56-658: Hornchurch Priory was an alien priory in Hornchurch , now in the London Borough of Havering . It was founded in 1158/9 on land donated by Henry II. The priory later amassed additional land holdings. For over 200 years the priory dominated the spiritual life of Havering as well as acting as landlord over much of Hornchurch. Its lands were seized by the Crown in 1385 and bought for New College, Oxford in 1391. In 1158/9 Henry II of England donated around 1,500 acres (6.1 km) of land to
112-565: A British Christian monastery, abbey, priory or other religious house is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Alien priory Alien priories were religious establishments in England , such as monasteries and convents , which were under the control of another religious house outside England. Usually the mother-house was in France . Alien priories were small dependencies of foreign religious houses. Specifically, this pertained to
168-503: A campaign led by Edgar Ætheling . The new king recognised William's authority over Lothian and attended William's court. William made two forays into Wales in 1097. Nothing decisive was achieved, but a series of castles were constructed as a marchland defensive barrier. In 1096, William's brother Robert Curthose joined the First Crusade . He needed money to fund this venture and pledged his Duchy of Normandy to William in return for
224-504: A council at Rockingham to bring Anselm to heel, but the archbishop remained firm. In October 1097, Anselm went into exile, taking his case to the Pope. The diplomatic and flexible Urban II , a new pope, was involved in a major conflict with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV , who supported Antipope Clement III . Reluctant to make another enemy, Urban came to a concordat with William, whereby William recognised Urban as pope, and Urban gave sanction to
280-506: A defect of William's reign in particular. Of course, contemporary churchmen were themselves not above engaging in such politics: it is reported that, when Archbishop Lanfranc suggested to William I that he imprison the rebellious bishop Odo of Bayeux , he exclaimed "What! He is a clergyman." Lanfranc retorted that "You will not seize the bishop of Bayeux, but confine the earl of Kent." (Odo held both titles.) While there are complaints of contemporaries regarding William's personal behaviour, he
336-476: A few countrymen, including Eli who discovered the body. To the chroniclers, men of the Church, such an " act of God " was a just end for a wicked king, and was regarded as a fitting demise for a ruler who came into conflict with the religious orders to which they belonged. Over the following centuries, the obvious suggestion that one of William's enemies had a hand in this event has repeatedly been made: chroniclers of
392-553: A few exceptions surviving, for example Modbury Priory in Devon . William Rufus William II ( Anglo-Norman : Williame ; c. 1057 – 2 August 1100) was King of England from 26 September 1087 until his death in 1100, with powers over Normandy and influence in Scotland . He was less successful in extending control into Wales . The third son of William the Conqueror , he
448-525: A manor or group of manors and send the profits to the mother-house. King John compelled them to pay into the royal treasury the apport. During the reign of King Henry III (1216-1272), many alien priories were suppressed by Simon de Montfort's Parliament (the Parliament of Leicester, 1265), and their revenues were taken into the king's hands. The Crown, however, in most cases transferred the property to other monasteries. In 1294, when King Edward I of England
504-499: A new archbishop for many years, appropriating ecclesiastical revenues in the interim. In panic, owing to serious illness in 1093, William nominated as archbishop another Norman-Italian, Anselm – considered the greatest theologian of his generation – but this led to a long period of animosity between Church and State, Anselm being a stronger supporter of the Gregorian reforms in the Church than Lanfranc. William and Anselm disagreed on
560-464: A nun in order to protect her from the lust of William Rufus, which angered Edith's father because of the effect it might have on her prospects of marriage. The historian Emma Mason has noted that while during his reign William himself was never openly accused of homosexuality, in the decades after his death numerous medieval writers spoke of this and a few began to describe him as a "sodomite". Modern historians cannot state with certainty whether William
616-646: A payment of 10,000 marks, which equates to about a quarter of William's annual revenue. In a display of the effectiveness of English taxation, William raised the money by levying a special, heavy, and much-resented tax upon the whole of England. He then ruled Normandy as regent in Robert's absence. Robert did not return until September 1100, one month after William's death. As regent in Normandy, William campaigned in France from 1097 to 1099. He secured northern Maine but failed to seize
