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108-585: Hoboken ( / ˈ h oʊ b oʊ k ən / HOH -boh-kən ; Unami : Hupokàn ) is a city in Hudson County in the U.S. state of New Jersey . Hoboken is part of the New York metropolitan area and is the site of Hoboken Terminal , a major transportation hub . As of the 2020 United States census , the city's population was 60,419, an increase of 10,414 (+20.8%) from the 2010 census count of 50,005, which in turn reflected an increase of 11,428 (+29.6%) from

216-450: A breve – /ĭ, ĕ, ŏ/ – are also strong vowels because they are treated morphophonemically as long vowels, even though they are pronounced as short. In a sequence of syllables containing a short vowel followed by a consonant (C) or consonant and /w/ (Cw), the odd-numbered vowels are weak, and the even numbered vowels are strong. Furthermore, some short vowels are strong even in a weakening environment; such exceptions are often marked with

324-528: A grave accent . Additionally, some vowels which are unaffected by predicted vowel syncope are marked with an acute accent . There is a predictable tendency, additionally, to nasalize and lengthen a vowel before /ns/ and /nš/ , so that /lowé·nso/ ('his name is [such]') is realized closer to [luwé̹·su] from underlying /ələwe·nsəw/ . Syllable structure is diverse, permitting a certain amount of consonant clustering. The following consonant clusters can occur: Additionally, certain consonants may combine with

432-545: A 6.5% in Hudson County as a whole. In 2018, Hoboken had an unemployment rate of 2.1%, vs. 3.9% countywide. Unami language Unami is one of two Delaware languages ; the other is Munsee . The last fluent Unami speaker in the United States, Edward Thompson, of the federally recognized Delaware Tribe of Indians , died on August 31, 2002. His sister Nora Thompson Dean (1907–1984) provided valuable information about

540-613: A charge that the Christie administration denied. In June 2014, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development allocated $ 230 million to Hoboken as part of its Rebuild by Design initiative, adding levees, parks, green roofs, retention basins and other infrastructure to help the low-lying riverfront city protect itself from ordinary flooding and build a network of features to help Hoboken future-proof itself against subsequent storms. The project included expanding

648-478: A female householder with no husband present, and 64.8% were non-families. 41.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.92 and the average family size was 2.73. In the city the age distribution of the population showed 10.5% under the age of 18, 15.3% from 18 to 24, 51.7% from 25 to 44, 13.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

756-421: A glass of water from the cave which was said to have medicinal powers. In 1841, the cave became a legend, when Edgar Allan Poe wrote " The Mystery of Marie Roget " about an event that took place there. The cave was closed in the late 1880s after the water was found to be contaminated, and it was shut and in the 1930s and filled with concrete, before it was reopened in 2008. Before his death in 1838, Stevens founded

864-496: A lesser degree, SoHo and TriBeCa —which previously had not been residential. Empty lots were built on, tenements were transformed into luxury condominiums. Hoboken felt the impact of the destruction of the World Trade Center intensely, many of its newer residents having worked there. Re-zoning encouraged new construction on former industrial sites on the waterfront and the traditionally more impoverished low-lying west side of

972-579: A major East Coast cargo-shipping port. With the development of the Interstate Highway System and containerization shipping facilities (particularly at Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal ), the docks became obsolete, and by the 1970s were more or less abandoned. A large swath of River Street, known as the Barbary Coast for its taverns and boarding houses (which had been home for many dockworkers, sailors, merchant mariners, and other seamen)

1080-429: A phrase that became "Hopoghan Hackingh". Like Weehawken , its neighbor to the north, as well as Communipaw and Harsimus to the south, Hoboken had many variations in the folks-tongue. Hoebuck , old Dutch for high bluff, and likely referring to Castle Point, the district of the city highest above sea level, was used during the colonial era, and was later spelled as Hobuck , Hobock , Hobuk and Hoboocken . However, in

1188-485: A population above 50,000. In the 2020 census, the city's population density climbed to more than 48,300 inhabitants per square mile (18,600/km) of land, ranked fourth in the county behind Guttenberg , Union City and West New York . Hoboken was first settled by Europeans as part of the Pavonia, New Netherland colony in the 17th century. During the early 19th century, the city was developed by Colonel John Stevens , first as

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1296-511: A premier technology school, Maxwell House kept chugging away, and Bethlehem Steel still housed sailors who were dry-docked on its piers. Italian-Americans and other came back to the "old neighborhood" to shop for delicatessen. In 1975, the western part of the Keuffel and Esser Manufacturing Complex (known as "Clock Towers") was converted into residential apartments, after having been an architectural, engineering and drafting facility from 1907 to 1968;

1404-533: A resort and later as a residential neighborhood. Originally part of Bergen Township and later North Bergen Township , it became a separate township in 1849 and was incorporated as a city in 1855. Hoboken is the location of the first recorded game of baseball and of the Stevens Institute of Technology , one of the oldest technological universities in the United States. It is also known as the birthplace and hometown of Frank Sinatra ; various streets and parks in

1512-450: A resort for Manhattanites. On October 11, 1811, Stevens' ship the Juliana , began to operate as a ferry between Manhattan and Hoboken, making it the world's first commercial steam ferry. In 1825, he designed and built a steam locomotive capable of hauling several passenger cars at his estate. Sybil's Cave , a cave with a natural spring, was opened in 1832 and visitors came to pay a penny for

