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38-456: Haplogroup K or K-M9 is a genetic lineage within human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup . A sublineage of haplogroup IJK , K-M9, and its descendant clades represent a geographically widespread and diverse haplogroup. The lineages have long been found among males on every continent except Antarctica . The direct descendants of Haplogroup K1 (L298 = P326, also known as LT) and K-M9 are Haplogroup K2 (formerly KxLT; K-M526). Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9

76-439: A human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by specific mutations in the non- recombining portions of DNA on the male-specific Y chromosome (Y-DNA). Individuals within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The Y-chromosome accumulates approximately two mutations per generation, and Y-DNA haplogroups represent significant branches of

114-505: A moment magnitude of 7.5 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII ( Severe ). Alor Island comprises twelve of the eighteen districts of the Alor Regency , as follows, with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 158 rural desa and 17 urban kelurahan ), and its post code. Notes: (a) including

152-546: A man who lived in Africa approximately 69,000 years ago ( Haplogroup CT ). Although Southeast Asia has been proposed as the origin for all non-African human Y chromosomes, this hypothesis is considered unlikely. Other bottlenecks occurred roughly 50,000 and 5,000 years ago, and the majority of Eurasian men are believed to be descended from four ancestors who lived 50,000 years ago, all of whom were descendants of an African lineage (Haplogroup E-M168). Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by

190-533: A move toward using the simpler shorthand nomenclature. Y-chromosomal Adam Haplogroup A Haplogroup B Haplogroup D Haplogroup E Haplogroup C Haplogroup G Haplogroup H Haplogroup I Haplogroup J Haplogroup L Haplogroup T Haplogroup N Haplogroup O Haplogroup S Haplogroup M Haplogroup Q Haplogroup R Haplogroup A is the NRY ( non-recombining Y ) macrohaplogroup from which all modern paternal haplogroups descend. It

228-668: Is also the parent node of two primary clades: Haplogroup Q (MEH2, M242, P36) found in Siberia and the Americas Haplogroup R (M207, M306): found in Europe , West Asia , Central Asia , and South Asia Q is defined by the SNP M242. It is believed to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 32,000 years ago. The subclades of Haplogroup Q with their defining mutation(s), according to

266-1007: Is an old lineage that arose approximately 47,000-50,000 years ago. According to geneticist Spencer Wells , haplogroup K or the Eurasian clan, originated in the Middle East (perhaps Iran ) or Central Asia . Basal K* is exceptionally rare and under-researched; while it has been reported at very low frequencies on many continents it is not always clear if the examples concerned have been screened for subclades. Confirmed examples of K-M9* now appear to be most common amongst some populations in Island South East Asia and Melanesia . Primary descendants of haplogroup LT are L (M20), also known as K1a, and T (M184), also known as K1b. The descendants of haplogroup K2 include: LT (L298; a.k.a. K1) has never been found in basal form (LT*). Subclades are widely distributed at low concentrations. Haplogroup L

304-787: Is found at its highest frequency in India , Pakistan and among the Baloch of Afghanistan. T is most common among: Fulanis , Toubou , Tuareg , Somaliland , Egyptians , some Middle East , the Aegean Islands and among Kurru , Bauris and Lodha in India . K2* (M526) has been found in an estimated 27% of indigenous Australians (based on large scale surveys in which 56% of the samples were assumed to be non-indigenous.). According to Mark Lipson et al.(2014), from MIT – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States Of America, from his jurnal: "New  statistical  genetic methods for elucidating

342-510: Is found mainly in the Middle East , Caucasus and South-East Europe . Haplogroup K (M9) is spread all over Eurasia , Oceania and among Native Americans . K(xLT,K2a,K2b) – that is, K*, K2c, K2d or K2e – is found mainly in Melanesia , Aboriginal Australians , India , Polynesia and Island South East Asia . Haplogroup L (M20) is found in South Asia, Central Asia, South-West Asia, and

380-630: Is located at the eastern end of the Lesser Sunda Islands chain that runs through southeastern Indonesia , which from the west include such islands as Bali , Lombok , Sumbawa , Komodo , and Flores . To the east of the island across the Ombai Strait lie the islands of Wetar (in Maluku Province) and Atauro , the latter belonging to East Timor . To the south, across the Strait of Alor , lies