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#1732854645319672-427: A portion of his lands. The two made up their differences and William agreed to help Robert recover lands lost to France , notably Maine . This plan was later abandoned, but William continued to pursue a ferociously warlike defence of his French possessions and interests to the end of his life, exemplified by his response to the attempt by Elias de la Flèche , Count of Maine , to take Le Mans in 1099. William Rufus
728-436: A range of ecclesiastical issues, in the course of which the king declared of Anselm that, "Yesterday I hated him with great hatred, today I hate him with yet greater hatred and he can be certain that tomorrow and thereafter I shall hate him continually with ever fiercer and more bitter hatred." The English clergy, beholden to the king for their preferments and livings, were unable to support Anselm publicly. In 1095 William called
784-401: A war between William and his brother Robert, which would result in one of them being eliminated, thus opening the way for Henry to acquire both England and Normandy through a single assassination. Tirel fled immediately. Henry had the most to gain by his brother's death. Indeed, Henry's actions "seem to be premeditated: wholly disregarding his dead brother, he rode straight for Winchester, seized
840-455: Is claimed to mark the spot where William fell. The claim that this is the location of his death appears to date from no earlier than a 17th century visit by Charles II to the forest. At the time the most popular account of William's death involved the fatal arrow deflecting off a tree, and Charles appears to have been shown a suitable tree. Letters in The Gentleman's Magazine reported that
896-536: Is commonly referred to as William Rufus ( Rufus being Latin for "the Red"), perhaps because of his ruddy appearance or, more likely, due to having red hair. William was a figure of complex temperament, capable of both bellicosity and flamboyance. He did not marry nor have children, which – along with contemporary accounts – has led some historians to speculate on homosexuality or bisexuality . He died after being hit by an arrow while hunting. Circumstantial evidence in
952-459: Is no longer used, but that probably referred to a location on what is now Park Farm on the Beaulieu estates. A memorial stone in the grounds of Beaulieu Abbey , Hampshire, states "Remember King William Rufus who died in these parts then known as Truham whilst hunting on 2nd August 1100". The king's body was abandoned by the nobles at the place where he fell. An arrow maker, Eli Parratt, later found
1008-609: Is not absolutely certain, but four sisters are more securely attested: Records indicate strained relations between the three surviving sons of William I. William's contemporary, chronicler Orderic Vitalis , wrote about an incident that took place at L'Aigle in Normandy in 1077 or 1078: William and Henry, having grown bored with casting dice, decided to make mischief by emptying a chamber pot onto their brother Robert from an upper gallery, thus infuriating and shaming him. A brawl broke out, and their father had to intercede to restore order. According to William of Malmesbury , writing in
1064-540: Is not known, but according to Frank Barlow it occurred by 1060. He was the third of four sons born to William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders , the eldest being Robert Curthose , the second Richard , and the youngest Henry . Richard died around 1075 while hunting in the New Forest . William succeeded to the throne of England on his father's death in 1087, but Robert inherited Normandy. William had five or six sisters. The existence of sisters Adeliza and Matilda
1120-488: The English Channel . Since the younger William and his brother Robert were natural rivals, these nobles worried that they could not hope to please both of their lords, and thus ran the risk of losing the favour of one ruler or the other, or both. The only solution, as they saw it, was to unite England and Normandy once more under one ruler. The pursuit of this aim led them to revolt against William in favour of Robert in
1176-570: The Rebellion of 1088 , under the leadership of the powerful Bishop Odo of Bayeux , who was a half-brother of William the Conqueror. As Robert failed to appear in England to rally his supporters, William won the support of the English with silver and promises of better government, and defeated the rebellion, thus securing his authority. In 1091 he invaded Normandy, crushing Robert's forces and forcing him to cede
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#17328546453191232-402: The 12th century, William Rufus was "well set; his complexion florid, his hair yellow; of open countenance; different coloured eyes , varying with certain glittering specks; of astonishing strength, though not very tall, and his belly rather projecting." The division of William the Conqueror's lands into two parts upon his death presented a dilemma for those nobles who held land on both sides of