1620-447: Is 201 . Hoboken's temperatures hover around an average in winter, rising and falling, rather than a consistent pattern with a clear coldest time of year, with minimums occurring in late December and early-mid February, rising and falling repeatedly throughout January. Just like neighboring New York City, the climate is humid subtropical (Cfa). The 2010 United States census counted 50,005 people, 25,041 households, and 9,465 families in

1728-661: Is a descendant of Proto-Eastern Algonquian consists of Mahican and Common Delaware, the latter being a further subgroup comprising Munsee Delaware and Unami Delaware. The justification for Delawarean as an intermediate subgroup rests upon the high degree of similarity between Mahican and the two Delaware languages, but relatively little detailed argumentation in support of Delawarean has been adduced. Compared to Munsee, Unami has undergone extensive phonological innovation, coupled with morphological regularization . The PEA vowel system consisted of four long vowels *i·, *o·, *e·, *a·, and two short vowels *a and ə. The vowel history

1836-424: Is as follows: *i· (from PEA merger of Proto-Algonquian (PA *i· and *i to PEA *i· ), *o· (from PEA merger of PA *o· and *o ), *e· (from Proto-Algonquian *e· ), and *a· (from Proto-Algonquian *a· ; the short vowels are *ə (from Proto-Algonquian *e ), and *a (from Proto-Algonquian *a ). This system was continued down to Common Delaware, but Munsee and Unami have innovated separately with respect to

1944-508: Is filled only for transitive verbs and help describe the relationship between the two participants by indicating which is the agent and which is the object . The direct and inverse theme signs indicate the direction of the verb along a spectrum what might be called distance. From least to most distant the participants are: (1) first or second; (2) indefinite (only as subject); (3) proximate third person; (4) obviative third person; (5) farther obviative third person; (6) inanimate (subject only). If

2052-419: Is found in three conjunct endings: /-ak/ , /-at/ , and /-an/ . In the last case, the accent shifts to the penultimate /-an/ only if it would otherwise fall on an antepenultimate short vowel, and if the consonant between them is voiced. Unami phonology is extremely complex, with various morphophonological rules, and a theoretical form usually undergoes a set of predictable phonological processes to produce

2160-562: Is located at the Scheldt river. The name of the district has its origins in Middle Dutch . The name Hoboken is derived from Medieval Dutch Hooghe Buechen or Hoge Beuken , meaning High or Tall Beeches . To this day there is a hospital in Hoboken named "Hoge Beuken". A local children's story says that the name "Hoboken" is derived from a little boy who accidentally dropped his sandwich in

2268-765: Is often used for these purposes, as other diacritics may be used above vowels (see below). In the following chart, the usual transcription used in the sources is given with the IPA in brackets. Unami vowels are presented as organized into contrasting long–short pairs. One asymmetry is that high short /u/ is paired with long /oː/ , and the pairing of long and short /ə/ is noteworthy. /ə/ and /o/ are not distinguishable before /w/ , /m/ , and /kw/ . Additionally, vowels are classified as strong and weak, which plays an important role in determining stress (see below). Long vowels and vowels before consonant clusters are automatically strong. Certain short vowels, which are differentiated with

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2376-529: Is one of the least studied aspects of the Unami language; there is much more data on morphology, because of an especial focus on reconstructing Proto-Algonquian. Some examples of complex sentences in Unami include: Hoboken, Antwerp Hoboken ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦoːboːkə(n)] ) is a southern district of the arrondissement and city of Antwerp , in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It

2484-484: Is retained even when the thematic element is dropped. The contrast between both categories is sharper in the Central Algonquian languages, whose theme sign has a more complex series of alternants. The second position consists of diminutives in 2 /-tī/ and pejoratives in 2 /-šī/ (in both of these, the /-ī/ is unstable.) An example of a diminutive is /pé·t·o/ ('the little one comes'), contrasted with

2592-455: Is treated as animate in the sentence šá·i a· ăsǝ́nak kǝnčí·mowak ('the stones would immediately cry out'). Unami is a highly agglutinative , polysynthetic language. Verbs in Unami are marked for person and number, and contain inflectional elements of order (independent, conjunct, and imperative), aspect, and the negative. A table of the personal pronouns is given below. The first person plural ("we") may be either inclusive (including

2700-478: The /o·/ would be phonetically shortened via rule U-4a. Examples include: /ntá·mwi/ ('I get up from lying') versus /á·mwi·(w)/ ('he gets up'). Two roots with initial /t/ extend the syllable with /-ən/ when adding prefixes; these roots are /tal-/ ('there') and /tax-/ ('so many'), e.g. náni nt ən tala·wsí·ne·n ('that is where we live [our lives]') from the animate intransitive stem /tala·wəsi·/ . Prefixes are mutually exclusive and are selected based on

2808-410: The 2000 census , there were 38,577 people, 19,418 households, and 6,835 families residing in the city. The population density was 30,239.2 inhabitants per square mile (11,675.4/km), fourth highest in the nation after neighboring communities of Guttenberg , Union City and West New York . There were 19,915 housing units at an average density of 15,610.7 per square mile (6,027.3/km). The racial makeup of

