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77-486: Hart House is a student activity centre at the University of Toronto . Established in 1919, it is one of the earliest North American student centres, being the location of student debates and conferences since its construction. Hart House was initiated and financed by Vincent Massey , an alumnus and benefactor of the university, and was named in honour of his grandfather, Hart Massey . The Collegiate Gothic-revival complex

154-518: A sui generis colony), changed the nature of the meetings. As the dominion leaders asserted themselves more and more at the meetings, it became clear that the time for 'imperial' conferences was over. From the ashes of the Second World War , seventeen Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conferences were held between 1944 and 1969. Of these, sixteen were held in London, reflecting then-prevailing views of

231-753: A Canadian literary journal published by student members of Hart House at the University of Toronto and printed by Coach House Press . The magazine is best known for prose, poetry and photography contributed by emerging writers and artists in Canada. Rohinton Mistry , Camilla Gibb , Lynn Crosbie and similarly notable names in Canadian literature have been published in the HHR . The review also hosts lecture and reading events that feature established and emerging figures in Canadian literature and publishing. The Hart House Hancock Lecture

308-666: A Commonwealth Economic Conference in 1952. The 1960s saw an overhaul of the Commonwealth. The swift expansion of the Commonwealth after decolonisation saw the newly independent countries demand the creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat , and the United Kingdom, in response, successfully founding the Commonwealth Foundation . This decentralisation of power demanded a reformulation of the meetings. Instead of

385-860: A collection of historical and contemporary Canadian art, dating from 1921 to the present. Exhibits focus on contemporary Canadian art in all media. The gallery also hosts film screenings, lectures and performance art. In addition to its regular exhibitions, the gallery houses an art collection that is valued at over CDN $ 10 million. Founded in 1895, the Hart House Chess Club is one of The University of Toronto's oldest, most high profile, and most successful clubs. It meets every Friday from 4 pm to 11 pm in Hart House's Reading Room for casual and serious play. Players of all skill levels are welcome. The chess club offers lectures by some of Canada's leading players as well as CFC-rated tournaments. The HHCC Chess Team has won

462-687: A deliberative body composed of the student secretaries of the standing committees of the House; a representative from the Finance Committee; the University of Toronto campus student governments; the chair of the Alumni Committee; a senior member from Recreational Athletics; the President of the University (or his/her designate); two appointees of the President; one appointee of the Governing Council; and

539-406: A dentist office, a used book store, piano rooms and study rooms that can be reserved for use, and a multi-faith prayer room. Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting ( CHOGM ; / ˈ tʃ ɒ ɡ əm / or / ˈ tʃ oʊ m / ) is a biennial summit meeting of the governmental leaders from all Commonwealth nations. Despite the name,

616-443: A few special occasions, the orchestra has toured to Carnegie Hall, New York City; Tübingen, Düsseldorf and Göttingen, Germany; Chicago, Illinois; and Ann Arbor, Michigan. Organizational operations are run by a committee of nominated volunteer orchestra members. On an annual basis the orchestra runs two concerto competitions, one internal (open to its membership) and one external (open to the community). The winning soloists perform with

693-575: A longer period than the meeting itself, have, to an extent, preserved the length of the CHOGM: but only in the cultural sphere. Other meetings, such as those of the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group , Commonwealth Business Council , and respective foreign ministers , have also dealt with business away from the heads of government themselves. As the scope of the CHOGM has expanded beyond

770-575: A pleasure to be in a country where women cannot mix in everywhere" (ignoring the female students who picketed outside with signs proclaiming "Unfair!" and "We want Kennedy!"). The first unofficial Commonwealth conference was held at Hart House from the 11-21 September 1933 (The Commonwealth Relations Conference) organised by the Canadian Institute of International Affairs and the UK Royal Institute of International Affairs ( Chatham House ) at

847-617: A popular location for weddings, professional conferences and other events. Hart House also has a barbershop for students. Hart House also owns and manages a 150-acre (0.61 km) farm in the Caledon Hills on the ridge of the Niagara Escarpment. The farm has long been a popular retreat. Since 1919, nearly all dignitaries visiting Hart House signed its guest book. In 2007, the original leather-bound book finally ran out of pages and had to be replaced. The first royal visitor to Hart House

