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43-521: The extended formal name of the Harti clan is Saleh Abdi Mohamed Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti . The primary homeland of the Harti is the state of Puntland in northeastern Somalia . The clan is well represented in the regions of East Sool , East Sanaag , Togdheer , (primarily Buhoodle ) , Bari , Nugaal and Mudug . There is also a significant trading Harti community in the state of Jubaland particularly in

86-597: A base for the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, which caused the town to be flooded with Italian soldiers. An American journalist reported at the height of the invasion, "The streets had obviously sprung up over night. Men slept in completely open barracks - just a skeleton frame-work of wood with galvanized iron roof." During World War II Massawa was the homeport for the Red Sea Flotilla of the Italian Royal Navy . When

129-529: A genocide at the hands of European colonialists due to their Darawiish adherence, noting the Dhulbahante genocide in his poem Diidda Ama Yeella . The Dervish chieftainship-sultanate resisted colonial occupation, especially the British who were aided by other Somali clans. In 1998, the Harti community convened at Garowe to discuss their political future. The conference lasted for a period of three months. Attended by

172-772: A modern manaaqib (a collection of glorious deeds) printed in Cairo in 1945 by Sheikh Ahmad bin Hussen bin Mahammad titled Manaaqib as-Sheikh Ismaa'iil bin Ibraahiim al-Jabarti also discusses Sheikh Darod and his proposed father Isma'il al-Jabarti, the latter of whom is reportedly buried in Bab Siham situated in the Zabid District of western Yemen . Sheikh Darod's own tomb is in Haylaan , situated in

215-531: A small seaside village, lying in lands coextensive with the Kingdom of Aksum and overshadowed by the nearby port of Adulis about 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the south. Massawa was known to Arab geographers from an early period. Ya'qubi referred to the Red Sea port in his Kitab al-Buldan as Badi , a corruption of its local Tigre name Base , while al-Masudi spoke of it in 935 as Nase . The city reputedly has

258-724: Is a port city in the Northern Red Sea region of Eritrea , located on the Red Sea at the northern end of the Gulf of Zula beside the Dahlak Archipelago . It has been a historically important port for many centuries. Massawa has been ruled or occupied by a succession of polities during its history, including the Kingdom of Punt, Kingdom of Aksum , Medri Bahri kingdom, the Ethiopian Empire ,

301-691: Is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank 's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom 's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001 . Abdirahman bin Isma%27il al-Jabarti Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti , ( Arabic : عبدالرحمن بن اسماعيل الجبرتي ) also known as Daarood , Dawud or Da'ud (Arabic: دارود ),

344-589: Is said to have given rise to the Darood clan family. Thus, it established matrilateral ties with the Samaale main stem. According to the British anthropologist and Somali Studies veteran I.M. Lewis, while the traditions of descent from noble Arab families related to Muhammad are most probably expressions of the importance of Islam in Somali society, "there is a strong historically valid component in these legends which, in

387-630: Is the common ancestor of the Somali Darod clan and the Harla people . Abdirahman descended from Aqil ibn Abi Talib , a member of the Banu Hashim and a cousin of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . Authors such as Ibn Hawqal , Al-Muqaddasi and Ibn Said have confirmed the early presence of Arabian tribes in municipalities such as Berbera , Zeila , Jabarta (an old metropolis now in ruins), and Massawa in

430-521: The Asmara-Massawa Cableway . At 75 kilometres (47 mi) long, it was the longest ropeway conveyor in the world at the time. In 1928, Massawa had 15,000 inhabitants, of which 2,500 were Italians : the city was improved with an architectural plan similar to the one in Asmara, with a commercial and industrial area. With the rise of Fascism a segregation policy was implemented and with the passing of

473-513: The Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy . Massawa was the capital of the Italian Colony of Eritrea until the seat of the colonial government was moved to Asmara in 1897. Massawa has an average temperature of nearly 30 °C (86.0 °F), which is one of the highest experienced in the world, and is "one of the hottest marine coastal areas in the world." Massawa was originally