2916-591: The Adriatic port city of Molfetta , became the city's major ethnic group, with the Irish also having a strong presence. While the city experienced the Great Depression , jobs in the ships yards and factories were still available, and the tenements were bustling. Middle-European Jews, mostly German-speaking, also made their way to the city and established small businesses. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , which

3024-616: The Dutch Revolt . In 1585, Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza , captured Antwerp after a long siege . During the siege of Antwerp, Hoboken was partly flooded and was raided by enemy soldiers. As part of the terms of surrender of Antwerp, its Protestant citizens were given four years to settle their affairs before quitting the city. Most settlers went to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (the unoccupied part of

3132-476: The Erie Lackawanna Railroad ) developed a railroad terminal at the waterfront, with the present NJ Transit terminal designed by architect Kenneth Murchison constructed in 1907. It was also during this time that German immigrants, who had been settling in town during most of the century, became the predominant population group in the city, at least partially due to its being a major destination port of

3240-726: The Hamburg America Line , though anti-German sentiment during World War I led to a rapid decline in the German community. In addition to the primary industry of shipbuilding, Hoboken became home to Keuffel and Esser 's three-story factory and in 1884, to Tietjen and Lang Drydock (later Todd Shipyards ). Well-known companies that developed a major presence in Hoboken after the turn-of the-century included Maxwell House , Lipton Tea , and Hostess . The first officially recorded game of baseball took place in Hoboken in 1846 between Knickerbocker Club and New York Nine at Elysian Fields . In 1845,

3348-474: The Hoboken Land and Improvement Company , which laid out a regular system of streets, blocks and lots, constructed housing, and developed manufacturing sites. In general, the housing consisted of masonry row houses of three to five stories, some of which survive to the present day, as does the street grid. Hoboken was originally formed as a township on April 9, 1849, from portions of North Bergen Township . As

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3456-552: The National Association of Base Ball Players were using the grounds as their home field while St. George's continued to organize international matches between Canada, England and the United States at the same venue. In 1859, George Parr 's All England Eleven of professional cricketers played the United States XXII at Hoboken, easily defeating the local competition. Sam Wright and his sons Harry and George Wright played on

3564-476: The North River . Three Lenape sold the land that became Hoboken and part of Jersey City for 80 fathoms (146 m) of wampum , 20 fathoms (37 m) of cloth, 12 kettles, six guns, two blankets, one double kettle, and half a barrel of beer. These transactions, variously dated as July 12, 1630 and November 22, 1630, represent the earliest known conveyance for the area. Pauw, whose Latinized name is Pavonia , failed to settle

3672-521: The Polo Grounds . Few nonwhites had settled in Hoboken by 1901. The Brooklyn Eagle claimed that an unwritten sundown town policy prevented African Americans from residing or working there. When the U.S. entered World War I , the Hamburg-American Line piers in Hoboken and New Orleans were taken under eminent domain . Federal control of the port and anti-German sentiment led to part of

3780-554: The Schelde river, which flows near Hoboken. In the local dialect of Dutch , a "boke" is a sandwich and "ho" is a way of shouting "stop", so he must have shouted "Ho, boken!!!". The first historical records of Hoboken date from the 1135 parish of capellam de hobuechen qua libam . At that time Hoboken was part of Wilrijk , in the Duchy of Brabant . It has since then evolved from a small village to an industrialized district of Antwerp . From

3888-501: The 13th to the 15th century the fiefdom of Hoboken was the property of the Lords of the lands of Rumst: Perwijs, Counts of Vianden , Count of Flanders , House of Luxembourg and House of Orange-Nassau . In 1559, William of Orange sold the lands of Rumst and Hoboken to Melchior Schetz (the new Lord of Hoboken). In 1579, the city of Antwerp joined the Union of Utrecht and became the capital of

3996-500: The 1960s, working pay and conditions began to deteriorate: turn-of-the century housing started to look shabby and feel crowded, shipbuilding was cheaper overseas, and single-story plants surrounded by parking lots made manufacturing and distribution more economical than old brick buildings on congested urban streets. The city appeared to be in the throes of inexorable decline as industries sought (what had been) greener pastures, port operations shifted to larger facilities on Newark Bay , and

4104-644: The 1990s, agreements were made with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , various levels of government, Hoboken citizens, and private developers to build commercial and residential buildings and "open spaces" (mostly along the bulkhead and on the foundation of un-utilized Pier A ). The northern portion, which had remained in private hands, has also been re-developed. While most of the dry-dock and production facilities were razed to make way for mid-rise apartment houses, many sold as investment condominiums, some buildings were renovated for adaptive re-use (notably

4212-402: The 38,577 counted in the 2000 census . The Census Bureau 's Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 57,010 for 2023, making it the 708th-most populous municipality in the nation. With more than 42,400 inhabitants per square mile (16,400/km) in data from the 2010 census, Hoboken was ranked as the third-most densely populated municipality in the United States among cities with

4320-561: The Hudson with the spectacular backdrop of the New York skyline. As of 2017, the city was considering using eminent domain to take over the last operating maritime industry in the city, the Union Dry Dock. During the late 1970s and 1980s, the city witnessed a speculation spree, fueled by transplanted New Yorkers and others who bought many turn-of-the-20th-century brownstones in neighborhoods that

