Heihe ( Chinese : 黑河 ; pinyin : Hēihé ; lit. ' Black River ' ; Russian : Хэйхэ) is a prefecture-level city of northern Heilongjiang province, China, located on the Russian border , on the south bank of the Amur (Heilong) River , across the river from Blagoveshchensk . At the 2020 census, 1,286,401 people lived in the prefecture-level city of whom 223,832 lived in the built-up area ( or metro ) made of Aihui District .
25-559: Heihe marks the northeast terminus of the diagonal Heihe–Tengchong Line , which is sometimes used to divide China into east and west. Heihe, formerly Aihui or Aigun, is one of the five oldest cities in Heilongjiang , along with Qiqihar , Yilan , Acheng and Hulan . Human beings started to settle in Heihe region as early as the Paleolithic Age . Later it became home to local tribes. During
50-579: A strong military presence in the Amur region. From 1850 to 1864, when China was heavily involved in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion , and Governor-General of the Far East Nikolay Muraviev camped tens of thousands of troops on the borders of Mongolia and Manchuria , preparing to make legal Russian de facto control over the Amur from past settlement. Muraviev seized the opportunity when it
75-749: A stronghold, serving as the base of Manchus controlling the Amur River basin. The Aigun Treaty was concluded at Aigun in 1858. According to this treaty, the left bank of the Amur River was conceded to Czarist Russia . After the Xinhai Revolution , Aigun became the county seat of the newly created Aigun County by the Republic of China . On November 15, 1980, Heihe City was established, administering two county-level cities and three counties including Beian , Wudalianchi , Nenjiang , Sunwu and Sunke . Aihui County
100-532: The Aihui -Tengchong Line (and internationally as the Hu line ), is an imaginary line that divides the area of China into two parts with contrasting population densities. It stretches from the city of Heihe in the northeast to Tengchong in the south, diagonally across China. The eastern portion, area shown in red in the map, is further subdivided into north and south halves. As of 2015, 94% of China's population live east of
125-622: The Oregon Territory in the Treaty of 1818 . (Russia gained sole control of this land two years later.) In China, especially after the rise of Chinese nationalism in the 1920s, the treaty has been denounced as an unequal treaty . In September 2024, the President of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Lai Ching-te claimed that if China's claims on Taiwan are about territorial integrity then it should also take back land from Russia signed over by
150-602: The Qing dynasty , Heihe was the first place troops sent to Heilongjiang were stationed. The predecessor of today's Heihe was the town established by the indigenous Ducher people of the Amur Valley in the mid-1650s. It was established some 30 km (19 mi) south of the modern city site (in today's Aihui District ) and was known as Aigun , Heilongjiang, or Saghalien Ula. (The two last names both mean "the Black Dragon River" -
175-512: The Russian Far East and China by ceding much of Manchuria (the ancestral homeland of the Manchu people ), now known as Northeast China . Negotiations began after China was threatened with war on a second front by Governor-General of the Far East Nikolay Muraviev when China was suppressing the Taiping Rebellion . It reversed the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) by transferring the land between
200-672: The Stanovoy Range and the Amur River from the Qing dynasty to the Russian Empire. Russia received over 600,000 square kilometers (231,660 sq mi) of what became known as Outer Manchuria . While the Qing government initially refused to recognize the validity of the treaty, the Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun were affirmed as part of the 1860 Sino-Russian Convention of Peking . Since
225-462: The Yalta Conference . The minor change in total population percent from 1935 to 2015 is attributed to Han Chinese migration to urban areas west of the line, as well as one-child policy restrictions on the majority, with exceptions for largely-minority groups west of the line. However, during the 2000-2015 period, population in the west of the line indeed grew faster than the east, but the growth
250-590: The 19th century. Heihe University ( 黑河学院 ) has requested the Russian bandy club SKA Neftyanik to send a coach, offering a one-year contract. [1] Formally part of Oroqen Banner in Inner Mongolia but administered de facto by Daxing'anling Prefecture in Heilongjiang. Heihe%E2%80%93Tengchong Line The Heihe–Tengchong Line ( simplified Chinese : 黑河–腾冲线 ; traditional Chinese : 黑河–騰衝線 ; pinyin : Hēihé–Téngchōng xiàn ), also called
275-417: The annual precipitation falls in the months of June to August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −44.5 °C (−48 °F) to 39.3 °C (103 °F). The transportation to and from Heihe is as follows: The world's first international cable car to Blagoveshchensk has also been proposed to open in 2022. West of Heihe, there is an HVDC back-to-back station for realizing an interconnection between
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#1732851464176300-604: The capital was moved to Nenjiang (Mergen). After the capture of Albazin in 1685 or 1686, the Qing governor relocated the town to a new site on the right (southwestern) bank of the Amur, about 3 miles downstream from the original. The new site occupied the location of the former village of the Daurian chief named Tolga. The city became known primarily under its Manchu name Saghalien Ula hoton ( Manchu : ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ sahaliyan ula hoton ) and Chinese name Heilongjiang Cheng ( 黑龍江城 ), which both mean " Black River City". Later