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924-509: A rope and not allowed to speak. After Vincent Massey's death in 1967 the Stewards and administrators of Hart House had Massey's deed of gift altered to allow women to become members. Since 1972, women have been able to fully participate in the House's activities. During John F. Kennedy 's debate with Stephen Lewis at Hart House on 14 November 1957, Kennedy said "I personally rather approve of keeping women out of these places." He also said, "It's

1001-509: A thousand students participating each year in its extra-curricular season of drama, dance, music and film, Hart House Theatre continues to influence each new generation. The performances are often well reviewed by art critics, and almost always sell out. Since 1976, the HHO has provided an opportunity for members of the University of Toronto community with musical interest and training, to fellowship and perform challenging symphonic works. The orchestra

1078-409: A unifying, communitarian spirit to the highly independent colleges of the University of Toronto, inspired by the social and recreational life that he observed at Oxford's colleges. Massey, who in 1908 had become a trustee of his family estate, offered to establish a structure devoted to extracurricular activities at the university, an idea that was embraced by the university's governors. The land on which

1155-506: A variety of programs, activities, services, and facilities. It may contain lounges, wellness centers, dining facilities or vendors, and entertainment venues. The student center is often the center of student affairs and activities and may house the offices of the student government or other student groups. It may also act as a small conference center , with its meeting rooms rented out to student groups and local organizations holding conferences or competitions. An example of this for instance

1232-453: A writer-in-residence who leads workshops and reviews students' writings. The committee also runs a library, located on the second floor of Hart House. It features a variety of books for in-house research and leisure reading, and often is the venue for public readings (also coordinated by the committee). This committee oversees concerts and events of various types of music, including rock, reggae, and folk. The concerts are free for all members of

1309-569: Is a photograph of the delegates in the Debating Chamber of the building. These conferences then occurred irregularly around the Commonwealth in succeeding years until the official Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings began. Hart House is large in comparison to the buildings surrounding it such as Wycliffe College and the Stewart Observatory. In keeping with the Gothic form, the building

1386-524: Is an annual public lecture series. Delivered by a lecturer chosen by a committee of students, staff and alumni, it generally takes place in late March in the Great Hall of Hart House. The series was launched in 2001, with the vision of establishing an annual public lecture in Hart House. The lecturer for 2007 was McGill Professor Darin Barney , who delivered a lecture titled "One Nation Under Google: Citizenship in

1463-519: Is asymmetrical with pointed arches and windows, extensive ornamentation, steeply pitched roofs and a tall tower. It is also a late collegiate Gothic building because of its late erection date, 1919. The building consists of four wings around a quadrangle with a four-peaked tower extended from the south west corner. Although Hart House appears to be of masonry construction, it is actually structural steel and precast concrete with grey sandstone cladding. The roofs are barrel vaulted wood beams. Wood and stone are

1540-463: Is composed of 80 to 90 musicians. Membership is determined annually by audition, open to university students at all levels of study, alumni, faculty, staff and Hart House senior members. In a typical season, the orchestra performs three concerts at home and one in another city in Ontario or Quebec. Past concert tour destinations have included Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston, Windsor, London, Guelph and Sudbury. On

1617-399: Is presented as larger in height than in width, which gives an even greater sense of grandeur to those standing at its base. From the exterior, a repetition of large windows can be seen along the northern and southern sides, matched with stout exterior protrusions accentuating the end of one section of the building and the beginning of another. The contours of the building are jagged, emphasizing

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1694-542: Is the Michigan Union , which hosts the University of Michigan Model United Nations conference. Depending on the school and its location it might have unique amenities such as a bowling alley, cultural or prayer rooms and unique services. At Eastern Michigan University Student Center the building offers a kiva , a round, 360-degree room patterned after spaces used in Native American cultures. The Kiva Room at EMU

1771-612: Is to uphold the Harare Declaration on the core political principles of the Commonwealth. A bomb exploded at the Sydney Hilton Hotel , the venue for the February 1978 Commonwealth Heads of Government Regional Meeting. Twelve foreign heads of government were staying in the hotel at the time. Most delegates were evacuated by Royal Australian Air Force helicopters and the meeting was moved to Bowral , protected by 800 soldiers of

