Misplaced Pages

#137862

110-683: T-M184 is unusual in that it is both geographically widespread and relatively rare. T1 (T-L206) – the numerically dominant primary branch of T-M184 – appears to have originated in Western Asia , and spread from there into East Africa , South Asia , Europe , Egypt and adjoining regions. T1* may have expanded with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB) which originated in West Asia . Subclades of T-M70 appear to have been present in Europe since

220-617: A Berber from Tunisia , a Syrian , and a Macedonian . T-L206's sole primary branch, T1a (M70), is believed to have originated about 15,900 – 23,900 BP, in the Levant. It appears that a number of individuals bearing T-M70 later migrated south to Africa. This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia . M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after

330-3541: A German individual and another two from Caucasus. The Bhutanese and the German haplotypes seems to cluster together. With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl , 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera , 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano , 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal , 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara , 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benevento , 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium , 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola , 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy, 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia, 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania, 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella , 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba , 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León , 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua , 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià , 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria , 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast , 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia , 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza , 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade, 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov , 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga , 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Miercurea Ciuc , 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese , 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia , 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania, 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro , 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche, 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro , 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece , 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area, 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium , 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden , 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad ( Vojvodina ), 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie Other parts that have been found to contain

440-474: A blacksmith god, and Batradz , a mighty hero. The folklore of the Caucasus shows ancient Iranian Zoroastrian influence, involve battles with ancient Goths , Huns and Khazars , and contain many connections with ancient Indian , Norse Scandinavian , and Greek cultures. Caucasian folklore contains many links with the myths of the ancient Greeks. There are resemblances between the mother goddess Satanaya and

550-623: A level of 1.3% (1/76). In the 12–13th centuries, the Barga (Barghuts) Mongols appeared as tribes near Lake Baikal, named Bargujin. Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning province , and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak . Haplogroup T1a-M70 in South Asia is considered to be of West Eurasian origin. The Garo people of Tangail District appear to possess T-P77 (T1a1a1b2b2b1a) at

660-3746: A level of 18% (9/50). Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl , 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera , 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano , 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal , 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara , 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benevento , 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium , 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola , 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy , 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia , 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania , 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella , 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba , 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León , 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua , 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià , 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria , 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast , 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia , 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza , 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade , 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov , 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga , 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Miercurea Ciuc , 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese , 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia , 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania , 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro , 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche , 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro , 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece , 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area, 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium , 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden , 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad ( Vojvodina ), 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan , 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul , 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan , 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga , 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey , 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine , 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz , 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir , 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia , 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran , 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village , 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestine , 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia , 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan , 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan , 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia , 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara . Barghut Mongolians from |different localities of Hulun Buir Aimak have T1a (M70) at

770-582: A long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years. Jefferson's paternal family traced back Wales, where T

880-470: A pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia , but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia. The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl , Livny , Pristen , Repyevka , and Belgorod ; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea . T1 is the most common descent of T-M184 haplogroup, being

990-526: A primary subclade of haplogroup K.) It has two primary branches: T1 (T-L206) and T2 (T-PH110). Most males who now belong to haplogroup T1* carry the subclade T-M70 (T1a), a primary branch of T-M206. Haplogroup T is found at exceptionally high levels amongst the Dir and Isaaq Somali clans in Somaliland , Djibouti , and Ethiopia . it is also found at relatively high levels in specific populations in other parts of

1100-1944: A rate of 0.8% (1/120). ||Likely + Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada , 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh , 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam , 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India , 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh , 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia , (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh , 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir , 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir , 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia ) in Andhra Pradesh , 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India , 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad , 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar , 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh , 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh , (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra , 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat , 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh , 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru , and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra . Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%). During

1210-526: A relatively genetically homogeneous population. This homogeneity is evident not only in the genome-wide analyses but also in the fact that most of the male individuals (nine out of ten) belong to the Y-DNA Haplogroup T a lineage thought to have diversified in the Near East . 2x T-L208 Peqi'in 1155,1160, 1x T-FT13419 Peqi'in 1165, 4x T-Y4119 Peqi'in ,1166,1170,1172,1178, 2x T-L454 Peqi'in 1180,1187 expressing

SECTION 10

#1732854960138

1320-430: A sample of 45 (6.7%). Zalloua et al. (2008) found nine examples that were L454+ (an SNP equivalent to L162/Page21) from a sample of 54 (i.e. a rate of 16.7%). Rodriguez et al. (2009) found seven cases of L454+ in a sample of 96 (7.3%). The Pontic Greeks of Anatolia are also reported to possess T1a1. In 2009, a male with the surname Metaxopoulos and a Pontic Greek background was reported to be T-L162(xL208) – according to