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516-775: The oldest mosque in Africa , the Mosque of the Companions . It was reportedly built by the companions of the Prophet who escaped persecution by Meccans . After the fall of Aksum in the 8th century , the area around Massawa and the town itself fell under the occupation of the Umayyad Caliphate from 702 to 750. The Beja people would also come to rule within Massawa during the Beja Kingdoms from

559-405: The "racial laws" soon became a real system of apartheid. Natives were segregated from residential areas, bars and restaurants reserved for the white population. However these laws did not stop relationships between Italian men and Eritrean women in the colonial territories. The result was a growing number of meticci (mulattos). Though the chief port of Italian Eritrea , Emilio De Bono who inspected

602-413: The 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front. With the gradual extension of European colonial rule into northern Somalia, all three sultanates were annexed to Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland in the early 20th century. The Darawiish, mostly hailed from

645-723: The Arkiko was the Portuguese Gonçalo Ferreira, second port on the coast that guaranteed the presence and maintenance of the Portuguese fleets, whenever the port of Massawa was threatened by the Turkish presence. In 1541 the Adalites ambushed the Portuguese at the Battle of Massawa . Massawa rose to prominence when it was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1557. The Ottomans tried to make it

688-513: The Dhulbahante and drew the majority of its followers from this clan; the four major Darawiish administrative divisions, i.e. Dooxato , Shiikhyaale , Golaweyne and Miinanle were near exclusively Dhulbahante. The Dhulbahante in Buuhodle were particularly the first and most persistent supporters of the Dervish chieftainship-emirate-sultanate . The poet Aadan Carab noted that the Dhulbahante experienced

731-738: The Ethiopian show of force, however Alula soon returned to the highlands and the Egyptian control of the coastline remained unbroken. The British, feeling that the Egyptians were in no position to hold the port, and being unwilling to occupy it themselves or see it fall into the hands of the French, concurred in its seizure by the Italians in February 1885. In 1885–1897, Massawa (in the Italian spelling: 'Massaua') served as

774-727: The Hadaaftimo Mountains in the Sanaag region of Somalia , and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages . Sheikh Isaaq is buried nearby in Maydh , as is Sheikh Harti, a descendant of Sheikh Darod and the progenitor of the Harti Darod sub-clan, whose tomb is located in the ancient town of Qa’ableh . Sheikh Darod's mawlid (birthday) is also celebrated every Friday with a public reading of his manaaqib . Massawa Massawa or Mitsiwa ( / m ə ˈ s ɑː w ə / mə-SAH-wə )

817-632: The Imperial Palace, built in 1872 to 1874 for Werner Munzinger ; St. Mary's Cathedral; and the 1920s Banca d'Italia. The Eritrean War of Independence is commemorated in a memorial of three tanks in the middle of Massawa. Massawa has a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ). The city receives a very low average annual rainfall amount totalling around 185 millimetres (7.28 in) and consistently experiences soaringly high temperatures during both day and night. The annual mean average temperature approaches 30 °C (86 °F), which

860-520: The Northeast African coast of the Red Sea , came under the rule of the Khedive of Egypt with Ottoman consent. The Egyptians originally had a poor opinion of Massawa. Many of the buildings were in a poor state of repair and the Egyptian troops were forced to stay in tents. Sanitary conditions were likewise poor and cholera was endemic. Such considerations caused the Egyptians to contemplate abandonment of

903-537: The Ottoman governor at Suakin . The Ottomans nevertheless built parts of the old town of Massawa on Massawa Island into a prominent port on the Red Sea. These buildings and the old town of Massawa remain to this day, having withstood both earthquakes and wars. In June 1855, Emperor Tewodros II informed the British Consul, Walter Plowden , of his intention to occupy Tigray and make himself master of "the tribes along

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946-530: The allied territory of Ethiopia in the fight against the Ottomans . King Manuel I first gave orders for the construction of a fortress that was never built. However, during Portuguese presence, it was lifted as well as the existing cisterns and wells for the Portuguese Navy watery. It was drawn by D. João de Castro in 1541 in his "Roteiro do Mar Roxo" in their route to attack El Tor and Suez . The captain of