1848-541: Is used as a meeting space, for collaboration, or for musical purposes. In the Ohio State University-Ohio Union , the student union offers an interfaith prayer room which has feet washing area for Muslim students. The University of Central Florida has an eyewear and optometric consumer service location. Likewise, a Canadian example would be at the University of Waterloo where the student life centre holds many different businesses and services such as

1925-455: The 1977 CHOGM gave Prime Minister France-Albert René the opportunity to seize power in the Seychelles . *The 1986 and 2023 meetings were special sessions that fell outside the usual timetable. The 1986 CHOGM convened to discuss the issue of apartheid and only involved a handful of heads of government. The 2023 meeting (billed as 'Commonwealth Leaders' Summit') was an extraordinary session on

2002-442: The 2003 CHOGM , and Nigeria 's execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight others on the first day of the 1995 CHOGM led to that country's suspension. It has also been the trigger of a number of events that have shaken participating countries domestically. The departure of Uganda's President Milton Obote to the 1971 CHOGM allowed Idi Amin to overthrow Obote's government. Similarly, President James Mancham 's attendance of

2079-471: The Australian Army . As the convocation of heads of governments and permanent Commonwealth staff and experts, CHOGMs are the highest institution of action in the Commonwealth, and rare occasions on which Commonwealth leaders all come together. CHOGMs have been the venues of many of the Commonwealth's most dramatic events. Robert Mugabe announced Zimbabwe 's immediate withdrawal from the Commonwealth at

2156-717: The Millbrook Programme in 1995, the Aso Rock Declaration in 2003, and the Colombo Declaration on Sustainable, Inclusive and Equitable Development in 2013. The 'fringe' of civil society organisations, including the Commonwealth Family and local groups, adds a cultural dimension to the event, and brings the CHOGM a higher media profile and greater acceptance by the local population. First officially recognised at Limassol in 1993, these events, spanning

2233-639: The NRHP include O'Hara Student Center ( University of Pittsburgh ), McKenny Hall ( Eastern Michigan University ), and the Tivoli Student Union . The Tivoli Student Union was originally home to the Trevoli Brewing Company but since has been converted to serve several institutions in Denver , Colorado . In 2007, the University of Vermont 's student center became the first LEED Gold certification by

2310-709: The North American Debating Championship and the World Universities Debating Championship , the latter of which it has won twice: in 1981 and 2006. This committee oversees many of the literary events that Hart House sponsors throughout the school year. These include the writing groups le mot juste and the Algonquin Square Table, as well as the Hart House Review . The Literary and Library Committee regularly hosts

2387-654: The U.S. Green Building Council . Other examples of student centers include West Virginia University 's Mountainlair , the J. Wayne Reitz Union at the University of Florida , the Bronco Student Center at Cal Poly Pomona , the McCormick Tribune Campus Center at the Illinois Institute of Technology , and Price Center at UC San Diego . The first student center in the United Kingdom

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2464-649: The head of state may be present in the meeting instead of the head of government , especially among semi-presidential states . Every two years the meeting is held in a different member state and is chaired by that nation's respective prime minister or president, who becomes the Commonwealth Chair-in-Office until the next meeting. Queen Elizabeth II , who was the Head of the Commonwealth , attended every CHOGM beginning with Ottawa in 1973 until Perth in 2011, although her formal participation only began in 1997. She

2541-464: The most recent was held in Apia , Samoa. They are held once every two years, although this pattern has occasionally been interrupted. They are held around the Commonwealth, rotating by invitation amongst its members. In the past, CHOGMs have attempted to orchestrate common policies on certain contentious issues and current events, with a special focus on issues affecting member nations. CHOGMs have discussed