1430-1468: A significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include Trentino (2/67 or 3%), Mariña Lucense (1/34 or 2.9%), Heraklion (3/104 or 2.9%), Roslavl (3/107 or 2.8%), Ourense (1/37 or 2.7%), Livny (3/110 or 2.7%), Biella (3/114 or 2.6%), Entre Douro (6/228 or 2.6%), Porto (3/118 or 2.5%), Urbino (1/40 or 2.5%), Iberian Peninsula (16/629 or 2.5%), Blekinge / Kristianstad (1/41 or 2.4%), Belarus (1/41 or 2.4%), Modena (3/130 or 2.3%), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (1/45 or 2.2%), Pristen (1/45 or 2.2%), Cáceres (2/91 or 2.2%), Brac (1/47 or 2.1%), Satakunta (1/48 or 2.1%), Western Croatia (2/101 or 2%), Ukrainia (1/50 or 2%), Greifswald (2/104 or 1.9%), Moldavians in Sofia (1/54 or 1.9%), Uppsala (1/55 or 1.8%), Lublin (2/112 or 1.8%), Pias in Beja (1/54 or 1.8%), Macedonian Greeks (1/57 or 1.8%), Nea Nikomedeia (1/57 or 1.8%), Sesklo / Dimini (1/57 or 1.8%), Lerna/Franchthi (1/57 or 1.8%), Açores (2/121 or 1.7%), Viana do Castelo (1/59 or 1.7%), Toulouse (1/67 or 1.5%), Belgorod (2/143 or 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 or 1.3%). According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of Italian males belonging to this haplogroup. Approximately 3% of Sephardi Jews and 2% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup T. Haplogroup T has some significant frequencies in southeast and eastern Anatolia,

1540-518: A significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1)

1650-504: A spit, heat it up, stab it into the giant's eye, and escape. There are also links with the ancient Greek myth of Prometheus . Many legends, widespread in the Caucasus, contain motifs shared with the Prometheus story. These motifs include a giant hero, his conflict with God or gods, the stealing of fire and giving it to men, being chained, and being tormented by a bird who pecks at his liver (or heart). The Adyge / Circassian Nart Nasran,

1760-524: A subclade of T-M184 which is most commonly found in the Iberian Peninsula (e.g. Spain). His most distant known ancestor is Samuel Jeffreason [ sic ], born 11 October 1607 at Pettistree , Suffolk, England, although there is also a widespread belief that the President had Welsh ancestry. There was controversy for almost two centuries regarding allegations that Thomas Jefferson had fathered

1870-551: A working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree. Caucasus The Caucasus ( / ˈ k ɔː k ə s ə s / ) or Caucasia ( / k ɔː ˈ k eɪ ʒ ə / ),

1980-417: Is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup . The SNP that defines the T1 clade is L206. The haplogroup is one of two primary branches of T (T-M184), the other subclade being T2 (T-PH110). T1 is the most common descendant of the T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all T-M184 members in Africa and Eurasia (as well as countries to which those populations have migrated in the modern era, in

2090-442: Is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia . It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea , mainly comprising Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and parts of Southern Russia . The Caucasus Mountains , including the Greater Caucasus range, have conventionally been considered as a natural barrier between Europe and Asia , bisecting the Eurasian landmass. Mount Elbrus , Europe 's highest mountain,

2200-430: Is considered by some sources to be the dividing line between Europe and Southwest Asia . According to that, the highest peak in the Caucasus, Mount Elbrus (5,642 meters) located in western Ciscaucasus, is considered the highest point in Europe. The Kuma-Manych Depression , the geologic depression that divides the Russian Plain from the North Caucasus foreland is often regarded by classical and non-British sources as

2310-457: Is evident not only in the genome-wide analyses but also in the fact that most of the male individuals (nine out of ten) belong to the Y-chromosome Haplogroup T (Y-DNA) , a lineage thought to have diversified in the Near East. This finding contrasts with both earlier (Neolithic and Epipaleolithic) Levantine populations, which were dominated by Haplogroup E (Y-DNA) , and later Bronze Age individuals, all of whom belonged to Haplogroup J (Y-DNA) . In

SECTION 20

#1732854960138

2420-489: Is found the highest diversity of this lineage. Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed

2530-745: Is incredibly rare, as it is less than <1% throughout Britain. A couple of British males with the Jefferson surname have been found with the third president's type of T, reinforcing the likelihood that his immediate paternal ancestry was British . Family Tree DNA , found that the Jefferson T patrilineage belongs to T-BY78550 a subclade of T-PF7444 which is likely of MENA Middle Eastern North African Origins. Spencer Wells who led The Genographic Project places his origin to Canaan  (LTxM184, M20; all cases without M184 or M20.)  All cases without L206 or PH110  All cases without L162, L131 or Y11151 Haplogroup T-L206 (Y-DNA) Haplogroup T-L206 , also known as haplogroup T1 ,

2640-509: Is likewise called the Caucasus by many." In the Tale of Past Years (1113 AD), it is stated that Old East Slavic Кавкасийскыѣ горы ( Kavkasijskyě gory ) came from Ancient Greek Καύκασος ( Kaúkasos ), which, according to M. A. Yuyukin, is a compound word that can be interpreted as the 'mountain of the seagull(s)' (καύ-: καύαξ, καύηξ, -ηκος, κήξ, κηϋξ 'a kind of seagull' + the reconstructed *κάσος 'mountain' or 'rock' richly attested both in place and personal names). In Georgian tradition,