989-417: The area's political elite, traditional elders ( Issims ), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives, the autonomous Puntland State of Somalia was established to deliver services to the population, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with domestic and international partners. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed served as the fledgling state's founding president. There

1032-562: The capital of Habesh Eyalet . Under Özdemir Pasha , Ottoman troops then attempted to conquer the rest of Eritrea. Due to resistance as well as sudden and unexpected demands for more, the Ottomans did not conquer the rest of Eritrea. The Ottoman authorities then tried to place the city and its immediate hinterlands under the control of one of the aristocrats of the Bellou people, whom they wanted to appoint " Naib of Massawa" and almost made answerable to

1075-529: The capital of the region, before Governor Ferdinando Martini moved his administration to Asmara. Ras Alula 's attack on nearby Dogali helped precipitate the First Italo-Ethiopian War ; the Italians' disastrous defeat at Adwa ended their hopes of expanding further into the Ethiopian highlands for a decade and brought Menelik II 's newly formed Ethiopian Empire international recognition. The Italian colony suffered repeated earthquakes. Most of

1118-624: The case of the Darood, is confirmed in the current practice of a Dir representative officiating at the ceremony of installation of the chief of the Darod family." Another tradition holds that Darod is connected with the extinct Harla people. According to Arabic documents preserved by the Darod clans of Afar region, the Darut, a forefather of Harla founded the current Somali Darod clan. The text further states that he arrived from Mecca and settled in Zeila, his father

1161-629: The city fell during the East African Campaign , a large number of Italian and German ships were sunk in an attempt to block use of Massawa's harbour . From 15 April 1942, later master diver and salvage specialist RNR Lieutenant Peter Keeble (then a complete rookie in both disciplines) was assigned to the clearing of the harbour. He succeeded only in the simple task of salvaging an ex-Italian tugboat. The same month, United States Navy Commander Edward Ellsberg and his handful of crew arrived to take over. The wrecks were salvaged in short order and

1204-536: The city was completely destroyed by the 1921 earthquake ; it took until 1928 to fully restore the port, hampering initially the Italian colonial ambitions. Massawa became the largest and safest port on the east coast of Africa, and the largest deep-water port on the Red Sea. Between 1887 and 1932, they expanded the Eritrean Railway , connecting Massawa with Asmara and then Bishia near the Sudan border, and completed

1247-601: The coast", he also informed Frederick Bruce that he was determined to seize the port because it was being used by the Turks as "a deposit for kidnapped Christian children" who were being exported as slaves . Both Bruce and Plowden were sympathetic to the Emperor, but the Foreign Office , who considered the Ottomans to be a useful British ally, refused to support the proposed Ethiopian annexation. In May 1865, Massawa, and later much of

1290-502: The defeat at the Battle of Gura . After the Egyptian-Ethiopian War , Emperor Yohannes IV reportedly demanded that the Egyptians should cede both Zula and Arkiko and pay Ethiopia two million pounds in reparations or, failing this sum, grant him the port of Massawa. The Egyptians refused these demands and Yohannes ordered Ras Alula with 30,000 men to advanced on the port. The population was said to have been "much alarmed" at

1333-654: The federation and forcibly incorporated Eritrea. This led to the Eritrean War of Independence (1961–1991). Massawa was fought over by both sides during the struggle for Eritrean independence. In February 1990, Massawa was captured by the Eritrean People's Liberation Front in a surprise attack from both land and sea during the Second Battle of Massawa . The battle, also known as Operation Fenkil, utilized both infiltrated commandos and speed boats. The success of this attack cut

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1376-470: The harbor in 1932 reported that the port had to be reconditioned as it was "absolutely lacking in wharves and facilities for the rapid landing and discharge of cargoes." As a result, the quays were widened, the breakwater lengthened to enable the simultaneous discharge of five steamers and the harbour was equipped with two large cranes. During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War , Massawa served as