2618-1166: The 1940s—approached the Hart House Debates Committee and came to an agreement that secured support for the Union from Hart House. The organization, renamed the Hart House Debating Club , has ever since been the primary speech and debating society at the University of Toronto open to all students from all colleges and campuses. Since its inception, the Hart House Debating Club has played host to leaders in every field, including heads of state, senior Cabinet officials, filmmakers, business leaders, activists, poets, policymakers, and philanthropists. Some of its most notable speakers include John F. Kennedy , Christopher Hitchens , Adrienne Clarkson , Noam Chomsky , John Turner , Brian Mulroney , John Tory , Margaret Atwood , Bob Rae , Elizabeth May , Bill Graham , Andrew Coyne , Margaret MacMillan , and Atom Egoyan . The club has hosted dozens of prestigious tournaments, including

2695-460: The 1950s, this restriction created much controversy, as women demanded admission. Until the end of his life Massey stood by his original conditions, although some progress did occur. In 1954 the Arbor room coffee shop was constructed, which was the first co-educational space in Hart House. Additionally, in 1958 the first debate was held which women were allowed to attend, although they were segregated behind

2772-838: The British House of Commons that his proposals to reform the rules governing royal succession , a change which would require the approval of all sixteen Commonwealth realms , was approved at the 28–30 October CHOGM in Perth , subsequently referred to as the Perth Agreement . Rwanda joined the Commonwealth in 2009 despite the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative 's (CHRI) finding that "the state of governance and human rights in Rwanda does not satisfy Commonwealth standards", and that it "does not therefore qualify for admission". Both

2849-582: The CHRI and Human Rights Watch have found that respect for democracy and human rights in Rwanda has declined since the country joined the Commonwealth. There have been calls for the Commonwealth to stand up for democracy and human rights in Rwanda at the 2022 CHOGM . Under the Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme , each CHOGM is responsible for renewing the remit of the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group , whose responsibility it

2926-462: The Commonwealth People's Forum and meetings of foreign ministers. During the 1980s, CHOGMs were dominated by calls for the Commonwealth to impose sanctions on South Africa to pressure the country to end apartheid . The division between Britain, during the government of Margaret Thatcher which resisted the call for sanctions and African Commonwealth countries, and the rest of the Commonwealth

3003-663: The Commonwealth as the continuation of the Empire and the centralisation of power in the British Commonwealth Office (the one meeting outside London, in Lagos , was an extraordinary meeting held in January 1966 to co-ordinate policies towards Rhodesia ). Two supplementary meetings were also held during this period: a Commonwealth Statesmen's meeting to discuss peace terms in April 1945, and

3080-400: The Gothic form and giving Hart House the profile of an academic institution of that time period. A variety of intimate details can also be found in the interior. Below grade, backstage, at the rear wall of the theatre, there are scars formed by service ammunition, giving the building a sense of character. There are also elements forged into the walls of the building, like the first occupants of

3157-561: The Hart House Orchestra. Even though the detail of the Gothic style is much simpler than the Romanesque style, it still has decorative stone and wood carvings inside and outside the building. On the south side of the building there is a line of miniature human head sculptures made out of stone near the top of the building. There are also stone lions and monkeys that are on the outside of the main doors one at each side. The arch braces on

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3234-487: The Hart House stage. By the mid-1960s the theatre joined the world of academia with the creation of the Graduate Centre for Study of Drama. A new generation of students combined dramatic literature with practical theatre experience, and learned from and contributed to the vibrant Toronto theatre scene of the 1970s. Today Hart House Theatre is the focal point for the performing arts at the University of Toronto. With over

3311-571: The Pre-World War II era, including Raymond Massey , Dora Mavor Moore , Lloyd Bochner , Lawren Harris , Arthur Lismer , Wayne and Shuster and Merrill Denison . After the war, Hart House Theatre, under the direction of Robert Gill, became an extracurricular student theatre and for twenty years turned out a new generation of stage professionals. William Hutt , Don Harron , Kate Reid , David Gardner , Arthur Hiller , Donald Sutherland , Norman Jewison and Lorne Michaels all got their start on

3388-602: The Romanesque-building style, Gothic, or Gothic-revival style uses stone masonry to build. The use of rocky dark sandstone and limestone materials contrasted greatly with the smooth brick lining inside, the pointed-arch shape dominating the windows and doors and hallways. The porch is another Gothic-revival element that architect Henry Sproatt added, a protected space in front of the main entrances for people to hide in case of bad weather. The addition of decorated wooden arch-braces and ceilings act like an acoustical amplifier for