2750-549: Is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where is found their highest diversity. The first Y-STR haplotype of this lineage, characterized by DYS437=13, was found in the public FTDNA Y-DNA Haplogroup T project, appearing there at April 2009 as kit E8011. However, is not until June 2014 when the Y-SNP Y3836 was discovered in the public YFULL project among two of their participants of Iberian ancestry, appearing there as YF01637 and YF01665. Cretan Greeks from Lasithi possess Haplogroup T, almost certainly T1a (M70), at

2860-445: Is negatively associated. The House of Khalifa ( Arabic : آل خليفة, romanized : Āl Khalīfah) is the ruling family of the Kingdom of Bahrain . The Al Khalifas profess Sunni Islam and belong to the Anizah tribe, some members of this tribe joined the Utub alliance which migrated from Central Arabia to Kuwait , then ruled all of Qatar , more specifically Al Zubarah , which they built and ruled over before settling in Bahrain in

2970-486: Is paradigmatic: ... some markers shows affinities with [Middle Eastern] ... mtDNA variables ... but [the Pityusic population] diverges from these populations when considering other markers. [It] is a separate case, a island, not [just] in the geographical sense but [also a] genetical [island]. Misericòrdia Ramon Juanpere et al., 1998-2004 T1a1 formed 17,400-14,600 BP, is the largest lineage downstream from T1a-M70 and became widespread across Eurasia and Africa before

3080-519: Is paradigmatic: for some markers shows affinities with Oriental populations (some mtDNA variables), but diverges from these populations when considering other markers. It is a separate case, an island, not in the geographical sense but genetical. Misericòrdia Ramon Juanpere et al., 1998-2004 The Pityusans of the Pityusic Islands ( Ibiza and Formentera ) – have been found by three different studies to possess T1a1 at relatively high levels of 6.7–16.7%. Tomàs et al. (2006) found three cases amongst

3190-405: Is situated in the Western Caucasus area of Russia . On the southern side, the Lesser Caucasus includes the Javakheti Plateau and the Armenian highlands , part of which is in Turkey. The Caucasus is divided into the North Caucasus and South Caucasus , although the Western Caucasus also exists as a distinct geographic space within the North Caucasus. The Greater Caucasus mountain range in

3300-431: Is speculative given that Pelasgian is so poorly known. The term Caucasus is not only used for the mountains themselves but also includes Ciscaucasia (which is part of the Russian Federation ) and Transcaucasia . According to Alexander Mikaberidze , Transcaucasia is a "Russo-centric" term. The Transcaucasus region and Dagestan were the furthest points of Parthian and later Sasanian expansions, with areas to

3410-508: Is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162. One Sardinian male from a sample of 187 (a nominal rate of 0.53%) – a resident of the Province of Cagliari (Sardinian: Casteddu) – has been found to have T-Y3782(xY3836), also known T1a1a1a1b1a1(xT1a1a1a1b1a1a). This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where the subclade also has its highest diversity. Two subclades can be clearly discriminated. The first, found mainly in post-colonial Puerto Rico, with DYS391=10 and

Haplogroup T-M184 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3520-481: Is the largest lineage downstream from T1a-M70 and became widespread across Eurasia and Africa before the modern era. This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162. First discovered and reported in August 2009 in a 23andMe customer of Iberian ancestry that participated in the public Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project and appearing there as "Avilés" and as "AlpAstur" in 23andMe. Named as "L208" at November 2009. This lineage

3630-443: Is variously a one-eyed rock-throwing cannibal, who lives in a cave (the exit of which is often blocked by a stone), kills the hero's companions, is blinded by a hot stake, and whose flock of animals is stolen by the hero and his men, all motifs which (along with still others) are also found in the Polyphemus story. In one example from Georgia , two brothers, who are being held prisoner by a giant one-eyed shepherd called "One-eye", take

3740-401: The Achaemenid Empire , Parthia , and the Sassanid Empire , who would altogether rule the Caucasus for many hundreds of years. In 95–55 BC, under the reign of the Armenian king Tigranes the Great , the Kingdom of Armenia included Kingdom of Armenia, vassals Iberia, Albania, Parthia, Atropatene , Mesopotamia , Cappadocia , Cilicia , Syria , Nabataean kingdom , and Judea . By the time of

3850-576: The Caucasus and Anatolia it makes up to 4% of the population in southeast and northwest Caucasus as well as in southeast and western Anatolia, peaking up to 20% in Armenians from Sasun. In Middle East it makes up to 4% of the population around the Zagros Mountains and the Persian Gulf as well as around the Taurus Mountains and the Levant basin, peaking up to 10% in Zoroastrians from Kerman, Bakhtiaris , Assyrians (up to 40%), Abudhabians , Armenians from Historical Southwestern Armenia and Druzes from Galilee . In Eastern Africa , it makes up to 4% of

3960-407: The Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999]) J. R. Luis et al. 2004, Mendez et al. (2011) points to an ancient presence for T1a-M70 in Europe may reflect early exiles between the ancient lands of Israel and Babylonia and Assyria . The subclade probably arrived with the very first farmers . The population of the Pityusic Islands does present a clear genetic divergence in relation to

