (1900–2009) was believed to be the second-oldest survivor at the time of her death, aged 108, leaving Herbert Hamrol (1903–2009) as the last known remaining survivor at the time of his death, aged 106. Another survivor, Libera Armstrong (1902–2007), attended the 2006 anniversary but died in 2007, aged 105. Shortly after Hamrol's death, two additional survivors were discovered. William Del Monte, then 103, and Jeanette Scola Trapani (1902–2009), 106, stated that they stopped attending events commemorating

12882-489: Was thought to be the last survivor. In 2005 the National Film Registry added San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, April 18, 1906 , a newsreel documentary made soon after the earthquake, to its list of American films worthy of preservation. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco The Archdiocese of San Francisco ( Latin : Archdiœcesis Sancti Francisci ; Spanish : Arquidiócesis de San Francisco )

12996-555: Was to direct his installation gift from the clergy to restoring Saint Patrick Seminary in Menlo Park. He purchased St. Mary's College of California from the De La Salle Christian Brothers in 1937, and reopened it in 1938. In the twenty six years of his episcopate, 84 parishes and missions were founded in the archdiocese, and over 500 building projects were completed. Mitty caused controversy in 1944 when he called for

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