325-590: The governor office was transferred to Qiqihar. However, Aigun remained the seat of the Deputy Lieutenant-General (Fu dutong), responsible for a large district covering much of the Amur Valley within the province of Heilongjiang as it existed in those days. Aigun was visited around 1709 as a part of a nationwide Sino-French cartographic program by the Jesuits Jean-Baptiste Régis , Pierre Jartoux , and Xavier Ehrenbert Fridelli , who found it
350-557: The jurisdiction of Manchu government.) The Amur, Sungari , and Ussuri rivers were to be open exclusively to both Chinese and Russian ships. The territory bounded on the west by the Ussuri, on the north by the Amur, and on the east and south by the Sea of Japan was to be jointly administered by Russia and China—a "condominium" arrangement similar to that which the British and Americans had agreed upon for
375-503: The line, in an area that is 43% of China's total, whereas 57% of the Chinese territory is west of the line has but only 6% of the country's population. Chinese population geographer Hu Huanyong imagined the line in 1935 and called it a "geo-demographic demarcation line". As this line was proposed in 1935, the map of China at the time included Mongolia (whose independence China did not recognise until after WWII ) but excluded Taiwan (which
400-614: The name for the Amur River in Chinese and Manchu , respectively). After the Ducher were evacuated by the Qing to the Sungari or Hurka in the 1650s, the Ducher town was probably vacated. However, in 1683-85 the Manchus re-used the site as a base for their campaign against the Russian fort of Albazin . Aigun was the capital (the seat of the military governor) of Heilongjiang from 1683 to 1690, before
425-399: The power grids of Russia and China with 750 MW transmission capacity. Heihe has tourist attractions such as Amur River and Wudalianchi Lake [ zh ] and Wudalianchi Volcanic Range [ zh ] , where people can take a trip to local volcanoes. The Old City of Aigun is a famous historical scenic spot, in which the Treaty of Aigun between China and Russia was signed in
450-666: The reign of Catherine the Great (1762–1796), Russian emperors had desired to make Russia a naval power in the Pacific . They gradually achieved their goals by annexing the Kamchatka Peninsula and establishing the naval outpost of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in 1740, naval outposts in Russian America and near the Amur watershed, encouraging Russians to go there and settle, and slowly developing
475-617: The south of the prefecture, with long, bitterly cold, windy, but dry winters due to the influence of the Siberian high , and warm, wet summers, due to the East Asian monsoon . Based on data from 1981 to 2010, the monthly daily mean temperature in January, the coldest month, is −22.0 °C (−7.6 °F), and July, the warmest month, averages 21.1 °C (70.0 °F), with an average annual temperature +0.92 °C (33.7 °F). Close to two-thirds of
500-466: The southeast, Suihua to the south, Qiqihar to the southwest, and Hulunbuir ( Inner Mongolia ) to the west. The Amur has formed the Sino-Russian border since the 1858 Aigun Treaty and 1860 Treaty of Peking . The area north of the Amur had previously belonged to Imperial China . Heihe experiences a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dwb ), but Dwa in
525-685: The treaty invalid, but in 1860 the Sino-Russian Convention of Peking affirmed Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun and also ceded Primorye and the Ussuri region to the Russians. The resulting treaty established a border between the Russian and Chinese Empires along the Amur River. (Chinese and Manchu residents of the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River would be allowed to remain, under
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#1732851464176550-412: Was a colony of Japan at the time). This imaginary line divides the territory of China as follows (going by 1935 statistics): Despite a large scale urban migration mainly towards coasts but also trending south , 2002 and 2015 statistics remain nearly identical vis-à-vis the line: The major change in area between 1935 and 2015 is attributed to China acknowledging the independence of Mongolia after
575-571: Was abolished, being merged into the Heihe City. Heihe is located at the South bank of the Amur , opposite to the city of Blagoveshchensk in Russia's Amur Oblast . Its jurisdictional area stretches for 54,390 km (21,000 sq mi), which spans from 124° 45' to 129° 18' E longitude and 47° 42' to 51° 03' N latitude. Domestically, Heihe City borders Da Hinggan Ling Prefecture to the north, Yichun to
600-462: Was clear that China was losing the Second Opium War , and threatened China with a war on a second front. The Qing dynasty agreed to enter negotiations with Russia. The Russian general Muraviev and the Qing official Yishan , both military governors of the area, signed the treaty on May 28, 1858, in the town of Aigun . The Qing government initially refused to ratify the treaty and considered
625-475: Was not sufficient to budge the rounded percentages. Most of this growth was contained in the cities of Ürümqi , Lanzhou , Ordos , and Yinchuan , although some tribal non-city areas also registered high growth. Aigun Treaty The Treaty of Aigun was an 1858 treaty between the Russian Empire and Yishan , official of the Qing dynasty of China. It established much of the modern border between
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