3465-638: The Technological Republic" examining the relationship between technology and citizenship. The lecturer for 2008 was Warchild Canada founder and U of T Professor Samantha Nutt lecturing on "The world is Our Backyard: Individual Responsibility for a Global Society". Dr. Nutt spoke about citizens' role as privileged North Americans and their ability to effect change in war-torn countries. Other past lecturers have included Michael Geist (2006), David Bornstein (2005), Jennifer Welsh , (2004), Alan Lightman (2002) and Pico Iyer (2001). Copies of some of

3542-578: The UK following World War II with architectural styles ranging from classical to modernist ; the brutalist Dunelm House , built in 1966 for Durham Students' Union , is considered "the foremost students’ union building of the post-war era in England" and was listed in 2021. As of 2021 , these are the only three student centers to have been listed in England. The conversion of former polytechnics to universities in 1992 sparked further construction of student centers at

3619-581: The University of Toronto comprises the Justina M. Barnicke Gallery (Hart House) and the University of Toronto Art Centre (University College). Located just a few steps apart, the two galleries were federated in 2014 and began operating under a new visual identity as the Art Museum at the University of Toronto, one of the largest gallery spaces for visual art exhibitions and programming in Toronto. The Art Museum features

3696-470: The Upper Gallery of the Great Hall are vaults with ridge ribs, but of particular emphasis is the treatment of the library ceiling that uses decorative Lierne ribs, which can also be seen in the entrance vaults. The general shape of the frontispieces and what appear to be Tudor-like archways mirror the shape of the chimney arches, while the decorative cinquefoil shapes used for the windows can also be seen in

3773-498: The building exists was close to the McCaul's pond, which was buried along with Taddle Creek in 1886. When construction began in 1911, the trustees of the Massey estate had budgeted $ 300,000 for the project. Working without a master plan, Massey and his architect continued to adopt new ideas and expand existing ones as construction progressed. By the time of its completion in 1919, the cost of

3850-481: The building had soared to $ 2 million. Hart House was built during the Gothic Revival era. Originally, Gothic architecture was associated with cathedrals. The Gothic cathedral was built at a large scale. When the style had first gained its momentum in England and France, the large churches were encrusted with decoration. This decoration depicted biblical events through images so that even the illiterate could dwell in

3927-458: The building one of the largest student activity centers in the world at 611,000 sq ft (56,800 m ). Some student centers carry unique origins and historical significance with some on the National Register of Historic Places . The William Pitt Union was originally constructed in 1898 as a hotel and was converted into a student center in 1956. Some student activity centers on

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4004-628: The continuation of apartheid rule in South Africa and how to end it, military coups in Pakistan and Fiji , and allegations of electoral fraud in Zimbabwe . Sometimes the member states agree on a common idea or solution and release a joint statement declaring their opinion. More recently, beginning at the 1997 CHOGM , the meeting has had an official theme, set by the host nation, on which the primary discussions have been focused. The meetings originated with

4081-596: The empowerment of young people, as this year has been designated the Commonwealth Year of Youth." The 25th CHOGM was originally scheduled for Vanuatu in 2017 but the country rescinded its offer to host after Cyclone Pam devastated the country's infrastructure in March 2015. The meeting was rescheduled for the United Kingdom in the spring of 2018 which also resulted in the 26th CHOGM , originally scheduled for 2019, to be rescheduled for 22–27 June 2020. However, due to

4158-469: The flat roofs of the east hall ways have carved decorations on them. The windows have clover like decorations near the top. Even the school crest and motto is carved onto the façade of Hart House. These carvings are a beautiful addition aesthetically to the building. "Hart House's system of governance is based on a commitment to collaborative and democratic decision-making." It is governed by the Board of Stewards,

4235-458: The heads of government to do business. However, the majority of the important decisions are held not in the main meetings themselves, but at the informal 'retreats': introduced at the second CHOGM , in Ottawa , by Prime Minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau , but reminiscent of the excursions to Chequers or Dorneywood in the days of the Prime Ministers' Conferences. Only the head of the delegation and their spouse and one additional person attend