4070-542: The Georgian Amirani , the Chechen Pkharmat , and the Abkhazian Abrskil , are examples of such Prometheus-like figures. The Caucasus is an area of great ecological importance. The region is included in the list of 34 world biodiversity hotspots . It harbors some 6400 species of higher plants, 1600 of which are endemic to the region. Its wildlife includes Persian leopards , brown bears , wolves , bison , marals , golden eagles and hooded crows . Among invertebrates , some 1000 spider species are recorded in

4180-491: The Greater Caucasus mountain range. It consists of Southern Russia , mainly the North Caucasian Federal District 's autonomous republics and the Krais in Southern Russia, and the northernmost parts of Georgia and Azerbaijan . The North Caucasus lies between the Black Sea to its west, the Caspian Sea to its east, and borders the Southern Federal District to its north. The two Federal Districts are collectively referred to as "Southern Russia". The South Caucasus borders

4290-413: The Israel Antiquities Authority and Harvard University had discovered that 22 out of the 600 people who were buried in Peki'in cave from the Chalcolithic Period were of both local Levantine and Persian and Zagros area ancestries, or as phrased in the paper itself: "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation," the scientists concluded that

4400-458: The Kartvelian , Northwest Caucasian , and Northeast Caucasian language families are indigenous to the area. Pliny the Elder 's Natural History (77–79 AD) derives the name of the Caucasus from a Scythian name, Croucasis , which supposedly means 'shimmering with snow'. German linguist Paul Kretschmer notes that the Latvian word kruvesis also means 'frozen mud'. Isidore of Seville 's Etymologies ( c.  625 AD) also says

4510-416: The Muslim conquest of Persia , large parts of the region came under the rule of the Arabs , and Islam penetrated the region. In the 10th century, the Alans (proto- Ossetians ) founded the Kingdom of Alania , that flourished in the Northern Caucasus , roughly in the location of latter-day Circassia and modern North Ossetia–Alania , until its destruction by the Mongol invasion in 1238–39. During

Haplogroup T-M184 - Misplaced Pages Continue

4620-446: The Ottoman Empire . In the second half of the 19th century, the Russian Empire also conquered the North Caucasus. In the aftermath of the Caucasian Wars , the Russian military perpetrated an ethnic cleansing of Circassians , expelling this indigenous population from its homeland. Between the 1850s and World War I, about a million North Caucasian Muslims arrived in the Ottoman Empire as refugees. Having killed and deported most of

4730-684: The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB). Although it is rare in modern populations, T1* has been found in a Berber individual from Tunisia , a male in Syria , and one sequence among ethnic Macedonians in Macedonia . K2-M70 is believed to have originated in Western Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001 a ). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in

4840-440: The Punic goddess Tanit for decades. The bust belonging to Demeter has been analysed and was found to contain black particles of volcanic sand, originating from Mount Etna . It is thought that the bust was made in Sicily , with red clays typical of the eastern Trinacria , which was colonized by the Ionians. The Ionians could be arrived to Eivissa c.2700 YBP. This lineage could be an Ionian marker. T1a1 formed 17,400-14,600 BP,

4950-436: The Simurgh . The Roman poet Ovid placed the Caucasus in Scythia and depicted it as a cold and stony mountain which was the abode of personified hunger. The Greek hero Jason sailed to the west coast of the Caucasus in pursuit of the Golden Fleece , and there met Medea , a daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis . The Caucasus has a rich folklore tradition. This tradition has been preserved orally—necessitated by

5060-924: The Zagros Mountains and both sides of the Persian Gulf . There are also unconfirmed reports of T-M70+ amongst 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan , 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul , 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan , 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga , 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey , 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine , 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz , 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir , 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia, 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran , 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village , 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestine , 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia , 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan , 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan , 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia , 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara . Fossils excavated at

5170-456: The "inhabitants of the southern coast of the Black Sea ". It was also noted that in Nakh Ков гас ( Kov gas ) means "gateway to steppe". The modern endonym for the region is usually similar in many languages, and is generally between Kavkaz and Kaukaz . The North Caucasus region is also known as the Ciscaucasus , whereas the South Caucasus region is alternatively known as the Transcaucasus . The North Caucasus contains most of

5280-399: The Americas and Australasia). T1 lineages are now found at high frequencies among northern Somali clans. It is hypothesized that T1* (if not some of its subclades) originated in Western Asia , and spread into Europe and North Africa with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB). The basal clade T1* is rare, but has been found in at least three males from widely separated regions:

5390-521: The Armenians of Western Armenia during the Armenian genocide , the Turks intended to eliminate the Armenian population of Eastern Armenia . During the 1920 Turkish–Armenian War , 60,000 to 98,000 Armenian civilians were estimated to have been killed by the Turkish army. In the 1940s, around 480,000 Chechens and Ingush , 120,000 Karachay – Balkars and Meskhetian Turks , thousands of Kalmyks , and 200,000 Kurds in Nakchivan and Caucasus Germans were deported en masse to Central Asia and Siberia by

5500-562: The Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated. The ruling family of the Kingdom of Bahrain is the House of Khalifa (Arabic: آل خليفة, romanized: Āl Khalīfah)is confirmed West Asian Y-DNA Haplogroup T-L206 subclade of P77*. The house belongs to the Utab tribe, which is part of the larger Anizah tribal confederation, that migrated from Central Arabia to Kuwait and then ruled all of Qatar . In 1999, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa became