1288-529: The Anglo-Norman ecclesiastical status quo . Anselm remained in exile, and William was able to claim the revenues of the archbishop of Canterbury to the end of his reign. However, this conflict was symptomatic of medieval English politics, as exemplified by the murder of Thomas Becket during the reign of the later Plantagenet king Henry II (his great-nephew through his brother Henry) and Henry VIII 's actions centuries later, and as such should not be seen as
1344-573: The Benedictine priory of St Mary , at Abergavenny under the jurisdiction of the Abbey of Saint Vincent at Le Mans. The designation "Alien Priory" included any property owned by the French houses, regardless of whether there was an actual priory, or religious house, constructed upon it. Some priories enjoyed more autonomy than others. A distinction was drawn between those where the prior was appointed and served at
1400-619: The English monarchy. If he was less effective than his father in containing the Norman lords' propensity for rebellion and violence, through charisma or political skills, he was forceful in overcoming the consequences. In 1095, Robert de Mowbray , the earl of Northumbria , refused to attend the Curia Regis , the thrice-annual court where the King announced his governmental decisions to the great lords. William led an army against Robert and defeated him. Robert
1456-577: The English possessions of French religious houses. The precedent went back at least as far as 912. Ælfthryth , daughter of Alfred the Great married Baldwin II, Count of Flanders . She received various properties under her father's will, and gave Lewisham Priory with its dependencies, Greenwich and Woolwich, to the abbey of St Peter at Ghent. Edward the Confessor gave the parish church at Deerhurst, and its lands to
1512-648: The French-controlled part of the Vexin region. According to William of Malmesbury he was planning to invade the Duchy of Aquitaine at the time of his death. William went hunting on 2 August 1100 in the New Forest , probably near Brockenhurst , and was killed by an arrow through the lung, although the circumstances remain unclear. The earliest statement of the event was in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , which noted that
1568-667: The Rufus Stone reads: Here stood the Oak Tree, on which an arrow shot by Sir Walter Tyrrell at a Stag, glanced and struck King William the Second, surnamed Rufus, on the breast, of which he instantly died, on the second day of August, anno 1100. That the spot where an Event so Memorable might not hereafter be forgotten; the enclosed stone was set up by John Lord Delaware who had seen the Tree growing in this place. This Stone having been much mutilated, and
1624-449: The Welsh chronicles claim that Henry was able to succeed to the throne because his brother had made use of concubines and thus died childless, although no illegitimate offspring are named. Barlow also allows that William may have been sterile. Noting that no " favourites " were identified, and that William's "baronial friends and companions were mostly married men", despite having concluded that
1680-417: The alien priories into his own hands, but he not infrequently appointed their priors custodians for a consideration, obliging them to pay to the Crown the apport due to their superiors. When Edward III came to the throne, he restored many of the alien priories to their original owners and waived the arrears of payments due to the Crown. But ten years later, when war broke out again with France, he reverted to
1736-502: The behaviour of those around him – including his younger brother Henry I – raises strong, but unproven, suspicions of murder. Henry I hurriedly succeeded him as king. Historian Frank Barlow observed William was "[a] rumbustious, devil-may-care soldier, without natural dignity or social graces, with no cultivated tastes and little show of conventional religious piety or morality – indeed, according to his critics, addicted to every kind of vice, particularly lust and especially sodomy." On
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1792-471: The body. William's younger brother, Henry , hastened to Winchester to secure the royal treasury (initially defended by the Norman St William of Breteuil in deference to the claims of Duke Robert), then to London, where he was crowned within days before either archbishop could arrive. William of Malmesbury , in his account of William's death, stated that the body was taken to Winchester Cathedral by
1848-615: The chapels in Romford and Havering-atte-Bower . The priory lands were seized by the Crown as a consequence of the Great Schism . The Parliament of England authorised the king to confiscate the property of alien religious houses that supported the Avignon Papacy in 1379. Notice was given by 1384. The members of the priory left the house in 1385 and the property was confiscated. The lands were purchased in 1391 by William of Wykeham for