4312-449: The house, who are remembered on the south façade, as well as carvings over the bay windows of the map room which depict the principal units that were stationed there during the war. The Great Hall holds another souvenir, inconsistent with the Gothic setting: one of the stone corbels has been carved to represent an officer cadet of 1916 in uniform, carrying his field pack and rifle. Hart House is an example of Gothic Revival architecture as it

4389-410: The ideals of religion. Originally, the church developed universities . Hart House is intended to evoke that history. The building is made up of corridors flanked by rooms with high ceilings and sculptural detailing. Massey's donation stipulated that the building was to be used only by men, as he felt that a coeducational facility would ruin the sense of collegiality that he hoped to create. Beginning in

4466-423: The invitation of one of the delegates Vincent Massey. Chaired by former Canadian Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden with Arnold Toynbee as Recorder. All the then Commonwealth nations were present with 77 international delegates. There were seven Commonwealth countries at the time: Canada, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland (later to become a province of Canada), South Africa and the Irish Free State. There

4543-400: The leaders of the self-governing colonies of the British Empire . The First Colonial Conference in 1887 was followed by periodic meetings, known as Imperial Conferences from 1907, of government leaders of the Empire. The development of the independence of the dominions , and the creation of a number of new dominions, as well as the invitation of Southern Rhodesia (which also attended as

4620-421: The main materials used in this building. The majority of elements within Hart House hint at the Perpendicular style of Gothic architecture and thus generally line up in a row. Arches and vaults are the dominant structural form, however, there are parts of the building that employ lintels to create open spaces with flat ceilings (such as the East Common Room). The ceilings in the corridors and many rooms such as

4697-416: The meetings always being held in London, they would rotate across the membership, subject to countries' ability to host the meetings: beginning with Singapore in 1971 . They were also renamed the 'Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings' to reflect the growing diversity of the constitutional structures in the Commonwealth. The core of the CHOGM are the executive sessions, which are the formal gatherings of

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4774-605: The meetings of the heads of governments themselves, the CHOGMs have become progressively shorter, and their business compacted into less time. The 1971 CHOGM lasted for nine days, and the 1977 and 1991 CHOGMs for seven days each. However, Harare's epochal CHOGM was the last to last a week; the 1993 CHOGM lasted for five days, and the contentious 1995 CHOGM for only three-and-a-half. The 2005 and subsequent conferences were held over two to two-and-a-half-days. However, recent CHOGMs have also featured several days of pre-summit Commonwealth Forums on business, women, youth, as well as

4851-416: The new universities, examples including the students' union buildings of Sunderland University and the University of the West of Scotland , both built in 2004. Broadly speaking, the facility is devoted to student recreation and socialization. A student center or student union is the community center of the college, serving students, faculty, staff, alumni, and guests. A student activity center might offer

4928-522: The occasion of the Coronation of King Charles III and consisted of a leaders meeting at Marlborough House and a reception at Buckingham Palace. Heads of State were also in attendance and the position of Chair-In-Office did not transfer to the prime minister of the United Kingdom. According to a statement issued by the Commonwealth Secretariat "After their meeting with the King, leaders from the Commonwealth's 56 member states then met privately to discuss issues of mutual interest, including initiatives to support

5005-460: The orchestra, usually in the following season. This popular club helps its members make movies through equipment rental and instruction, as well as group projects (such as the New Filmmaker's Project) and screenings. Atom Egoyan and Babak Payami made their first films using Hart House Film Board equipment. Since 2006 The Hart House Film Board has offered an extensive series of film training classes. The captivating beauty of Hart House has made it

5082-422: The past lectures are available online. Hart House Theatre is often referred to as the cradle of Canadian Theatre. Opening in November 1919, the Art Deco theatre on the University of Toronto's St. George campus quickly became a leader in the Canadian "Little Theatre" movement of the 1920s and 1930s. Hart House Theatre cultivated and featured some of the country's finest actors, directors, playwrights and designers of