5610-456: The Caucasus region. As a result of her military campaigns and the temporary fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, Georgia became the strongest Christian state in the whole Near East area, encompassing most of the Caucasus stretching from Northern Iran and Northeastern Turkey to the North Caucasus. The Caucasus region was conquered by the Ottomans , Turco-Mongols , local kingdoms and khanates, as well as, once again, Iran . Up to and including

SECTION 50

#1732854960138

5720-423: The Caucasus was usually incorporated into the Iranian world . At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire conquered the territory from Qajar Iran . The territory of the Caucasus region was inhabited by Homo erectus since the Paleolithic Era . In 1991, early Hominini fossils dating back 1.8 million years were found at the Dmanisi archaeological site in Georgia . Scientists now classify

5830-474: The Caucasus. Most of arthropod biodiversity is concentrated on Great and Lesser Caucasus ranges. The region has a high level of endemism and several relict animals and plants, the fact reflecting the presence of refugial forests, which survived the Ice Age in the Caucasus Mountains. The Caucasus forest refugium is the largest throughout the Western Asian (near Eastern) region. The area has multiple representatives of disjunct relict groups of plants with

5940-405: The Chalcolithic Period (the “Copper Age,”) In the Northern Galilee town of Peki'in here's a burial cave that dates to over 6,500 years ago. The cave is the largest one known in Israel and contains a wealth of ancient artifacts: decorated ossuaries which some claim is the proto Israelite Burial , burial offerings, jars, stone tools. We find that the individuals buried in Peqi’in Cave represent

6050-421: The DNA test results of earlier Levantine human remains MTDNA blue-eyed, fair-skinned community didn't continue, but at least now researchers have an idea why. "These findings suggest that the rise and fall of the Chalcolithic culture are probably due to demographic changes in the region". We find that the individuals buried in Peqi'in Cave represent a relatively genetically homogenous population. This homogeneity

6160-479: The Emir of Bahrain and proclaimed himself the King of Bahrain in 2002. The T-FT364053 haplogroup of the house was determined by DNA testing of descendants in the T-Arab Y DNA Haplogroup Project on Family Tree DNA and other Arab world projects. A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is American President Thomas Jefferson (most distant known ancestor "MDKA" is Samuel Jefferson, Born 11 October 1607 in Pettistree , Suffolk, England). The Y-chromosomal complement of

6270-421: The Greater Caucasus range and Southern Russia to its north, the Black Sea and Turkey to its west, the Caspian Sea to its east, and Iran to its south. It contains the Lesser Caucasus mountain range and surrounding lowlands. All of Armenia , Azerbaijan (excluding the northernmost parts), and Georgia (excluding the northernmost parts) are in the South Caucasus. The watershed along the Greater Caucasus range

6380-408: The Greek goddess of love Aphrodite . The story of how the trickster Nart Sosruquo, became invulnerable parallels that of the Greek hero Achilles . The ancient Greek Amazons may be connected to a Caucasian "warrior Forest-Mother, Amaz-an". Caucasian legends include stories involving giants similar to Homer 's Polyphemus story. In these stories, the giant is almost always a shepherd , and he

6490-638: The Hemings descendant and the Carr male line.  All cases without M184 or M20  All cases without L206 or PH110  Syria  All cases without L162, L131 or Y11151  Pityusic Islanders, Pontic Greeks from Giresun, Germany and Balkars .  All cases without CTS11451 or Y16897  All cases without Y4119 or Y6671   All cases without CTS2214              Ossetian Irons, Leoneses, Germans and Bhutaneses  West Asia, Europe, Central and South Asia.    Widely widespread in Europe, where

6600-418: The Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings . A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings , Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had

6710-430: The Kulubnarti Nubians cultural group the Y-DNA was T-Y31479 and T-FT338883 they along with a Haplogroup LT were the three outliers amongst the Nubian elite R cemetery. Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over

SECTION 60

#1732854960138

6820-1496: The Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in Morocco, which have been radiocarbon-dated to around 3,000 BCE, have been found to belong to haplogroup T-M184. T1a-M70 in India has been considered to be of West Eurasian origin. With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada , 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh, 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam , 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India , 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh, 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh, 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir , 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir , 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia ) in Andhra Pradesh , 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India , 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad , 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar, 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh, 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh, (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra, 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat, 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh, 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru , and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra. Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%). Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning (China), and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak. A 2018 study conducted by scholars from Tel-Aviv University ,

6930-401: The Mallorcan and Menorcan populations. Neither shows a confluence with the Catalan and Valencian populations like do the Mallorcan and Menorcan. With the comparison of the data provided by the Pityusic population with other circumediterranean populations surprises that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations, not even with the North African populations. The Pityusic case

7040-452: The Middle Ages, Bagratid Armenia , Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget , Kingdom of Syunik and Principality of Khachen organized local Armenian population facing multiple threats after the fall of antique Kingdom of Armenia . Caucasian Albania maintained close ties with Armenia and the Church of Caucasian Albania shared the same Christian dogmas with the Armenian Apostolic Church and had a tradition of their Catholicos being ordained through

