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30-720: Ethnic groups include Han, Hui, and Dongxiang . Hezheng County is divided to 8 towns and 4 townships. This Gansu location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dongxiang people The Dongxiang (autonym: Sarta or Santa ) are a Mongolic people and one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China . Half of the population live in Dongxiang Autonomous County , Linxia Prefecture, Gansu Province, China. The rest are divided over Hezheng County , Linxia City , Lanzhou , Dingxi and Ningxia . According to

60-458: A different Central Asian language before shifting to their current mother tongue, Dongxiang language , a member of the Mongolic languages . The name Dongxiang is derived from them living in what was called the eastern ( Dong ) part of Hezhou prefecture, present day Linxia. Haplogroup analysis by Wen et. al. (2013) shows that the closest relative of Dongxiang people are the common ancestors of

90-506: A medium heel. The Dongxiang speak the Dongxiang language , a member of the Mongolic family . The language has distinct features resembling Middle Mongolian and has up to 35% loan words borrowed from Mandarin Chinese . The negligible words of Persian, Turkic and Arabic origin are probably remnants of their original languages before language shift to Dongxiang. The Dongxiang people also have

120-559: A problem aggravated by the lack of a written language. In 2004, the Ford Foundation provided US$ 30,000 in grant money for a pilot project to promote bilingual education in Mandarin and Dongxiang, in an effort to reduce school drop-out rates. The project is credited with the publication of a Dongxiang–Chinese bilingual dictionary as well as recent rises in test scores. Xunhua Salar Autonomous County Xunhua Salar Autonomous County

150-703: A rich tradition of oral literature and use the Arabic alphabet. As a result of the language shift , some 20,000 people in several villages in the Northeastern Dongxiang County now speak the so-called " Tangwang language ": a creolized version of Mandarin Chinese with a strong Dongxiang influence, in particular in its grammar. Government statistics show that the Dongxiang are among the poorest and least literate of China's minorities, with most Dongxiang having completed only an average of 1.1 years of schooling,

180-409: A white shirt, trousers and a beret like cap makes up the rest of the traditional outfit. Seasonal clothing like sheepskin coats are also worn during the winter. Dongxiang women wear embroidered outfits which include wide sleeved shirts and trousers. Older women wear kerchiefs and younger women tend to wear bright decorated cotton caps and silk veils. On special occasions, women wear embroidered shoes with

210-714: Is 811100 and its capital is the town of Jishi  [ zh ] . Xunhua County is the only autonomous county where the Salar are the sole titular minority. Salar language is an official language in Xunhua, as well as in Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County . As of April 2009, Xunhua is also the site of a mosque containing the oldest hand-written copy of the Quran in China, believed to have been written sometime between

240-463: Is an autonomous county in the southeast of Haidong Prefecture , in Qinghai province, China. The autonomous county has an area of around 2,100 square kilometres (810 sq mi), and a population of approximately 161,600 inhabitants per a 2022 government publication. In the east it borders the province of Gansu and in the south and the west Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture . Its postal code

270-662: Is only with Han and Hui, but not Tibetans. In 1900, Generals Ma Fulu and Ma Fuxiang brought a Chinese Muslim troop comprising Dongxiang, Hui and Bonan to fight the foreign troops in the Boxer Rebellion . They were killed while defending the Zhengyang Gate in Beijing. In 1937–1945, General Ma Biao brought a multiethnic troop, including Dongxiang, to fight the Second Sino-Japanese War . Some claimed Ma Fuxiang himself

300-796: The Kyrgyz of Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang, the Tajiks of Khujand , Tajikistan, and the Ishkashimis of Tajikistan. The second closest relative is the Salars of Xinhua , Qinghai. The third closest relative are the commons ancestors of the Uyghurs and Tajiks of Xinjiang, the Shughnis of Tajikistan, the Bartangi of Tajikistan and various Uzbeks of different Central Asian countries. STR loci analysis by Zhan et. al. (2018) shows that

