Andrew Cowper Lawson (July 25, 1861 – June 16, 1952) was a Scots-born Canadian geologist who became professor of geology at the University of California, Berkeley . He was the editor and co-author of the 1908 report on the 1906 San Francisco earthquake which became known as the "Lawson Report". He was also the first person to identify and name the San Andreas Fault in 1895, and after the 1906 quake, the first to delineate the entire length of the San Andreas Fault which previously had been noted only in the San Francisco Bay Area . He also named the Franciscan Complex after the Franciscan Order of the Catholic church whose missions used conscripted Native American labor to mine limestone in these areas.
43-658: Lawson was born on July 25, 1861, in Anstruther , Scotland. He moved to Hamilton, Ontario , Canada with his parents at age six. In 1883, he received his B.A. degree in natural science from the University of Toronto . He worked for the Geological Survey of Canada while pursuing his graduate degrees. He received his M.A. from the University of Toronto in 1885, and his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1888. In 1890, he left
86-559: A chapel was built and now occupied by the Scottish Fisheries Museum, was gifted to Balmerino by another William, sometime in the 1280s. Both this suggestion, and the Italian origin theory are inaccurate. The de Candela family actually came from Dorset, coming to England probably from Normandy in or around 1066. The de Candela name was dropped by a later generation, in a charter confirming a grant of land to Dryburgh Abbey in 1225, Henry
129-521: A circle, representing the material world, supported by a square Christian cross intersecting it. After the Fall of France , Vichy government relied on pre-existing organisations to implement its youth policy according to the principles of the National Revolution . The field was dominated by Catholic scout movements, the leaders of which were put in charge of Secretariat-General of Youth. In 1941,
172-525: A coasting trade. In 1871, the royal burgh of Anstruther-Easter had a population of 1169; the parliamentary burgh, 1289. Anstruther-Wester held 484. The Board of Fisheries constructed a new harbour in the 1870s, completed by 1877 at a cost of £ 80,000. By the First World War , the communities were connected to St Andrews by the North British Railway . The Dreel Halls complex incorporates
215-526: A flag with a Celtic cross in the centre. A version of the Celtic cross is used as a symbol by white supremacists . It was used by Nazis in Norway in the 1930s and 1940s, and more recently it has been used by neo-Nazis , Klansmen , and other white supremacist groups. In general, white supremacists use a version of the symbol with a square cross as opposed to the traditional elongated cross. This symbol forms part of
258-666: A head in cross form include the Cross of Kells , Ardboe High Cross , the crosses at Monasterboice , the Cross of the Scriptures, Clonmacnoise and those in Scotland at Iona and the Kildalton Cross , which may be the earliest to survive in good condition. Surviving, free-standing crosses are in Cornwall , including St Piran 's cross at Perranporth , and Wales. Other stone crosses are found in
301-487: A major role in formation of Fédération Nationale Catholique and Ligue DRAC [ fr ] . The same year, impressed by Quickborn [ de ] , a Catholic organisation within the German Youth Movement , he founded its local equivalent, Cadets. Doncœur, inspired by the G. K. Chesterton's novel The Ball and the Cross , decided that the symbol of the movement, croix cadet , should consist of
344-585: A number of theories as to its origin in Ireland and Britain. Some scholars consider the ring a holdover from earlier wooden crosses, which may have required struts to support the crossarm. Others have seen it as deriving from indigenous Bronze Age art featuring a wheel or disc around a head, or from early Coptic crosses based on the ankh . However, Michael W. Herren, Shirley Ann Brown, and others believe it originates in earlier ringed crosses in Christian art . Crosses with
387-545: A ring representing the celestial sphere developed from the writings of the Church Fathers . The "cosmological cross" is an important motif in Coelius Sedulius 's poem Carmen Paschale , known in Ireland by the seventh century. It is not clear where the first high crosses originated. The first examples date to about the ninth century and occur in two groups: at Ahenny in Ireland, and at Iona , an Irish monastery off
430-594: A single Member of Parliament (MP) together with Kilrenny , Pittenweem , St Andrews , Cupar and Crail . Currently, Anstruther is in the North East Fife UK Parliament constituency. The sitting member is Wendy Chamberlain of the Scottish Liberal Democrats . In the 2017 General Election , then-MP Stephen Gethins of the SNP retained his seat by a majority of only two votes, narrowly defeating