7150-481: The Middle East, and Nenets and Kazakhs (especially Momyns and Argyns ) in Siberia /Central Asia. The maximal worldwide frequency for haplogroup T-M184 is 100%, amongst Dir clan Somaliland males (Iacovacci et al. 2016). It accounts for approximately 82.4% of Somali male lineages overall in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia (Plaster et al. 2011). Geographically, it is found at the highest levels in the Dire Dawa area of Ethiopia, and Djibouti . Luis et al. (2004) suggest that

7260-536: The Neolithic with Neolithic Farmers from Western Asia. The moderately high frequency (~18%) of T1b* chromosomes in the Lemba of southern Africa supports the hypothesis of a West Asian origin for their paternal line. As a primary branch of haplogroup LT (a.k.a. K1), the basal , undivergent haplogroup T* currently has the alternate phylogenetic name of K1b and is a sibling of haplogroup L* (a.k.a. K1a). (Before 2008, haplogroup T and its subclades were known as haplogroup K2. The name K2 has since been reassigned to

7370-439: The Patriarch of Armenia. In the 12th century, the Georgian king David the Builder drove the Muslims out of the Caucasus and made the Kingdom of Georgia a strong regional power. In 1194–1204 Georgian Queen Tamar 's armies crushed new Seljuk Turkish invasions from the southeast and south and launched several successful campaigns into Seljuk Turkish-controlled Southern Armenia. The Georgian Kingdom continued military campaigns in

7480-448: The Pityusic Islands does present a clear genetic divergence in relation to the Mallorcan and Menorcan populations. Neither [does it show] a confluence with the Catalan and Valencian populations ... [T]he data provided by the Pityusic population [compared] with other circumediterranean populations surprises [in] that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations, not even with ... North African populations. The Pityusic case

7590-433: The Russian Federation. The Russian divisions include Dagestan , Chechnya , Ingushetia , North Ossetia–Alania , Kabardino–Balkaria , Karachay–Cherkessia , Adygea , Krasnodar Krai , and Stavropol Krai , in clockwise order. Two territories in the region claim independence but are recognized as such by only a handful of entities: Abkhazia , and South Ossetia . Abkhazia and South Ossetia are largely recognized by

7700-445: The Southern Caucasus (except western Georgia), northwestern Iran, the northeastern Caucasus, eastern Turkey, and as far as Syria. Under Ashurbanipal (669–627 BC), the boundaries of the Assyrian Empire reached as far as the Caucasus Mountains. Later ancient kingdoms of the region included Armenia , Albania , Colchis and Iberia , among others. These kingdoms were later incorporated into various Iranian empires, including Media ,

7810-543: The Soviet security apparatus. About a quarter of them died. The Southern Caucasus region was unified as a single political entity twice – during the Russian Civil War ( Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic ) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918, and under the Soviet rule ( Transcaucasian SFSR ) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Georgia , Azerbaijan and Armenia became independent nations. The region has been subject to various territorial disputes since

7920-654: The Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project administered by Adriano Squecco. Greeks from the Fatsa (originally "Φάτσα") reportedly migrated in antiquity from Sinope , which was itself colonised by Ionians (from Miletus ). Another ancient Ionian colony in north-west Anatolia, Lámpsakos (Lampsacus), had onomastic links to the Pityusic Islands (see above) – Lámpsakos was originally an Ionian colony known as Pityussa . This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP,

8030-502: The ancient city of Ebla in Syria in the Bronze Age , one individual was found belonging to haplogroup T-L162 (T1a1). One individual from Alalakh who lived circa 2014-1781 BC, belonged to haplogroup T-CTS11451 (T1a1a). Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given

8140-503: The area. Russian is used as a lingua franca most notably in the North Caucasus. The peoples of the northern and southern Caucasus mostly are Shia Muslims , Sunni Muslims , Eastern Orthodox Christians or Armenian Christians . Located on the peripheries of Turkey , Iran , and Russia , the region has been an arena for political, military, religious, and cultural rivalries and expansionism for centuries. Throughout its history,

8250-564: The assemblage of fossil skeletons as the subspecies Homo erectus georgicus . The site yields the earliest unequivocal evidence for the presence of early humans outside the African continent; and the Dmanisi skulls are the five oldest hominins ever found outside Africa . Kura–Araxes culture from about 4000 BC until about 2000 BC enveloped a vast area of approximately 1,000 km by 500 km, and mostly encompassed, on modern-day territories,

8360-452: The children of his slave Sally Hemings . The controversy effectively began on September 1,1802 with an article by James Callender, printed in a Richmond newspaper. An oral tradition in the Hemings family and other historical evidence was countered in the early 19th century by some Jefferson's grandchildren, who asserted that a son of Thomas Jefferson's sister, by the name of Carr, had been

8470-482: The closest relatives in Eastern Asia, southern Europe, and even North America. Over 70 species of forest snails of the region are endemic. Some relict species of vertebrates are Caucasian parsley frog , Caucasian salamander , Robert's snow vole , and Caucasian grouse , and there are almost entirely endemic groups of animals such as lizards of genus Darevskia . In general, the species composition of this refugium

8580-899: The collapse of the Soviet Union, leading to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994), the East Prigorodny Conflict (1989–1991), the War in Abkhazia (1992–93) , the First Chechen War (1994–1996), the Second Chechen War (1999–2009), Russo-Georgian War (2008), and the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War (2020). In Greek mythology , the Caucasus was one of the pillars supporting the world. After presenting man with