4428-589: The Knickerbocker Club, which had been founded by Alexander Cartwright , began using Elysian Fields to play baseball due to the lack of suitable grounds on Manhattan . Team members included players of the St George's Cricket Club , the brothers Harry and George Wright , and Henry Chadwick , the English-born journalist who coined the term "America's Pastime". By the 1850s, several Manhattan -based members of

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4536-595: The Tea Building, formerly home to Lipton Tea, and the Machine Shop, home of the Hoboken Historic Museum). Zoning requires that new construction follow the street grid and limits the height of new construction to retain the architectural character of the city and open sight-lines to the river. Downtown, Frank Sinatra Park and Sinatra Drive honor the man most consider to be Hoboken's most famous son, while uptown

4644-592: The Union of Utrecht) in the north, starting the Dutch Golden Age . Antwerp's banking was controlled for a generation by Genoa , and Amsterdam became the new trading centre of the region—the population of Amsterdam went from 30.000 in 1570 to 60.000 in 1600 and the Amsterdam Canal District was constructed to accommodate the traders and bankers from Antwerp (including much of its Jewish population). Many of

4752-472: The United States was demonstrated at Hoboken Terminal. The first Blimpie restaurant opened in 1964 at the corner of Seventh and Washington Streets. Hoboken is home to one of the headquarters of publisher John Wiley & Sons , which moved from Manhattan in 2002. According to the New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development , Hoboken's unemployment rate as of 2014 was 3.3%, compared to

4860-469: The addressee) or exclusive. Following are tables exemplifying verbal paradigms in Unami in the independent order, indicative mood and present tense. The TI themes have the same inflection as AI stems for all conjuncts. (Indefinite subject forms of consonant-final themes are not attested, but the vowel-final themes follow the AI pattern.) Three forms are illustrated from each type. Verbal prefixes are used only in

4968-558: The article hailed Hoboken as a "climate change success story." According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2 square miles (5.2 square kilometres), including 1.25 sq mi (3.2 km) of land and 0.75 sq mi (1.9 km) of water (37.50%). Hoboken lies on the west bank of the Hudson River between Weehawken and Union City to the north and Jersey City (the county seat) to

5076-460: The car, truck and plane displaced the railroad and ship as the transportation modes of choice in the United States. Many Hobokenites headed to the suburbs, often the close by ones in Bergen and Passaic Counties, and real-estate values declined. Hoboken sank from its earlier incarnation as a lively port town into a rundown condition and was often included in lists with other New Jersey cities experiencing

5184-440: The city being placed under martial law, and many German immigrants were forcibly moved to Ellis Island or left the city of their own accord. Hoboken became the major point of embarkation and more than three million soldiers, known as " doughboys ", passed through the city. Their hope for an early return led to General Pershing 's slogan, "Heaven, Hell or Hoboken... by Christmas." Following the war, Italians , mostly stemming from

5292-423: The city had seen better days, Hoboken was never abandoned. New infusions of immigrants, most notably Puerto Ricans , kept the storefronts open with small businesses and housing stock from being abandoned, but there wasn't much work to be had. Washington Street, commonly called "the avenue", was never boarded up, and the tight-knit neighborhoods remained home to many who were still proud of their city. Stevens remained

5400-543: The city have been named after him. Located on the Hudson Waterfront , the city was an integral part of the Port of New York and New Jersey and was home to major industries for most of the 20th century. The character of the city has changed from an artsy industrial vibe from the days when Maxwell House coffee, Lipton tea, Hostess Cupcakes, and Wonder Bread called Hoboken home, to one of trendy shops and expensive condominiums. It

5508-422: The city was 80.82% White , 4.26% African American , 0.16% Native American , 4.31% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , 7.63% from other races , and 2.78% from two or more races. Furthermore, 20.18% of residents considered themselves to be Hispanic or Latino . There were 19,418 households, out of which 11.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.8% were married couples living together, 9.0% had

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5616-460: The city where, in concert with Hudson-Bergen Light Rail and New Jersey State land-use policy, transit villages are now being promoted. Once a blue collar town characterized by live poultry shops and drab taverns, it has since been transformed into a town filled with gourmet shops and luxury condominiums. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused widespread flooding in Hoboken, leaving 1,700 homes flooded and causing $ 100 million in damage after

5724-554: The city's 277 intersections by the evening, resulting in only three towed cars, and no cancelation of any city events. In an article that November for The New York Times , Michael Kimmelman compared this to the storm's effects in New York City, whose government focused on flood walls and breakwaters , but not rainwater, resulting in several subway lines being submerged in water, and thigh-high water levels in Brooklyn streets. For this,

5832-428: The city's sewer capacity, incorporating cisterns and basins into parks and playgrounds, redesigning streets to minimize traffic accidents, and collect and redirect waster. By September 2023, the improvements were so successful that when a storm hit the area that month, depositing 3.5 inches on the city, including 1.44 inches during the hour coinciding with high tide, only a few inches of standing water remains at three of

5940-490: The city. The population density was 39,212.0 per square mile (15,139.8/km). There were 26,855 housing units at an average density of 21,058.7 per square mile (8,130.8/km). The racial makeup was 82.24% (41,124) White , 3.53% (1,767) Black or African American , 0.15% (73) Native American , 7.12% (3,558) Asian , 0.03% (15) Pacific Islander , 4.29% (2,144) from other races , and 2.65% (1,324) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 15.20% (7,602) of