473-686: A stream, the Dreel Burn. With a population of 3,500, it is the largest community on the Firth of Forth's north-shore coastline known as the East Neuk . To the east, it merges with the village of Cellardyke . Founded as a fishing village, Anstruther is home to the Scottish Fisheries Museum . Recreational vessels are now moored in the harbour, and a golf course is situated near the town. Anstruther Pleasure Cruises operate sightseeing/wildlife cruises from
SECTION 10
#1732844177908516-400: Is Buckie House, built in the late 17th century and restored in 1968 by W Murray Jack. The east gable was decorated with scallop shells and whelks or 'buckies' by the slater Andrew Batchelor in the mid 19th century. Its exterior was restored in 2010. The name of Anstruther derives from Scottish Gaelic . The second element is sruthair ('burn, stream'), but the first element less certain: it
559-463: Is a form of Christian cross featuring a nimbus or ring that emerged in Ireland, France and Great Britain in the Early Middle Ages . A type of ringed cross , it became widespread through its use in the stone high crosses erected across the islands, especially in regions evangelised by Irish missionaries , from the ninth through the 12th centuries. A staple of Insular art , the Celtic cross
602-540: Is described as 'Henricus de Aynstrother dominus ejusdem'. His son, also called Henry, was a companion of Louis IX in his crusades to the Holy Land and also swore fealty to Edward I in 1292 and again in 1296. In 1225, it took the intervention of Pope Honorius III to settle a teinds dispute between the monks of Dryburgh Abbey and the fishermen of Anstruther, suggesting that the fishing was sufficiently good to warrant arguing over. In December 1583, James VI of Scotland gave
645-721: Is essentially a Latin cross with a nimbus surrounding the intersection of the arms and stem. Scholars have debated its exact origins, but it is related to earlier crosses featuring rings. The form gained new popularity during the Celtic Revival of the 19th century; the name "Celtic cross" is a convention dating from that time. The shape, usually decorated with interlace and other motifs from Insular art, became popular for funerary monuments and other uses, and has remained so, spreading well beyond Ireland. Ringed crosses similar to older Continental forms appeared in Ireland, England and Scotland in incised stone slab artwork and artifacts like
688-454: Is on a small hill. This structure incorporates a tower/spire feature rare to Britain, but common to the area. Anstruther War Memorial is located in the cemetery, somewhat further inland. It is of an unusual war memorial form, being totally flat to the ground, in the centre of a landscaped roundel, broadly adopting the shape of a celtic cross . The town has several fish and chip shops. The Anstruther Fish Bar , which won Fish and Chip shop of
731-461: Is possibly Gaelic á(i)n ('driving') or aon ('one'), thus meaning either 'driving current or burn' or '(place of or on) one burn'. The name of Anstruther Easter derives from Scots easter ('eastern'), since the village lies to the east of Anstruther, and Anstruther Wester correspondingly from Scots wester ('western'). Anstruther-Easter and Anstruther-Wester are separated by a small stream called Dreel Burn. Local tradition states that early in
774-479: The Ardagh chalice . However, the shape achieved its greatest popularity by its use in the monumental stone high crosses , a distinctive and widespread form of Insular art . These monuments, which first appeared in the ninth century, usually (though not always) take the form of a ringed cross on a stepped or pyramidal base. The form has obvious structural advantages, reducing the length of unsupported side arms. There are
817-739: The Briones Hills in Contra Costa County, California , is named for him. Anstruther Anstruther / ˈ æ n s t r ə ð ər / ( Scots : Ainster or Enster / ˈ eɪ n s t ər / ; Scottish Gaelic : Ànsruthair ) is a coastal town in Fife , Scotland , situated on the north-shore of the Firth of Forth and 9 mi (14 km) south-southeast of St Andrews . The town comprises two settlements, Anstruther Easter and Anstruther Wester, which are divided by
860-551: The Caves of Caiplie situated on the coastal path to Crail . Following the end of the Cold War , one of Anstruther's best-kept secrets has become a major tourist attraction. A secret nuclear bunker , built in 1951 and operational until 1993, is located on the B940 near the village. During its operational life, it looked like an ordinary domestic dwelling, but has been renovated and is now open to
903-644: The additional member system used to elect MSPs to the Scottish Parliament, Anstruther is in the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region . In local politics, the ward of East Neuk and Landward (of which Anstruther is part) elects three councillors to Fife Council under the single transferable vote system. Prior to Brexit in 2020, Anstruther was part of the Scotland European Parliament constituency. Celtic cross The Celtic cross