1904-495: The endowment of New College, Oxford . The site of the priory became Hornchurch Hall. It has been suggested that the priory is the origin of the Hornchurch placename because the priory used a bulls-head seal on official documents. However, the seal derives from the name and does not provide the origin. This article about a London building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about
1960-458: The inscriptions on each of its three sides defaced, this more Durable Memorial, with the original inscriptions, was erected in the year 1841, by Wm [William] Sturges Bourne Warden. King William the Second, surnamed Rufus being slain, as before related, was laid in a cart, belonging to one Purkis, and drawn from hence, to Winchester, and buried in the Cathedral Church, of that City. William
2016-454: The king was "shot by an arrow by one of his own men." Later chroniclers added the name of the killer, a nobleman named Walter Tirel , although the description of events was later embroidered with other details that may or may not be true. The first mention of any location more exact than the New Forest comes from John Leland , who wrote in 1530 that William died at Thorougham, a placename that
2072-562: The monastery of St Denis . The practice increased after the Norman Conquest . A number of Norman lords had founded monasteries on their lands in France, which in many cases sent monks to England to manage their property. William the Conqueror gave to the Abbey of Saint-Étienne in Caen, the manors of Frampton and Bincombe in Dorset. During the reign of William Rufus , Hamelin de Balun , founded
2128-470: The other hand, he was a wise ruler and victorious general. Barlow noted, "His chivalrous virtues and achievements were all too obvious. He had maintained good order and satisfactory justice in England and restored good peace to Normandy. He had extended Anglo-Norman rule in Wales, brought Scotland firmly under his lordship, recovered Maine , and kept up the pressure on the Vexin ." William's exact date of birth
2184-504: The policy of his predecessors, and again seized the property of these French aliens. For twenty-three years, these foreign houses remained in his hands; but with the peace of 1361 most of them were restored, only to be again sequestrated eight years later when the war was renewed. In the time of Richard II , the alien priories continued mostly in the hands of the Crown. In 1378, all the monks in alien priories were expelled from England. Most finally came to an end under Henry V in 1414, with
2240-481: The realm, rendering him relatively impervious to papal condemnation. In 1097 he commenced the original Westminster Hall , built "to impress his subjects with the power and majesty of his authority". Less than two years after becoming king, William II lost his father's adviser and confidant, the Italian-Norman Lanfranc , Archbishop of Canterbury . After Lanfranc's death in 1089, the king delayed appointing
2296-514: The south of Hornchurch village (Suttons Manor) to the Hospital of St Nicholas and St Bernard . In 1163 the St Andrew's Church and adjacent land (Hornchurch Hall manor) was given by Henry II to the priory. The house was established on this land to the north of the church and was dedicated to St Nicholas and St Bernard. Land holdings were increased by 360 acres (1.5 km) gifted by local landowners. It
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2352-415: The theory is not universally accepted. Barlow says that accidents were common and there is not enough hard evidence to prove murder. Bartlett notes that hunting was dangerous. Poole says the facts "look ugly" and "seem to suggest a plot." John Gillingham points out that if Henry had planned to murder William it would have been in his interest to wait until a later time. It looked as though there would soon be
2408-449: The time point out themselves that Tirel was renowned as a keen bowman, and thus was unlikely to have loosed such an impetuous shot. Moreover, Bartlett says that rivalry between brothers was the pattern of political conflict in this period. William's brother Henry was among the hunting party that day and succeeded him as king. Modern scholars have reopened the question, and some have found the assassination theory credible or compelling, but
2464-523: The tradition of Norman leaders, William scorned the English and the English culture. Contemporaries of William raised concerns about a court dominated by homosexuality and effeminacy, epitomised through seemingly "luxurious" attire and unusual footwear than with sexual practices. Citing the traditions of Wilton Abbey in the 1140s, Herman of Tournai wrote that the abbess had ordered the Scottish princess Edith (later Matilda, wife of Henry I ) to become
2520-539: The treasury (always the first act of a usurping king), and the next day had himself elected." William's remains are in Winchester Cathedral , scattered among royal mortuary chests positioned on the presbytery screen, flanking the choir. His skull appears to be missing, but some long bones may remain. A stone known as the "Rufus Stone", close to the A31 near the village of Minstead ( grid reference SU270124 ),