8690-511: The contact with other native Iberian populations as seen in Monteiro et al. where this lineage was found among native Astur-Leonese speakers.  This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia . A 2014 study found T-PH110 in one ethnic Bhutanese male, out of a sample of 21, possibly implying a rate of 4.8% in Bhutan. Also have been found in

8800-545: The early 17th century. The current head of the family is Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa , who became the Emir of Bahrain in 1999 and proclaimed himself King of Bahrain in 2002, in fact becoming a constitutional monarch Phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian K2 [now T/K1a] haplotype, but the presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within

8910-797: The early 19th century, most of the Southern Caucasus and southern Dagestan all formed part of the Persian Empire . In 1813 and 1828 by the Treaty of Gulistan and the Treaty of Turkmenchay respectively, the Persians were forced to irrevocably cede the Southern Caucasus and Dagestan to Imperial Russia . In the ensuing years after these gains, the Russians took the remaining part of the Southern Caucasus , comprising western Georgia, through several wars from

9020-420: The elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of

9130-647: The emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001 a ). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999]) J. R. Luis et al. 2004, The population of

9240-513: The fact that for most of the languages involved, there was no alphabet until the early twentieth century—and only began to be written down in the late nineteenth century. One important tradition is that of the Nart sagas , which tell stories of a race of ancient heroes called the Narts. These sagas include such figures as Satanaya , the mother of the Narts, Sosruquo a shape changer and trickster, Tlepsh

9350-416: The father of Hemings' children. However, a 1998 study of Jefferson male-line DNA found that it matched that of a descendant of Sally Hemings' youngest son, Eston Hemings . Most historians now believe that Jefferson had a relationship with Hemings for 38 years, and probably fathered her seven known children, five of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between

9460-421: The first century BC, Zoroastrianism had become the dominant religion of the region; however, the region would go through two other religious transformations. Owing to the strong rivalry between Persia and Rome , and later Byzantium . The Romans first arrived in the region in the 1st century BC with the annexation of the kingdom of Colchis, which was later turned into the province of Lazicum . The next 600 years

9570-459: The gift of fire, Prometheus (or Amirani in the Georgian version ) was chained there by Zeus , to have his liver eaten daily by an eagle as punishment for defying Zeus's wish to keep the "secret of fire" from humans. In Persian mythology , the Caucasus might be associated with the mythic Mount Qaf which is believed to surround the known world. It is the battlefield of Saoshyant and the nest of

9680-594: The homogeneous community found in the cave could source ~57% of its ancestry from groups related to those of the local Levant Neolithic, ~26% from groups related to those of the Anatolian Neolithic, and ~17% from groups related to those of the Iran Chalcolithic.". The scholars noted that the Zagros genetic material held "Certain characteristics, such as genetic mutations contributing to blue eye color, were not seen in

9790-550: The lineage of more than 95% of all Eurasian T-M184 members. One of their descent lineages is found in high frequencies among northern Somali clans. However, it appears to have originated somewhere around the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, perhaps somewhere between Palestine to the Jordan Valley . The basal T1* subclade appears to have spread to northeastern Anatolia, from the Levant and Mesopotamia at least, with

9900-484: The modern era. This extremely rare subclade has been found in Ibizan (Eivissan) islanders and Pontic Greeks from Giresun . The first Y-STR haplotype belonging to this lineage appeared in the paper of Tomas et al in 2006 among a sample of Eivissan individuals but is not until August 2009 when the first T1a1-L162(xL208) individual was reported in a 23andMe customer of Pontic Greek background and Metaxopoulos surname, thanks to

10010-482: The name means shining white like snow: "Thus, toward the east, where it rises to a greater height, it is called the Caucasus, due to the whiteness of its snow, for in an eastern language, caucasus means “white,” that is, shining white with a very thick snow cover. For the same reason the Scythians, who live next to this mountain range, call it Croacasim, for among them whiteness or snow is called casim. 3. The Taurus range

10120-429: The natural and historical boundary between Europe and Asia. Another opinion is that the rivers Kura and Rioni mark this border, or even that of the river Aras . The Caucasus is a linguistically , culturally and geographically diverse region. The nation states that compose the Caucasus today are the post-Soviet states Georgia (including Adjara and Abkhazia ), Azerbaijan (including Nakhchivan ), Armenia , and

10230-495: The network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson's patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type. This is supported by the observation that two of 85 unrelated British men sharing the surname Jefferson also share the President's Y-STR haplotype within haplogroup K2. Turi E. King et al. , A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is the third US President, Thomas Jefferson . He reportedly belongs to

10340-417: The north is mostly shared by Russia and Georgia as well as the northernmost parts of Azerbaijan . The Lesser Caucasus mountain range in the south is occupied by several independent states, mostly by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, but also extends to parts of northeastern Turkey , and northern Iran . The region is known for its linguistic diversity : aside from Indo-European and Turkic languages,

10450-574: The north of the Greater Caucasus range practically impregnable. The mythological Mount Qaf , the world's highest mountain that ancient Iranian lore shrouded in mystery, was said to be situated in this region. The region is also one of the candidates for the location of Airyanem Vaejah , the apparent homeland of the Iranians of Zoroaster . In Middle Persian sources of the Sasanian era, the Caucasus range