SECTION 20
#1732844177908946-423: The 12th century, Alexander I of Scotland granted the lands of Anstruther to a William de Candela. However, no records survive of this original grant, and the earliest recorded lord of Anstruther was mentioned in a charter of 1225. There have been several theories as to the origin of the, possibly mythical, William, but recent research has suggested he may have been a Norman from Italy. There is evidence that William
989-591: The 1850s, the Celtic cross has been used extensively as grave markers, straying from medieval usage, when the symbol was typically used for a public monument. The Celtic cross now appears in various retail items. Both the Gaelic Athletic Association and the Northern Ireland national football team have used versions of the Celtic cross in their logos and advertising. The Church in Wales since 1954 have used
1032-582: The Conqueror sought assistance from William, Count of Candela. He sent his son (or possibly his grandson). It may be this was the William de Candela, who received the grant of land from Alexander. William de Candela's son, another William, was said to be a benefactor to the monks of Balmerino Abbey . Balmerino was founded in 1229, long after the likely lifetime of this William. Land in Anstruther Easter, on which
1075-650: The Dublin Industrial Exhibition. In 1857, Henry O'Neill published Illustrations of the Most Interesting of the Sculptured Crosses of Ancient Ireland . These two events stimulated interest in the Celtic cross as a symbol for a renewed sense of heritage within Ireland. New versions of the high cross were designed for fashionable cemetery monuments in Victorian Dublin in the 1860s. From Dublin,
1118-627: The Geological Survey of Canada to work as a consulting geologist in Vancouver . In October of the same year, he accepted a position as assistant professor of Mineralogy and Geology at the University of California in Berkeley. He became a full professor in 1892, and a professor emeritus from 1928 to his death on June 16, 1952. Lawson was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1915,
1161-653: The Liberal Democrat candidate Elizabeth Riches, a resident of Anstruther and former local councillor, after three recounts. Anstruther is in the North East Fife Scottish Parliament constituency. The MSP is currently Willie Rennie , who won back the seat for the Liberal Democrats from Roderick Campbell of the SNP in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election and retained it in 2021 . For the purposes of
1204-715: The Scottish coast. The Ahenny group is generally earlier. However, it is possible that St. Johns Cross at Iona was the first high cross; Iona's influence as a center of pilgrimage may have led this cross to inspire the Ahenny group as well as other ringed crosses in Pictish stones . A variety of crosses bear inscriptions in ogham , an early medieval Irish alphabet. Standing crosses in Ireland and areas under Irish influence tend to be shorter and more massive than their Anglo-Saxon equivalents, which have mostly lost their headpieces. Irish examples with
1247-831: The United States National Academy of Sciences in 1924, and the American Philosophical Society in 1925. He was president of the Geological Society of America in 1926. He was a consulting geologist for the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge in the 1930s. His home in the La Loma Park area of the Berkeley Hills in Berkeley, California , called the " Andrew Cowper Lawson House " (1908),
1290-828: The former Northumbria and Scotland, and further south in England, where they merge with the similar Anglo-Saxon cross making tradition, in the Ruthwell Cross for example. Most examples in Britain were destroyed during the Protestant Reformation . By about A.D. 1200 the initial wave of cross building came to an end in Ireland. Popular legend in Ireland says that the Christian cross was introduced by Saint Patrick or possibly Saint Declan , though there are no examples from this early period. It has often been claimed that Patrick combined
1333-469: The former Anstruther Wester Town Hall, which dates from 1795, while Anstruther Easter Town Hall was completed in 1872. Herring fishing remained a feature of the area until the mid-20th century when, after a record catch in 1936, the shoals mysteriously declined until the industry effectively disappeared by 1947. At one time, the town was well served by trains on the Fife Coast Railway . The line
Andrew Lawson - Misplaced Pages Continue
1376-548: The harbour to the Isle of May , the UK's primary puffin location, on board the vessel the May Princess from April to October. An abundance of other wildlife, including seal colonies, also inhabit the island. The Waid Academy , the local state comprehensive school, is a focus of the community and through its secondary role as a community centre. Anstruther has a parish church at its centre that