2576-449: The tree was cut down and burned during the 18th century. Later in that century the Rufus Stone was set up. Originally it was around 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) tall with a stone ball on top. King George III visited the stone in 1789, along with Queen Charlotte , and an inscription was added to the stone to commemorate the visit. It was protected with a cast iron cover in 1841 after repeated vandalism. The inscription on
2632-588: The two kings quarrelled over Malcolm's possessions in England, and Malcolm again invaded, ravaging Northumbria. At the Battle of Alnwick , on 13 November 1093, Malcolm was ambushed by Norman forces led by Robert de Mowbray. Malcolm and his son Edward were killed and Malcolm's brother Donald seized the Scottish throne. William supported Malcolm's son Duncan II , who held power for a short time, and then another of Malcolm's sons, Edgar . Edgar conquered Lothian in 1094 and eventually removed Donald in 1097 with William's aid in
2688-410: The will of the abbot of the motherhouse, and those where the prior was elected by the monks. In the latter case, the land was vested in the priory and could not be sold by the abbot. The priories paid an apport , a nominal fixed sum, annually to the mother-house. A medieval abbey which held distant estates normally administered them by establishing a small cell or priory of two or three monks to manage
2744-423: Was Ranulf Flambard , whom he appointed Bishop of Durham in 1099: this was a political appointment, to a see that was also a great fiefdom . The particulars of the king's relationship with the people of England are not credibly documented. Contemporaries of William, as well as those writing after his death, roundly denounced him for presiding over what these dissenters considered a dissolute court. In keeping with
2800-528: Was an effective soldier, but he was a ruthless ruler and, it seems, was little liked by those he governed. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , he was "hated by almost all his people and abhorrent to God." Chroniclers tended to take a dim view of William's reign, arguably on account of his long and difficult struggles with the Church: these chroniclers were themselves generally clerics, and so might be expected to report him somewhat negatively. His chief minister
2856-414: Was at war with France, many of the alien priories were seized, numbering about a hundred, and their revenues were used to help pay for the war. In order to prevent the foreign monks in southern coastal areas giving possible help to invaders, he deported many of them to other religious houses that were twenty or more miles from the coast. King Edward II of England subsequently followed this example, taking
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#17328546453192912-466: Was dispossessed and imprisoned, and another noble, William of Eu , accused of treachery, was blinded and castrated . In external affairs, William had some successes. In 1091 he repulsed an invasion by King Malcolm III of Scotland , forcing Malcolm to pay homage. In 1092 he built Carlisle Castle , taking control of Cumberland and Westmorland , which had previously been claimed by the Scots. Subsequently,
2968-429: Was homosexual or not; however, he never took a wife or a mistress, or fathered any children. As a bachelor king without an heir, William would have been pressed to take a wife and would have had numerous proposals for marriage. That he never accepted any of these proposals nor had any relations with women may show that he either had no desire for women, or he may have taken a vow of chastity or celibacy. Barlow said that
3024-507: Was instrumental in assisting the foundation of Bermondsey Abbey , endowing it with the manor of Bermondsey, and it is reported that his "customary oath" was "By the Face at Lucca !" William Rufus inherited the Anglo-Norman settlement detailed in the Domesday Book of 1086, a survey undertaken at his father's command, essentially for the purposes of taxation, which was an example of the control of
3080-416: Was the only cell of the mother house in England. It was small, typically with four to eight members and never more than ten. Some accounts refer to the priory as a hospital, although there is no evidence it provided healthcare. The priory claimed exclusive spiritual authority within the ancient parish of Hornchurch (otherwise known as the manor of Havering ), providing priests for the church in Hornchurch and
3136-613: Was thus secure in his kingdom. As in Normandy, his bishops and abbots were bound to him by feudal obligations, and his right of investiture in the Norman tradition prevailed within his kingdom during the age of the Investiture Controversy that brought excommunication upon the Salian Emperor Henry IV . The king's personal power, through an effective and loyal chancery , penetrated to the local level to an extent unmatched in France. The king's administration and law unified
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