6048-454: The colony was then known, were ordered back to New Amsterdam. In 1664, the English took possession of New Amsterdam with little to no resistance, and in 1668 they confirmed a previous land patent by Nicolas Verlett. In 1674–1675, the area became part of East Jersey , and the province was divided into four administrative districts, Hoboken becoming part of Bergen County , where it remained until

6156-663: The construction of two significant baseball parks enclosed by fences in Brooklyn , enabling promoters there to charge admission to games, the prominence of Elysian Fields diminished. In 1868 the leading Manhattan club, Mutual , shifted its home games to the Union Grounds in Brooklyn. In 1880, the founders of the New York Metropolitans and New York Giants finally succeeded in siting a ballpark in Manhattan that became known as

6264-470: The creation of Hudson County on February 22, 1840. English-speaking settlers (some relocating from New England) interspersed with the Dutch, but it remained sparsely populated and agrarian. Eventually, the land came into the possession of William Bayard , who originally supported the revolutionary cause, but became a Loyalist Tory after the fall of New York in 1776 when the city and surrounding areas, including

6372-443: The defeated United States team, a loss which inadvertently encouraged local players to take up baseball. Henry Chadwick believed that baseball and not cricket should become the national pastime after the game drawing the conclusion that amateur American players did not have the leisure time required to develop cricket skills to the high technical level required of professional players. Harry Wright and George Wright then became two of

6480-647: The early American settlers were refugees from Antwerp and the Southern Netherlands . The first settlers in New York were Belgians ( Flemish Dutch and Walloons ), they came to New York in 1623 ( Michiel Pauw from Ghent and Peter Minuit from Tournai ) and founded settlements at Wallabout, Long Island , Staten Island , Hoboken , and Pavonia . A consul of the " Low Countries " in London Emanuel van Meteren , born in Antwerp, induced Henry Hudson to go meet with

6588-533: The eastern part portion became residential apartments in 1984 (now called the Grand Adams ). The Hudson Waterfront defined Hoboken as an archetypal port town and powered its economy from the mid-19th to mid-20th century, by which time it had become essentially industrial (and mostly inaccessible to the general public). The large production plants of Lipton Tea and Maxwell House, and the drydocks of Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation and Todd Shipbuilding dominated

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6696-468: The factories, some (most notably, Todd Shipyards ), offering classes and other incentives to them. Though some returning service men took advantage of GI housing bills, many with strong ethnic and familial ties chose to stay in town. During the 1950s, the economy was still driven by Todd Shipyards, Maxwell House , Lipton Tea , Hostess and Bethlehem Steel and companies with big plants were still not inclined to invest in major infrastructure elsewhere. In

6804-585: The famed cartographer Petrus Plancius (from Ypres ) in Amsterdam and to support the search for a northeastern passage to India. Willem Usselincx , the founding father of the Dutch West India Company and the settlement of New Sweden was also a merchant from Antwerp. In 1617, the descendants of Lord Schetz were called baron and were from then on to be known as the House of Ursel . In 1683, they carried

6912-647: The first professional baseball players in the United States when Aaron Champion raised funds to found the Cincinnati Red Stockings in 1869. In 1865, the grounds hosted a championship match between the Mutual Club of New York City and the Atlantic Club of Brooklyn that was attended by an estimated 20,000 fans and captured in the Currier & Ives lithograph "The American National Game of Base Ball". With

7020-443: The following rule: if one of the participants is second person, the second person prefix is used; if not, if one of the participants is the first person, then the first person prefix is used; if none of these applies, other forms, if they take a prefix, take the third person prefix. This is the well-known Algonquian 2-1-3 precedence rule. Suffixes are grouped into eight positional classes. These are: The first position (theme signs)

7128-398: The grid ending close to 16th near Weehawken Cove and the city line. Castle Point (or Stevens Point), The Projects , Hoboken Terminal , and Hudson Tea are distinct enclaves at the city's periphery. The "Northwest" is a name being used for that part of the city as it transforms from its previous industrial use into a residential district. Hoboken's ZIP Code is 07030 and its area code

7236-467: The inanimate, obviative, and absentative categories are more marked than their opposites (i.e. animate, proximate, and nonabsentative), but it is not clear whether animacy or inanimacy is the more marked of the opposition. The first and second persons are not marked for presence or obviation and are always animate. The first mentioned and/or primary animate third person is proximate; all other third persons are obviative , unless they act in conjunction with

7344-414: The independent order, although some forms of the independent order lack a prefix. There are three of them: /n-/ (first person), /k-/ (second person), and /w-/ (third person). If a stem has an underlying initial vowel, a /t/ is inserted after the prefix, and before this and other stem-initial consonants a /ə/ is inserted. Sometimes, this /ə/ contracts with a stem-initial /wə/ to /o·/ except when

7452-444: The land, and he was obliged to sell his holdings back to the company in 1633. It was later acquired by Hendrick Van Vorst, who leased part of the land to Aert Van Putten, a farmer. In 1643, north of what would be later known as Castle Point, Van Putten built a house and a brewery, North America's first. In series of Indian and Dutch raids and reprisals , Van Putten was killed and his buildings destroyed, and all residents of Pavonia, as