330-840: The Oroqens in Oroqen Banner , Inner Mongolia. Her next closest relative is the common ancestors of the Monguors in Huzhu , Qinghai, the Salars in Xinhua , Qinghai and the Tajiks in Tashkurgan , Xinjiang. Distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroups in Dongxiang: O =24.29( O2 =18.69, O1a =1.87, O1b =3.73) J =16.82 R1 =16.82( R1a =14.02, R1b =2.8) R2 =9.35 C =6.54 G =5.61 N =5.6 D =4.67 E =3.74 Others=6.56 In another study in 2010 found that

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360-653: The Yellow River . However, as a result of population pressures and religious differences, conflicts between the two groups broke out, and Salar populations expelled local Tibetans, first from villages along the south of the Yellow River, and later, from villages along the northern bank. The Ming dynasty established control of the area by the year 1370, placing it under the jurisdiction of Hezhou , located in Gansu . Following this conquest, Hui settlers from Hezhou began moving to

390-597: The 10th Panchen Lama , was born in Xunhua Salar Autonomous County on February 19, 1938. In April 1958, during the Great Leap Forward , an uprising of ethnic Tibetan and Salar people against the government took place, known as the Xunhua Incident . Over 400 people were killed by the People's Liberation Army as a result. In 1996, Wimdo township only had one Salar because Tibetans complained about

420-444: The 2010 census, their population numbers 621,500, although research has found that the number is inflated due to Hui identifying themselves as Dongxiang for the census, in order to benefit from minority policies. Chinese historians generally agreed that Dongxiang are the descendants of Central Asians migrated to Mongol-ruled China . They were converted to Islam in the 1340s by a missionary named Hamzeh (哈木則, Hāmùzé ). They spoke

450-619: The 8th and 13th centuries. Xunhua County is the location of the Bronze Age necropolis Suzhi ( simplified Chinese : 苏志墓地 ; traditional Chinese : 蘇志墓地 ; pinyin : Sūzhì Mùdì ) of the Kayue culture . Ethnic Salars first arrived in present-day Xunhua Salar Autonomous County during the 13th or 14th century, as part of the Mongol army. Initially, Salar settlers cohabitated with ethnic Tibetans , moving into existing Tibetan villages along

480-549: The Hui Muslim General Ma Anliang ordered his younger brother Ma Guoliang to suppress a rebellion of Tibetans in Xunhua who rebelled because of taxes Ma Anliang imposed on them. Ma Anliang did not report it to the central government in Beijing and was reprimanded for it and the Hui Muslim General Ma Qi was sent by the government to investigate the case and suppress the rebellion. Choekyi Gyaltsen,

510-593: The Muslim call to prayer and a mosque built in the area in the early 1990s so they kicked out most of the Salars from the region. Xunhua Salar Autonomous County is located in the east of Qinghai province , under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Haidong . The autonomous county spans an area of approximately 2,100 square kilometres (810 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) above sea level. The Yellow River flows through

540-481: The autonomous county for more than 90 kilometres (56 mi). Xunhua Salar Autonomous County administers three towns , two townships , and four ethnic townships : Xunhua Salar Autonomous County is a majority-minority region within China , with the eponymous Salar people constituting 62.7% of the autonomous county's population, per a 2022 government publication. Other sizeable ethnic minority populations within

570-545: The autonomous county include Tibetans and the Hui . Conversely, the Han Chinese make up just 6.5% of the autonomous county's population. Salars in the area live along both banks of the Yellow River , south and north. Due to a prolonged period of separation due to a lack of bridge across the river, separate subgroups of Salars in the areas emerged: Bayan Salars, largely concentrated in present-day Hualong Hui Autonomous County to

600-722: The closest relative of Dongxiang men among the Chinese populations are the Tajiks in Tashkurgan , Xinjiang. The next closest relative is the common ancestor of the Mongols in Bayingolin , Xinjiang, the Salars in Xinhua , Qinghai and the Mongols in Tongliao , Inner Mongolia. The physical anthropology of Dongxiang women show her closest relative are the common ancestor of the Bonans in Jishishan , Gansu and