418-752: Is sparsely distributed in Africa, being concentrated among Khoisan populations in the southwest and Nilotic populations toward the northeast in the Nile Valley. BT is a subclade of haplogroup A, more precisely of the A1b clade (A2-T in Cruciani et al. 2011), as follows: The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups except for A and B) are M168 and M294. The site of origin is likely in Africa. Its age has been estimated at approximately 88,000 years old, and more recently at around 100,000 or 101,000 years old. The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of

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456-516: Is still common in as well as 13.3% (4):one P probably R1b2 (V88): of Guanches from the Canary Islands , (reports of King Tut belonging to R1b, by iGENEA belonging to R1b have not been verified.) K2c (P261). Minor lineage of Bali . K2d (P402). Minor lineage of Java K2e (M147). Highly rare lineage; two cases in South Asia . Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup In human genetics ,

494-877: The Caucasus , Iran , Anatolia and the Levant . Found in almost all European countries, but most common in Gagauzia , southeastern Romania , Greece , Italy , Spain , Portugal , Tyrol , and Bohemia with highest concentrations on some Mediterranean islands; uncommon in Northern Europe . G-M201 is also found in small numbers in northwestern China and India , Bangladesh , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Malaysia , and North Africa . Haplogroup H (M69) probably emerged in Southern Central Asia , South Asia or West Asia , about 48,000 years BP, and remains largely prevalent there in

532-602: The Mediterranean and South Asia . The only living males reported to carry the basal paragroup K2* are indigenous Australians . Major studies published in 2014 and 2015 suggest that up to 27% of Aboriginal Australian males carry K2*, while others carry a subclade of K2. Haplogroup N (M231) is found in northern Eurasia, especially among speakers of the Uralic languages . Haplogroup N possibly originated in eastern Asia and spread both northward and westward into Siberia , being

570-927: The SNP P14/PF2704 (which is equivalent to M89), comprise 1.8% of men in West Timor , 1.5% of Flores 5.4% of Lembata 2.3% of Sulawesi and 0.2% in Sumatra . F* (F xF1,F2,F3) has been reported among 10% of males in Sri Lanka and South India , 5% in Pakistan, as well as lower levels among the Tamang people (Nepal), and in Iran . F1 (P91), F2 (M427) and F3 (M481; previously F5) are all highly rare and virtually exclusive to regions/ethnic minorities in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, South China , Thailand , Burma , and Vietnam . In such cases, however,

608-621: The kelurahan of Moru. (b) the 2010 population of the new Abad Selatan District is included with the figure for Alor Barat Daya District, from which it was subsequently split off in 2020. (c) including the kelurahan of Kelaisi Timur. (d) including the kelurahan of Kolana Utara. (e) including the town of Kalabahi , and neighbouring rural desa on both sides of Mutiara Bay, plus uninhabited Pulau Kapas. (f) comprises ten kelurahan (Kalabahi Barat, Kalabahi Kota, Kalabahi Tengah, Kalabahi Timur, Binongko, Nusa Kenari, Welai Barat, Welai Timur, Mutiara and Wetabua) and six desa . (g) includes

646-590: The 2008 ISOGG tree are provided below. ss4 bp, rs41352448, is not represented in the ISOGG 2008 tree because it is a value for an STR. This low frequency value has been found as a novel Q lineage (Q5) in Indian populations The 2008 ISOGG tree Alor Island Alor ( Indonesian : Pulau Alor ) is the largest island in the Alor Archipelago and is one of the 92 officially listed outlying islands of Indonesia . It

684-523: The Mediterranean. Haplogroup T (M184, M70, M193, M272) is found at high levels in the Horn of Africa (mainly Cushitic -speaking peoples), parts of South Asia , the Middle East , and the Mediterranean . T-M184 is also found in significant minorities of Sciaccensi , Stilfser , Egyptians , Omanis , Sephardi Jews , Ibizans (Eivissencs), and Toubou . It is also found at low frequencies in other parts of