7560-484: The language to linguists and other scholars. Lenni-Lenape literally means 'Men of Men', but is translated to mean 'Original People'. The Lenape names for the areas they inhabited were Scheyichbi (i.e. New Jersey), which means 'water's edge', and Lenapehoking , meaning 'in the land of the Delaware Indians'. It describes the ancient homeland of all Delaware Indians, both Unami and Munsee. The English named

7668-815: The language. Some descriptions of the Northern Unami dialect as spoken during the 18th century are given by Moravian missionary John Heckewelder . Unami has been analyzed as having contrastive geminate and non-geminate obstruent consonants, although this contrast is relatively weak. A full analysis of the status of the geminates, also known as long consonants, is not available, and more than one analysis of Delaware consonants has been proposed. The long consonants are described as having low functional yield, and they differentiate relatively few pairs of words but occur in contrasting environments. Some examples of contrastive geminate pairs include: ná k·ə́nt ka·n 'then you (sg.) danced' versus ná kə́nt ka·n 'then there

7776-420: The last known such reference until twenty years later. Soon after the area became part of the province of New Netherland . In 1630, Michael Reyniersz Pauw , a burgemeester (mayor) of Amsterdam and a director of the Dutch West India Company , received a land grant as patroon on the condition that he would plant a colony of not fewer than fifty persons within four years on the west bank of what had been named

7884-500: The name Maxwell recalls the factory with its smell of roasting coffee wafting over town and its huge neon "Good to the Last Drop" sign, so long a part of the landscape. The midtown section is dominated by the serpentine rock outcropping atop of which sits Stevens Institute of Technology (which also owns some, as yet, undeveloped land on the river). At the foot of the cliff is Sybil's Cave (where 19th century day-trippers once came to "take

7992-475: The negative affix 4 /-(ō)w(ī)/ and prohibitive imperative and future imperative forms, which have complex series of alternants. Position five contains the central endings which index the central participant of each form, except those using TA theme signs 1 /-i·/ and 1 /-əl/ ; Position six contains the affix endings: /-pan/ marks the preterite, and /sa/ ~ /shan/ mark the present. Position seven contains peripheral endings, which are used to mark

8100-475: The nineteenth century, the name was changed to Hoboken, influenced by Flemish immigrants, and a folk etymology had emerged, linking the town of Hoboken to the similarly-named Hoboken district of Antwerp . Hoboken has been nicknamed the Mile Square City, but it actually occupies about 1.25 sq mi (3.2 km) of land. During the late 19th/early 20th century the population and culture of Hoboken

8208-461: The nominal category of some 3rd person participants in forms in the independent and conjunct (but not imperative) orders. Position eight reflects the subjunctive, prohibitive, and future modes. Unami is, like many Algonquian languages , polysynthetic and highly agglutinative. This means that most of the information is encoded in the verb (sometimes with whole words being incorporated into the stem), making word order more fluid than in English. Syntax

8316-524: The northern portion for many years. On June 30, 1900, a large fire at the Norddeutscher Lloyd piers killed numerous people and caused almost $ 10 million in damage. The southern portion (which had been a U.S. base of the Hamburg-American Line ) was seized by the federal government under eminent domain at the outbreak of World War I , after which it became (with the rest of the Hudson County)

8424-404: The pejorative /pé·šo/ ('the undesirable one came'). The use of /t/ in the formation of diminutives seems to be an innovation of Unami, as many other Algonquian languages use */s/ or */ʃ/ (in fact, the diminutive of Munsee is /-šī/ ). In position three are the affixes 3 /-lī/ , which marks the obviative third person, and 3 /-h(ə)tī/ , which marks the plural. Position four contains

8532-433: The population were under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 55.9% from 25 to 44, 13.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31.2 years. For every 100 females, the population had 101.8 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 100.7 males. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income

8640-416: The population. Of the 25,041 households, 15.5% had children under the age of 18; 28.8% were married couples living together; 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present and 62.2% were non-families. Of all households, 39.7% were made up of individuals and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.93 and the average family size was 2.68. 12.2% of

8748-404: The proximate participant. Verbs are also inflected to indicate whether the verbal action is proximate on obviate or obviate on proximate. Third-person participants can be marked by a special set of endings indicating their absence from the general area of the focus of discourse. For example, absentative endings are used when speaking of the deceased (even if the corpse is physically present), as in

8856-614: The river running through much of the traditional range of the Lenape after the first governor of the Jamestown Colony , Lord De La Warr , and consequently referred to the people who lived around the river as "Delaware Indians". Unami is an Eastern Algonquian language . The hypothetical common ancestor language from which the Eastern Algonquian languages descend is Proto-Eastern Algonquian (PEA). An intermediate group, Delawarean , that

8964-483: The same phenomenon, such as Paterson , Elizabeth , Camden , and neighboring Jersey City . The old economic underpinnings were gone and nothing new seemed to be on the horizon. Attempts were made to stabilize the population by demolishing the so-called slums along River Street and build subsidized middle-income housing at Marineview Plaza, and in midtown, at Church Towers. Heaps of long uncollected garbage and roving packs of semi-wild dogs were not uncommon sights. Though

