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18-447: Shughni-Rushani tends towards SOV word order, distinguishes a masculine and feminine gender in nouns and some adjectives, as well as the 3rd person singular of verbs. Shughni distinguishes between an absolutive and an oblique case in its system of pronouns. Rushani is noted for a typologically unusual 'double-oblique' construction, also called a 'transitive case', in the past tense. Normally Soviet school scientists consider Rushani as

36-434: A British nursery rhyme, The Old Woman and Her Pig . Absolutive In grammar , the absolutive case ( abbreviated ABS ) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative–accusative languages such as English . In languages with ergative–absolutive alignment ,

54-587: A Persian derived alphabet for Shughni has been a long and iterative one, over a period starting from 2004, with the publication of the first book on phonology and orthography of Shughni language by Khair Mohammad Haidari. This was followed by a 2011 publication by Dr. Nur Ali Dost from Montreal -based "Sohravardi Foundation for Iranian Studies"., a 2011 compilation by Mazhab Shah Zahoori and two other by Alishah Sabbar and Calgary-based Dr. Khush Nazar Parmerzad. This led to controversy, correspondence, and collaboration between Shughni literaturists and academics, who over

72-468: A close but independent language to Shughni, while Western school scientists codes Rushani as a dialect of Shughni due to Afghanistan Rushani speakers living in the Sheghnan district of Badakhshan Province . Rushani , Bartangi , Oroshori (Roshorvi), Khufi and Shughni proper are considered to be dialects. However, Bartangi and Khufi are quite distinct and may be separate languages. The following are

90-457: A vowel one. Below tables demonstrate how vowels are to be written in different positions within a word. Note that some vowels don't occur in specific positions in Shughni phonology. Also note that diacritics are generally dropped in writing. Also note that there exists free variation between the short vowels in colloquial Shughni. Below is a sample text, the first few passages from translations of

108-412: Is especially common in the tradition of descriptive linguistics of African languages . In marked nominative languages, where the nominative has case inflection, the accusative is unmarked and also serves as citation form. In these languages, the unmarked accusative/citation form is thus often called 'absolutive'. On the other hand, in certain nominative–accusative languages , it is the accusative which

126-403: Is explicitly marked for case, whereas the nominative is unmarked and serves as citation form. In such situations, the term 'absolutive' is occasionally used to describe the unmarked nominative/citation form. In tripartite languages , both the agent and object of a transitive clause have case forms, ergative and accusative, and the agent of an intransitive clause is the unmarked citation form. It

144-472: Is occasionally called the intransitive case , but absolutive is also used and is perhaps more accurate since it is not limited to core agents of intransitive verbs. Free variation In linguistics , free variation is the phenomenon of two (or more) sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect by native speakers . Sociolinguists argue that describing such variation as "free"

162-430: Is very often a misnomer, since variation between linguistic forms is usually constrained probabilistically by a range of systematic social and linguistic factors, not unconstrained as the term "free variation" suggests. The term remains in use, however, in studies focused primarily on language as systems (e.g. phonology, morphology, syntax). When phonemes are in free variation, speakers are sometimes strongly aware of

180-493: The absolutive is the case used to mark both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb in addition to being used for the citation form of a noun. It contrasts with the marked ergative case , which marks the subject of a transitive verb. For example, in Basque the noun mutil ' boy ' takes the bare singular article -a both as the subject of the intransitive clause mutila etorri da ( '

198-660: The alphabets developed in Tajikistan for Shughni language, have been Cyrillic and Latin. In Afghanistan, Dari (Afghan Persian), with the well-established Persian script , is the literary language of the nation. Pashto language too, with its own alphabet , derived from Persian, but with unique features and conventions, is the co-official language of Afghanistan. Thus, the Shughni orthography being developed by literaturists in Afghanistan has been derived from Persian, and borrowing letters from Pashto as needed. The process of compiling

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216-493: The boy came ' ) and as the object of the transitive clause Irakasleak mutila ikusi du ( ' the teacher has seen the boy ' ) in which the agent bears the ergative ending -a-k . In a very few cases, a marked absolutive has been reported, including in Nias and Sochiapam Chinantec . Occasionally, the term 'absolutive case' (or also: 'absolute case') is used for the unmarked case form in languages with other alignment types. This

234-440: The case of different realizations of the same phoneme, however, free variation is exceedingly common and, along with differing intonation patterns, variation in realization is the most important single feature in the characterization of regional accents. English's deep orthography and the language's wide variety of accents often cause confusion, even for native speakers, on how written words should be pronounced. That allows for

252-428: The existing orthographic standards and conventions in coming up with an orthography for Shughni language. In Tajikistan , Persian alphabet was discarded in 1928, being replaced by Latin alphabet, and 11 years afterwards in 1939, Latin alphabet being replaced by Cyrillic alphabet . Tajik Cyrillic alphabet is of course based on Russian orthography, and similar to that of Uzbek language in neighboring Uzbekistan . Thus,

270-493: The fact (especially if such variation is noticeable only across a dialectal or sociolectal divide), and will note, for example, that tomato is pronounced differently in British and American English ( / t ə ˈ m ɑː t oʊ / and / t ə ˈ m eɪ t oʊ / respectively), or that either has two pronunciations that are distributed fairly randomly. However, only a very small proportion of English words show such variations. In

288-624: The following years, agreed upon specific set of consonants, and a specific standardized way of representing vowels. The Afghan government has officially adopted Shughni orthography as well, and the Ministry of Education has created textbooks to be used in Badakhshan Province . Below table demonstrates the 44-letter Persian-derived Shughni alphabet. Shughni language consists of 10 vowels. There are 3 short vowels, which have 3 corresponding long vowels, and there are 4 additional long vowels. One of

306-407: The topics of controversy in the process of compiling and standardizing Shughni orthography, was how to express all 9 of the vowels. In this process, letters from Pashto and Urdu have been borrowed ( ې ‎ and ے ‎ ), a new letter has been created ( اۈ ‎ ) and due to a lack of the sound [h], the letter he ( هـ ـهـ ‎ ) has been repurposed from a consonant grapheme to

324-400: The vowels of Shughni: Long vowels occur as / iː , eː , oː /. The following are the consonants of Shughni: Shughni people live in both Afghanistan and Tajikistan . For the past 100 years, each country has had diverging literary traditions and orthographic standards. On either side of the border, Shughni literaturists, being previously an unwritten language, has relied heavily on

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