722-640: The Middle East R1a found in Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and Scandinavia. Ancient samples include 10 out of 11 samples from Xiaohe Tomb complex , Andronovo , Pazyryk , Mongolian Altai Kurgans (R1a/Z93 mixed with Q1a2a1/L54), The Tagar Culture , Karasuk culture , Tashtyk culture , some Corded ware folk R1b West Europe, Chadic Languages, Banjara tribes of India, Hazaras of Pakistan, Armenian Highlands (Found in several Bell Beakers from Germany and in late antique Basques of whom it

760-487: The Papuan languages of Alor are endangered and are no longer being actively acquired by children. Some languages have fewer than 1000 speakers remaining. Significant linguistic documentation efforts have been undertaken recently by Leiden University. The language of daily communication is Alor Malay , a unique Malay variety with some similarities to Kupang Malay . Indonesian is taught in schools and used widely in media. Alor

798-863: The Philippines. M (P256, Page93/S322) a.k.a. K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is the most common haplogroup in both West Papua and Papua New Guinea ; also found in Australia , and neighbouring parts of Melanesia and Polynesia . P1* 22.2–35.4% in Tuvans , Kizhi , Todjins and also in Andamanese_peoples of India Q (M242) Native Americans and Siberia/Central Asia ( Kets , Selkups , Altai , Tuvans , Xirong , Mongolian Altai Kurgans ) R* found only in remains from 24,000 years BP at Mal'ta' in Siberia R2 found in South Asia and parts of Central Asia, Caucasus and

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836-542: The Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree , each characterized by hundreds or even thousands of unique mutations. The Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA), often referred to as Y-chromosomal Adam , is the most recent common ancestor from whom all currently living humans are descended patrilineally . Y-chromosomal Adam is estimated to have lived around 236,000 years ago in Africa . By examining other population bottlenecks , most Eurasian men trace their descent from

874-734: The extremely rare P2 (P-B253). P*, P1* and P2 are found together only on the island of Luzon in the Philippines . In particular, P* and P1* are found at significant rates among members of the Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon. While, P1* is now more common among living individuals in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia , it is also found at low levels in mainland South East Asia and South Asia . Considered together, these distributions tend to suggest that P* emerged from K2b in South East Asia. P1

912-492: The first letter of the major Y-DNA haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP. Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. This change in nomenclature has resulted in inconsistent nomenclature being used in different sources. This inconsistency, and increasingly cumbersome longhand nomenclature, has prompted

950-727: The forms of H1 (M69) and H3 (Z5857). Its sub-clades are also found in lower frequencies in Iran, Central Asia, across the middle-east, and the Arabian peninsula. However, H2 (P96) is present in Europe since the Neolithic and H1a1 (M82) spread westward in the Medieval era with the migration of the Roma people . Haplogroup I (M170, M258) is found mainly in Europe and the Caucasus . Haplogroup J (M304, S6, S34, S35)

988-668: The history and evolution of human populations”, K2* (M526) has also been found in Toba-Batak and Mandar in an estimated 14%. Only Toba Batak and Mandar have K2* (M526) from indigenous Sunda land K2a* - found only in the remains of Ust'-Ishim man , dating from approximately 45,000 BP and found in Omsk Oblast , Russia. (These remains were initially classified, erroneously, as K2*.) K- M2313* – so far found only in one Telugu male and one ethnic Malay , and ancient Oase-1 . NO (M214; a.k.a. K2a2) – The two primary branches of NO include

1026-649: The island is mountainous, but there is a prominent peninsula along its north coast which includes the main town of Kalabahi; the peninsula encompasses the administrative districts of Alor Barat Laut and Kabola, plus the northern half of the Mutiara Bay District ( kecamatan Teluk Mutiara ). The region near Kalabahi is the only flat area. This may be why the Dutch chose the location as the capital and main harbor ( Alor-Kecil ) in 1911. On 12 November 2004, an earthquake occurred, killing 34 people, and injuring 400. The shock had

1064-489: The island of Alor, with an estimated population of 19,210 in mid 2023. The variety of goods obtainable in Kalabahi is surprising considering its size and location. The 2010 census recorded the population of the island as 145,299 out of 190,000 in the regency. The 2020 census produced a total of 163,377, and the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 171,275. Alor is of volcanic origin and has very rugged terrain. The main part of