9072-410: The semivowel /w/ . Some underlying forms may also contain /sw/ and /šw/ , but these are always removed by morphophonemic processes. Stress is generally predictable in Unami. The rightmost nonfinal strong vowel is stressed, or a strong vowel in final position if it is the only one in the word. Often when stress would be expected to fall on the antepenult it is shifted to the penult . This change

9180-984: The sentence no·lăčahko·ná·na nkahe·səná·na ('our (excl.) mother (abv.) treated us well'), in which both verb and noun are marked with the absentative /-a/ ending. Nouns in Unami are classified as animate or inanimate, which is reflected in verbal conjugation. Animate nouns denote human beings, animals, spirits, trees, and certain fruits, tubers, root vegetables, and other unpredictable exceptions like ko·n ('snow') and nhíkaš ('my fingernail'). (However, berries, nuts, and vegetables growing above ground are generally inanimate.) Thus, té·hi·m ('strawberry'), xáskwi·m ('corn'), ke·skúnthak ('pumpkin'), mpi ('water'), and nhíka·t ('my leg') are inanimate, while lə́nu ('man'), xho·k ('snake'), mahtán'tu ('Devil') and hɔ́pəni·s ('potato') are animate. However, traditionally inanimate nouns which are directly addressed or personified are treated as animate. Thus, traditionally inanimate ăsǝ́n ('stone')

9288-547: The serpentine rock found there to carve pipes. The first recorded European to lay claim to the area was Henry Hudson , an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company , who anchored his ship the Halve Maen ( Half Moon ) at Weehawken Cove on October 2, 1609. An entry made in the journal of Hudson's mate, Robert Juet, on that date, is the earliest known reference to the area today known as Hoboken, and would be

9396-434: The socioeconomic possibilities and challenges of a bankrupt New York and who valued the aesthetics of Hoboken's residential, civic and commercial architecture, its sense of community, and relatively (compared to Lower Manhattan) less expensive rents, all a quick, train hop away. These trends in development resembled similar growth and change patterns in Brooklyn and downtown Jersey City and Manhattan's East Village —and to

9504-748: The sounds /ə/ and /a/ become null (disappear) in the context of when they are weak and appear before either /h/ or /x/ and another vowel. The slash means 'in the context of', and the underscore _ indicates where the /ə/ or /a/ must occur. In some notations the pound symbol (#) appears, indicating word boundaries (either the beginning or end). Regular parenthesis indicate optional conditions when framing phonemes or additional information about phonemes: "C=stop". The capital letters C, V, and N mean 'consonant', 'vowel', and 'nasal' respectively. Third person participants are marked for gender (animate versus inanimate), obviation ( proximate versus obviative ), and presence (nonabsentative versus absentative). Generally,

9612-510: The south and west. Directly across the Hudson River are the Manhattan , New York City neighborhoods of the West Village and Chelsea . Hoboken is laid out in a grid . North–south streets are named (Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Harrison, and Clinton, for example). The numbered streets running east–west start two blocks north of Observer Highway with First Street, with

9720-640: The still solid middle and working class population had kept intact and by local and out-of-town real-estate investors who bought up late 19th century apartment houses often considered to be tenements. Hoboken experienced a wave of fires, some of which were arson. Applied Housing, a real-estate investment firm, used federal government incentives to renovate "sub-standard" housing and receive subsidized rental payments (commonly known as Section 8 ), which enabled some low-income, displaced, and disabled residents to move within town. Hoboken attracted artists, musicians, upwardly mobile commuters, and "bohemian types" interested in

9828-538: The storm "filled up Hoboken like a bathtub", leaving the city without electricity for days, and requiring the summoning of the National Guard . Workers in Hoboken had the highest rate of public transportation use in the nation, with 56% commuting daily via mass transit. Hurricane Sandy caused seawater to flood half the city, crippling the PATH station at Hoboken Terminal when more than 10 million gallons of water dumped into

9936-406: The subject is less distant than the object, the direct theme is used; if the subject is more distant, the inverse signs are used. After transitive animate (TA) verb stems appear one of the four following theme signs: For transitive inanimate (TI) verbs, there appears the theme sign pertaining to the appropriate TI class: For Class 2 TI theme signs, in certain derivational categories, the theme sign

10044-488: The system. In December 2013 Mayor Dawn Zimmer testified before a U.S. Senate Committee on the impact the storm had on Hoboken's businesses and residents, and in January 2014 she stated that Lieutenant Governor Kim Guadagno and Richard Constable, a member of governor Chris Christie 's cabinet, deliberately held back Hurricane Sandy relief funds from the city in order to pressure her to approve a Christie ally's developmental project,

10152-707: The title of count and in 1717 duke d' Ursel. A turning point in the history of Hoboken was the construction of the Cockerill shipyard in 1873. During World War I , Antwerp became the fallback point of the Belgian Army after the defeat at the Battle of Liège . The Siege of Antwerp lasted for 11 days, the city was taken by the German Army after heavy fighting , and the Belgians were forced to retreat westwards . Fort 8, one of