5159-407: The retreats. The additional person may be of any capacity (personal, political, security, etc.) but only has occasional and intermittent access to the head of the delegation. It is usually at the retreat where, isolated from their advisers, the heads resolve the most intransigent issues: leading to the Gleneagles Agreement in 1977, the Lusaka Declaration in 1979, the Langkawi Declaration in 1989,

5236-481: The top title six times at the Pan American Intercollegiate Team Chess Championship . Since its founding, the club has served host to numerous famous chess players throughout the years, including Paul Keres , Samuel Reshevsky , George Koltanowski , and World Chess Championship winners Bobby Fischer , Max Euwe , Mikhail Botvinnik , Boris Spassky and Evgeny Bareev . In 1986, the University of Toronto Debating Union—a university-wide debating club dating back to

5313-399: The university community. Throughout the school year the committee organizes six to ten concerts. These events are a growing part of Hart House. The committee's aim is to bring the entire music community together from all campuses. Hart House also organizes open mics which are open to all. These events are considered a "must see" for all first year students. The Hart House Review ( HHR ) is

5390-429: The warden, who serves as the chief administrative officer of the house. In October 2022, Sherry Kulman was appointed Interim Warden, succeeding John F. Monahan. The Board of Stewards is responsible for the use of space in the house, approving the House's finances, and working with the warden to determine the strategic vision of Hart House. Students are a majority of the members of the Board of Stewards. The Art Museum at

5467-429: The woodwork of doors and trusses. The main entrance on the south side, the entrance on the west side, and the entire east wall is treated with a Perpendicular style parapet of battlements. The Gothic nature of the structure is emphasized through the structural systems, layout, and ornamentation, while the weight of stone is de-emphasized through its decoration, and its contrast with the thin stained-glass windows. Close to

5544-510: Was Houston Hall , at the University of Pennsylvania , which opened January 2, 1896 and remains in operation to this day. The first Ohio Union at Ohio State University was Enarson Hall. The building opened in 1911 and was the first student union to be built at a state university and the fourth of its kind in the United States. Oklahoma State University 's student union opened in 1950. Subsequent additions, and renovations in 2010, have made

5621-615: Was Prince Edward, Prince of Wales , who played squash with students there in 1924. In 1939, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth toured the campus and lunched at Hart House. Elizabeth II made the first of several visits as a princess in 1951. Several individuals have signed the guest book more than once during separate visits to Hart House. Notable visitors include: 43°39′49.5″N 79°23′40″W  /  43.663750°N 79.39444°W  / 43.663750; -79.39444 Student activity centre The first student union in America

5698-560: Was at the University of Liverpool , built 1910–1913 for the Liverpool Guild of Students and listed on the National Heritage List for England from 1975. Another historically important student center is Newcastle University Students' Union Building , built in 1924 for what was then Armstrong College of Durham University and listed from 1987. Many student centers were built as part of the rapid expansion of higher education in

5775-428: Was intense at times and led to speculation that the organisation might collapse. According to one of Margaret Thatcher's former aides, Mrs. Thatcher, very privately, used to say that CHOGM stood for "Compulsory Handouts to Greedy Mendicants." According to his daughter , Denis Thatcher also referred to CHOGM as standing for 'Coons Holidaying on Government Money'. In 2011, British Prime Minister David Cameron informed

5852-672: Was represented by the Prince of Wales at the 2013 meeting as the 87-year-old monarch was curtailing long-distance travel. The Queen attended the 2015 summit in Malta and the 2018 summit (delayed by one year) in London, but was represented again by the Prince of Wales at the 2022 meeting (delayed by two years) in Rwanda . The first CHOGM was held in 1971 in Singapore and there have been 27 held in total:

5929-520: Was the work of architect Henry Sproatt , who worked alongside decorator Alexander Scott Carter, and engineer Ernest Rolph, and subsequently designed the campanile at its southwestern corner, Soldiers' Tower . In 1957, the house hosted future U.S. President John F. Kennedy . As an undergraduate, Vincent Massey read history and English at University College in the University of Toronto , and then completed graduate studies in history at Balliol College, Oxford . Upon his return to Canada, he sought to bring

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