1102-862: The major haplogroups: • N , which is found mainly in populations across Northern Eurasia (and at lower frequencies in regions including East Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Anatolia, and Southeast Europe ) and; • O , which is now numerically dominant among males from East Asia , Southeast Asia , and the Pacific Islands . S (B254) which is numerically dominant in the highlands of Papua New Guinea ; subclades of S1, such as S1a3 (P315) and S1a1a1 (P308), have also been reported at levels of up to 27% among indigenous Australians, while S1a (P405; previously K2b1a) has also been found at significant levels in other parts of Oceania . S2 (P336; previously K2b1b) has been found on Alor , Timor and Borneo and; S3 (P378; previously K2b1c) found among Aeta people of

1140-407: The more than fifteen indigenous languages spoken on Alor belong to the Papuan (non-Austronesian) family of Alor languages . These include Abui , Adang , Hamap , Kabola , Kafoa , Woisika , Kelon , and Kui . In addition, Alorese is a Malayo-Polynesian language which is spoken along the coast of the western and southern Bird's Head of Alor Island and in places on surrounding islands. Many of

1178-846: The most common group found in some Uralic-speaking peoples . Haplogroup O (M175) is found with its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia , with lower frequencies in the South Pacific , Central Asia , South Asia , and islands in the Indian Ocean ( e.g. Madagascar, the Comoros). No examples of the basal paragroup K2b1* have been identified. Males carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples , Micronesian peoples , indigenous Australians , and Polynesians . Its primary subclades are two major haplogroups: Haplogroup P (P295) has two primary branches: P1 (P-M45) and

Haplogroup K-M9 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-489: The most healthy and diverse corals in Indonesia and has areas of black volcanic sand for specialized scuba diving interests. 211,872 people lived on Alor and Pantar in 2020, of whom 163,377 were on Alor itself; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 171,275. 68.46% were Protestants , 25.65% Muslims and 3.04% Roman Catholics (in a few villages). Animistic rites and traditions are still strongly practiced. The majority of

1254-568: The possibility of misidentification is considered to be relatively high and some may belong to misidentified subclades of Haplogroup GHIJK . Haplogroup G (M201) originated some 48,000 years ago and its most recent common ancestor likely lived 26,000 years ago in the Middle East. It spread to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution . It is found in many ethnic groups in Eurasia; most common in

1292-540: The presence of a series of Y-DNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms genetic markers . Subclades are defined by a terminal SNP , the SNP furthest down in the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system of naming major Y-DNA haplogroups with the capital letters A through T, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters (YCC longhand nomenclature ). YCC shorthand nomenclature names Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades with

1330-421: The uninhabited offshore islands of Sika and Nub. (h) includes the kelurahan of Kabola. (i) apart from villages of Alila Timur and Lawahing (which have a postcode of 85851). (k) includes the offshore islands of Pulau Kepa, Pulau Buaya and uninhabited Pulau Ternate. (l) includes the kelurahan of Adang. The island's infrastructure is only weakly built. The inhabitants practice mainly subsistence agriculture. In

1368-401: The villages, vanilla , tamarind , almonds ( Canarium ) and other nuts are cultivated. In the forests sandalwood is cut down for trade. The latest geological explorations have discovered valuable resources such as gypsum , kaolin , petroleum , natural gas , tin , gold , and diamonds . Alor's snorkelling and diving may promise an increase in tourism in the future. Alor hosts some of

1406-564: The western part of Timor . To the north lies the Banda Sea . To the west lies Pantar and the other islands of the Alor archipelago, and further yet the rest of the Sunda Islands . Alor Island, as well as the rest of its archipelago, is part of East Nusa Tenggara province. Alor has an area of about 2,125 km , making it the largest island of the Alor archipelago. Kalabahi is the only town on

1444-562: The world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa. F xG,H,I,J,K is rare in modern populations and peaks in South Asia , especially Sri Lanka . It also appears to have long been present in South East Asia ; it has been reported at rates of 4–5% in Sulawesi and Lembata . One study, which did not comprehensively screen for other subclades of F-M89 (including some subclades of GHIJK), found that Indonesian men with

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