10260-490: The total population, 23.6% of those under the age of 18 and 20.7% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. The city is a bedroom community of New York City, where most of its employed residents work. Based on the 2000 Census Worker Flow Files, about 53% of the employed residents of Hoboken (13,475 out of 25,306) worked in one of the five boroughs of New York City, as opposed to about 15% working within Hoboken. The first centrally air-conditioned public space in

10368-562: The town grew in population and employment, many of Hoboken's residents saw a need to incorporate as a full-fledged city, and in a referendum held on March 29, 1855, ratified an Act of the New Jersey Legislature signed the previous day, and the City of Hoboken was born. In the subsequent election, Cornelius V. Clickener became Hoboken's first mayor . On March 15, 1859, the Township of Weehawken

10476-520: The true form found in speech. There are about 17 such rules common to both Munsee and Unami, and another 28 unique to Unami, though this analysis ignores predictable exceptions, such as the class of static words which may skip many of these rules. These rules govern things such as consonant lengthening/shortening, vowel syncopation, metathesis, vowel coloring, etc. A list of processes unique to Unami follow. These are written in linguistic notation. Thus, {ə,a} → ∅ / _{h, x}V when {ə,a} are weak means that

10584-1043: The vowel systems. The dominant modern version of the Southern Unami dialect called Lenape is taught by the Delaware Tribe of Indians , headquartered in Bartlesville, Oklahoma , which manages the Lenape Language Preservation Project. The same dialect was spoken by the Delaware Nation in Anadarko in the southwestern part of Oklahoma. Both Oklahoma and Delaware tribes have recorded native speakers and produced written lessons for instruction, which are available for sale from Various Indian Peoples Publishing Company, located in Texas . These efforts, in conjunction with other community efforts comprise an attempt to preserve

10692-553: The waters" from a natural spring), long sealed shut, though plans for its restoration are in place. The promenade along the river bank is part of the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway , a state-mandated master plan to connect the municipalities from the Bayonne Bridge to George Washington Bridge and provide contiguous unhindered access to the water's edge and to create an urban linear park offering expansive views of

10800-590: The west bank of the renamed Hudson River, were occupied by the British. At the end of the Revolutionary War , Bayard's property was confiscated by the Revolutionary Government of New Jersey. In 1784, the land described as "William Bayard's farm at Hoebuck" was bought at auction by Colonel John Stevens for £18,360 (then $ 90,000). In the early 19th century, Colonel John Stevens developed the waterfront as

10908-425: Was $ 101,782 (with a margin of error of +/− $ 3,219) and the median family income was $ 121,614 (+/− $ 18,466). Males had a median income of $ 90,878 (+/− $ 6,412) versus $ 67,331 (+/− $ 3,710) for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 69,085 (+/− $ 3,335). About 9.6% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.7% of those under age 18 and 24.4% of those age 65 or over. As of

11016-409: Was 30 years. For every 100 females, age 18 and over, there were 103.9 males. The median income for a household in the city as of the 2000 census was $ 62,550, while the median income for a family was $ 67,500. Males had a median income of $ 54,870 versus $ 46,826 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 43,195. 11.0% of the population and 10.0% of families were below the poverty line . Out of

11124-531: Was created from portions of Hoboken and North Bergen Township. Based on a bequest from Edwin A. Stevens , Stevens Institute of Technology was founded at Castle Point in 1870, at the site of the Stevens family 's former estate, as the nation's first mechanical engineering college. By the late 19th century, shipping lines were using Hoboken as a terminal port, and the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (later

11232-415: Was dancing'; ní p·ɔ́·m 'his thigh' versus ní pɔ́·m 'the ham'; and nsa· s·a ·k·ənə́mən 'I stuck it out repeatedly' versus nsa· sa ·k·ənə́mən 'I stuck it out slowly'. There are also rules that lengthen consonants in certain environments. The length mark (ː) is used to indicate gemination of a preceding consonant or vowel length , although in the literature on Unami the raised dot (·)

11340-695: Was dominated by German language speakers who sometimes called it "Little Bremen", many of whom are buried in Hoboken Cemetery, North Bergen . Hoboken was originally an island which was surrounded by the Hudson River on the east and tidal lands at the foot of the New Jersey Palisades on the west. It was a seasonal campsite in the territory of the Hackensack , a phratry of the Lenni Lenape , who used

11448-528: Was established on April 30, 1921, oversaw the development of the Holland Tunnel (completed in 1927) and the Lincoln Tunnel (in 1937), allowing for easier vehicular travel between New Jersey and New York City, bypassing the waterfront. The war facilitated economic growth in Hoboken, as the many industries located in the city were crucial to the war effort. As men went off to battle, more women were hired in

11556-410: Was leveled as part of an urban renewal project. Though control of the confiscated area had been returned to the city in the 1950s, complex lease agreements with the Port Authority gave it little influence on its management. In the 1980s, the waterfront dominated Hoboken politics, with various civic groups and the city government engaging in sometimes nasty, sometimes absurd politics and court cases. By

11664-475: Was ranked 2nd in Niche 's "2019 Best Places to Live in Hudson County" list and 1st in 2022 The name Hoboken was chosen by Colonel John Stevens when he bought land, on a part of which the city still sits. The Lenape , later called Delaware Indian tribe of Native Americans , referred to the area as the "land of the tobacco pipe", most likely to refer to the soapstone collected there to carve tobacco pipes , and used

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