630-544: The closest relative of Dongxiang people among Chinese and Central Asians are the Buryats of Ewenki Banner , Inner Mongolia. The next closest relative are the Kazakhs of Xinjiang . All other Chinese and Central Asian populations are very distant. STR analysis excluding Kyrgyz, Tajiks and other Central Asians might conclude Dongxiang is close to East Asians as a whole. Physical anthropological analysis by Li et. al. (2011) shows that

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660-511: The end of Mongol rule in the late 14th century, many Salars were fluent in Tibetan and Chinese languages as a result of increasing contact with these two groups. Since the early Ming dynasty, many Salars in the region engaged in long-distance traded along the Yellow River, a practice which has continued into modern times. Much of the region's trade had historically utilized the river to reach destinations such as Lanzhou and Ningxia . In 1917,

690-409: The majority of the Dongxiang belonged to Haplogroup R1a (R1a : 54%). The Dongxiang have Mongol , Han Chinese , Hui and Tibetan surnames. Dongxiang with Han Chinese surnames such as Wang, Kang, Zhang, Gao and Huang claim descent from Han Chinese. Surnames such as Ma and Mu are of Hui origin. Some Dongxiang have said that, in the rare instances that they do marry with other people , it

720-462: The north, and Xunhua Salars who largely reside in Xunhua Salar Autonomous County. This physical separation has resulted linguistic and cultural differences between Xunhua Salars and Bayan Salars to the north, to such a degree that government officials from the Qing dynasty identified them as two distinct groups. The region north of the Yellow River is a mix of discontinuous Salar and Tibetan villages while

750-528: The previous year. As of 2021, the per capita disposable income of urban residents reached 35,233 RMB, an increase of 6.8% from the previous year; per capita disposable income of rural residents totaled 13,773 RMB, an increase of 10.6% from the previous year. The autonomous county has a sizeable tourism industry, and boasts a number of eco-tourist attractions. Xunhua Salar Autonomous County received approximately 4.36 million tourists in 2021, and earned 2.25 billion renminbi in tourist revenue. Lamian

780-462: The region south of the yellow river is solidly Salar with no gaps in between, since Hui and Salars pushed the Tibetans on the south region out earlier. In 2021, Xunhua Salar Autonomous County's gross domestic product (GDP) totaled 4.036 billion renminbi (RMB), an increase of 6.5% over the previous year. Total retail sales in the autonomous county totaled 1.19 billion RMB, an increase of 7.5% from

810-486: The region, and began trading with and marrying local Salars. Many Salars originally surnamed " Han ", which acted as a derivative of term " khan " adopted the surname " Ma ", which acted as a derivative of "Muhammed". Marriage ceremonies, funerals, birth rites and prayer were shared by both Salar and Hui as they intermarried. These increasing economic and cultural ties between Salars and the Hui resulted in intermarriages between

840-554: The two groups becoming commonplace, even more so than marriages between local Salars and Tibetans, or between Salars and Mongols and Han Chinese. The Salar language , culture, and sociopolitical organization were all highly impacted throughout the 14th–16th centuries by large-scale interethnic contact and interethnic marriage. For example, Salars adopted high-walled adobe compounds and side-buttoning coats from Tibetic and Mongolic influences. The Salar language imported semantic and grammatical lexemes from Mongolic languages , and upon

870-543: Was of a Dongxiang assimilated into the Hui Chinese. The base of the economy of Dongxiang is agriculture. The main products are potatoes, corn, barley, millet and wheat. They are also recognized craftsmen, specializing in the elaboration of traditional carpets. An early ethnography of Dongxiang was documented in 1940 by the American Asiatic Association. The author interviewed Ma Chuanyuan, a Muslim Mongol who

900-504: Was the magistrate of five districts, on the origins of his people. The account described them as a community of one hundred thousand, Mongol by race, Islam by religion and Chinese by culture. Common Dongxiang cuisine includes the use of a potato mash that is used for noodles, snacks, alcoholic drinks and more. Traditional Dongxiang dress for men includes buttoned robes and a broad waistband. These waistbands are sometimes used to hang knives, snuff bottles, or small bags on them. A vest over

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