10560-468: The past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T According to further studies, T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play

10670-556: The population in Central Italy , Western Sicily , Northwest Corsica , Northwestern Iberian Peninsula , Western Andalucia , Western Alps , Eastern Crete , and Macedonia , frequencies up to 10% in Ibiza , Miranda de I Douro, Eastern Oviedo, Cádiz, Badajoz, Balagna, Norma and Ragusa, and peaking at 20% in Sciacca, L'Aquila and some German southern regions. T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of

10780-568: The population on Upper Egypt peaking up to 10% in Luxor . Haplogroup T is uncommon in Europe, except in Southern Europe and adjoining areas. According to Mendez et al. (2011), "the occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 (old T1a) and T1a2 (old T1b) subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow. T1a1* haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow". It makes up to 4% of

10890-643: The presence of T on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from West Asia. The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry, as the Egyptian and Anatolian haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 BP and 9,000 BP, respectively) than those found in Oman (only 1,600 BP). According to the authors, haplogroup T-M184 within Africa represents

11000-423: The public Adriano Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project. Pontic Greeks from Giresun descend from Sinope colonists and Sinope was colonised by Ionians from Miletus . It is interesting to note that there existed an Ionian colony known as Pityussa , just like the known Greek name for Eivissa Pityuses . In Eivissa, archaeological findings include the famous bust of Demeter which has been confused with

11110-628: The samples. The presence of this haplogroup in Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van, by contrast, is more limited, composing only 3.6%, 6.3% and 3.9%, respectively, of the individuals from those collections.[...] Sasun, however, exhibits statistically significant divergence from the remaining Armenian populations, most likely as the result of the prominence in Sasun of lineages (T-M184 and R2a-M124) found at substantially lower frequencies in Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van. Kristian J Herrera, 2012 In

11220-576: The second, found mainly in Panamá where their Iberian descendants could have the entrance point to America, with DYS439=12. Some members of Y3836 are found among different communities of the Sephardic diaspora but they are found to be extremely rare in the total percentage of some of these communities as seen in Nogueiro et al. This probably could mean that these members could be integrated by these communities through

11330-418: The superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T According to further studies, T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in

11440-744: The term Caucasus is derived from Caucas ( Georgian : კავკასოსი Ḳavḳasosi ), the son of the Biblical Togarmah and legendary forefather of the Nakh peoples . According to German philologists Otto Schrader and Alfons A. Nehring, the Ancient Greek word Καύκασος ( Kaukasos ) is connected to Gothic hauhs 'high' as well as Lithuanian kaũkas 'hillock' and kaukarà 'hill, top', Russian куча 'heap'. British linguist Adrian Room claims that * kau- also means 'mountain' in Pelasgian , though this

11550-560: The traces of a more widespread early local presence of the West Asian clade. Later expansions of populations from West Asia carrying the E-M215 , E-V38 , G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities. T-M184, which is relatively rare in other Near Eastern populations, as well as in three ... Armenian collections tested here, represents the most prominent [patrilineal] descent in Sasun, comprising 20.1% of

11660-582: The upstream and downstream diversity of Haplogroup T-M184 in West Asia its most likely point of divergence. Kulubnarti 6340 was a 18 month old baby boy who lived between 770 - 960 CE Kulubnarti 6328 was a 7 year old boy who lived between 700 - 990 CE during the North Africa Christian Age and was found in the region now known as the elite R cemetery in Kulubnarti , Sudan . They were associated with

11770-417: The world community as part of Georgia. The region has many different languages and language families. There are more than 50 ethnic groups living in the region. No fewer than three language families are unique to the area. In addition, Indo-European languages, such as East Slavic , Armenian and Ossetian , and Turkic languages , such as Azerbaijani , Kumyk language and Karachay–Balkar , are spoken in

11880-506: The world. These include Kurru , Bauris and Lodha in South Asia ; among Toubou in Chad ; and in a significant minority of Rajus and Mahli in South Asia; general Somalis, southern Egyptians and Fula (Fulbe) in north Cameroon ; people from the Chian , Aquilani , Saccensi , Ibizan (Eivissenc) and Mirandese regions in Europe ; Zoroastrians , Bakhtiaris , Assyrians and Iraqi Jews in

11990-583: Was marked by a conflict between Rome and Sassanid Empire for the control of the region. In western Georgia the eastern Roman rule lasted until the Middle Ages. As the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia (an eponymous branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia ) was the first nation to adopt Christianity as state religion (in 301 AD), and Caucasian Albania and Georgia had become Christian entities, Christianity began to overtake Zoroastrianism and pagan beliefs. With

12100-639: Was referred to as Kaf Kof . The term resurfaced in Iranian tradition later on in a variant form when Ferdowsi , in his Shahnameh , referred to the Caucasus mountains as Kōh-i Kāf . "Most of the modern names of the Caucasus originate from the Greek Kaukasos (Lat., Caucasus ) and the Middle Persian Kaf Kof ". "The earliest etymon" of the name Caucasus comes from Kaz-kaz , the Hittite designation of

#137862