1419-454: The logo of Stormfront . It is suggested that adoption of the symbol in the context of right-wing politics is linked with the activity of Jesuit priest Paul Doncœur [ fr ] , a prominent figure of the interwar scout movement in France. In 1924, the victory of anti-clerical Cartel des Gauches in general elections caused the mobilisation of right-wing forces, with Doncœur playing
1462-592: The public as a museum. The bunker was a subsidiary Regional Seat of Government in time of possible nuclear emergency and would have been occupied by the UK Armed Forces , UKWMO , Royal Observer Corps and other Civil Service personnel. Somewhat out from the town centre, in Anstruther Wester, stands the Dreel Tavern, taking its name from the adjacent burn . This building dates from the 17th century. Nearby
1505-482: The revival spread to the rest of the country and beyond. Since the Celtic Revival, the ringed cross became an emblem of Celtic identity, in addition to its more traditional religious symbolism. Modern interest in the symbol increased because of Alexander and Euphemia Ritchie . The two worked on the island of Iona in Scotland from 1899 to 1940 and popularised use of the Celtic cross in jewelry. Since its revival in
1548-436: The survivors remained and intermarried with the locals. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the town was home to The Beggar's Benison , a gentleman's club devoted to "the convivial celebration of male sexuality". By the 19th century, Anstruther-Easter, Anstruther-Wester, and Kilrenny were all separate royal and parliamentary boroughs . Anstruther-Easter held tanning , shipbuilding , and fish-curing establishments, as well as
1591-534: The symbol of Christianity with the sun cross to give pagan followers an idea of the importance of the cross. By linking it with the idea of the life-giving properties of the sun, these two ideas were linked to appeal to pagans. Other interpretations claim that placing the cross on top of the circle represents Christ's supremacy over the pagan sun. The Celtic Revival of the mid-19th century led to an increased use and creation of Celtic crosses in Ireland. In 1853, casts of several historical high crosses were exhibited at
1634-570: The symbol of Doncœur, now named croix celtique , was adopted as an emblem for Cadets of the Légion in Algeria , a youth movement within Légion Française des Combattants , a veteran organisation which the government hoped could be transformed to function as the single party of the state. Then it was used as insignia of Equipes nationales, a youth civilian service institution founded in 1942. After
1677-618: The town the status of a Royal Burgh and trading rights, recognizing the importance of the port, called the draucht of Anstruther . The bounds of the new Burgh were the "Silver Dyke" on the east, the low water line on the south, the Anstruther burn to the west, and the Kylrynnie march road . James Melville 's diary provides a graphic account of the arrival of a ship from the Spanish Armada to Anstruther. Local tradition has long held that some of
1720-496: The war, Pierre Sidos appropriated the symbol as an emblem of the far-right movement Jeune Nation , founded by him in 1949. White supremacist use of the long and short Celtic cross represents only a small minority of the symbol's use. The symbol in both forms is used by non-extremists in contexts such as Christianity, neo-Paganism, and Irish patriotism. Still, according to the American Anti-Defamation League ,
1763-519: The year in 2001–2002, was awarded the same prize once again by the Sea Fish Organisation in 2009. Anstruther is home to Scotland's only true-scale model Solar System. The model, which shows the Sun and planets and the distances between them all at the same scale of 1 to ten thousand million, is located mostly in the town centre. It stretches almost 600 m from the Sun to Pluto. Anstruther is close to
Andrew Lawson - Misplaced Pages Continue
1806-415: Was closed to passengers in 1965. In the summer of 2018 a decision by Fife Council to build a new care home facility on the town's Bankie Park was reversed after a campaign by residents. Anstruther has been twinned with Bapaume , France since October 1991. Stagecoach East Scotland operates two primary bus services which run via Anstruther. These are: Traditionally, the two Anstruthers returned
1849-605: Was especially designed for him by noted architect Bernard Maybeck to withstand earthquakes. The house is an official city designated Berkeley Landmark . The mineral Lawsonite is named for him, as is the Lawson Adit , originally a mining construction research tunnel on UC Berkeley's campus. During the Cold War, it was used to house special equipment to monitor Soviet nuclear tests. It is currently used to house seismological instruments. Lawson Hill (elev. 1,128 feet), located west of
#907092