1419-520: The major supply line to the Second Ethiopian Army in Asmara , which then had to be supplied by air. In response, the then leader of Ethiopia Mengistu Haile Mariam ordered Massawa bombed from the air, resulting in considerable damage. With Eritrea's de facto independence (complete military liberation) in 1991, Ethiopia reverted to being landlocked and its Navy was dismantled (partially taken over by

1462-479: The mid-15th century Emperor Zara Yaqob consolidated his rule in the region and incorporated Massawa into the Christian province of Mereb Melash . During this time the port was frequented by Armenian and Venetian merchants. In the struggle for domination of the Red Sea the Portuguese succeeded in establishing a foothold in Massawa (Maçua) and Arkiko in 1513 by Diogo Lopes de Albergaria, a port by which they entered

1505-590: The nascent national navy of Eritrea). During the Eritrean–Ethiopian War the port was inactive, primarily due to the closing of the Eritrean-Ethiopian border which cut off Massawa from its traditional hinterlands. A large grain vessel donated by the United States, containing 15,000 tonnes of relief food, which docked at the port late in 2001, was the first significant shipment handled by the port since

1548-553: The northern Horn of Africa . According to Somali tradition, Muhammad ibn Aqil's descendant Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti (Darood) fled his homeland in the Arabian Peninsula after an argument with his uncle. During the 9th century CE, he is believed to have then settled in Somalia just across the Red Sea . He subsequently married Dobira , the daughter of the Dir clan chief, which

1591-599: The port city of Kismayo . In Ethiopia , they are well represented in the Dollo Zone , whilst they have a notable presence in the North Eastern Province of Kenya . The Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) was founded in the mid-18th century. It rose to prominence the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud . Centred in Aluula , it controlled much of northern and central Somalia in

1634-453: The port in favour of nearby Zula . However, the Egyptian governor, Werner Munzinger , was determined to improve the conditions of the port and began a programme of reconstruction. Work began in March 1872 when a new government building and customs house was constructed, and by June a school and a hospital was also established by the Egyptians. Egyptian control of Massawa was threatened following

1677-525: The port of Massawa suffered damage as the occupying British either dismantled or destroyed much of the facilities. These actions were protested by Sylvia Pankhurst in her book Eritrea on the Eve . From 1952 to 1990, when Eritrea had entered into a federation with Ethiopia, previously landlocked Ethiopia briefly enjoyed the use of Massawa as the headquarters of the Ethiopian Navy . Ultimately, Ethiopia terminated

1720-405: The port was returned to service, as part of what had now become the British protectorate of Eritrea. The port's floating drydocks were of significant importance in maintaining and repairing Royal Navy ships and British civilian transports from the Mediterranean, which would otherwise have to travel to South Africa to reach suitable shipyards and docks. In 1945, following the end of World War II ,

1763-572: The war began. Massawa is home to a naval base and large dhow docks . It also has a station on the railway line to Asmara. Ferries sail to the Dahlak Islands and the nearby Sheikh Saeed Island. In addition, the city's air transportation needs are served by the Massawa International Airport . Buildings in the city include the shrine of Sahaba , as well as the 15th century Sheikh Hanafi Mosque and various houses of coral . Many buildings, for example some unfinished Ottoman buildings , survive. The local bazaar as well. Later buildings include

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1806-412: The year 740 to the 14th century. At this time, the Sheikh Hanafi Mosque, one of Eritrea 's oldest mosques, was built on Massawa Island. Massawa was situated between the Kingdom of Qita'a , the Kingdom of Belgin , and the Sultanate of Dahlak . In the early 15th century, the town then fell under the control of the Ethiopian Empire , Massawa was first mentioned in the war songs of Emperor Yeshaq I . In

1849-517: Was Ismāʻīl b. Ibrāhīm al-Ǧabartī, from Yemen. A similar clan story exists for the Isaaq , who are descended from one Ishaq ibn Ahmad al-'Alawi , another purported member of the Banu Hashim who came to Somaliland around the same time. As with Sheikh Isaaq, there are also numerous existing hagiologies in Arabic which describe Sheikh Darood's travels, works and overall life in Somaliland, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival. Besides historical sources such as Al-Masudi's Aqeeliyoon ,

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