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97-451: The hanbok ( Korean :  한복 ; Hanja :  韓服 ; lit.  Korean dress) is the traditional clothing of the Korean people . The term hanbok is primarily used by South Koreans; North Koreans refer to the clothes as chosŏn-ot ( 조선옷 , lit.   ' Korean clothes ' ). The clothes are also worn in the Korean diaspora . Koryo-saram —ethnic Koreans living in

194-400: A jeogori is made out of leather, woolen fabrics, silk, hemp or ramie. Modern Korean designers sometimes use other materials such as lace. There are several types of jeogori according to fabric, sewing technique, and shape. The basic form of a jeogori consists of gil ( 길 ), git ( 깃 ) , dongjeong ( 동정 ) , goreum ( 고름 ) and sleeves somae :

291-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with

388-424: A ball and lasso. Magoja-danchu are often big decorative metal, gems or stones buttons usually on Jokki (vest). Chima ( 치마 ) refers to "skirt", and is also called sang ( 裳 ) or gun ( 裙 ) in hanja . The underskirt, or petticoat layer, is called sokchima . Chima-malgi is the waistband that trims the top of the chima . Chima were typically made from rectangular panels that were pleated or gathered into

485-629: A category of outer layers worn on top of the jeogori . There are many varieties other than the ones listed here. Po ( 포 ; 袍 ) is a generic term referring to an outer robe or overcoat . There are two general types of po , the Korean type and the Chinese type. The Korean type is a common style from the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, and it is used in the modern day. The Chinese type consist of different types of po from mainland China. Durumagi

582-477: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this

679-582: A dance. This type of long sleeves, similar to the Chinese water-sleeves , was passed down to Goryeo, Joseon, and present day Korean court dances and mu-ism rituals. In the North-South States Period (698–926 CE), Silla and Balhae adopted dallyeong , a circular-collar robe from the Tang dynasty of China. In Silla, the dallyeong was introduced by Muyeol of Silla in the second year of queen Jindeok of Silla . The dallyeong style from China

776-469: A fabric goreum loop around the waist with a decorative ribbon to the side like a belt. Generally, thin and short ones were used on the inside and more decorative, colourful ones were used on the outside. Since the early form of the jeogori was usually wrapped across the front, the outside goreum was placed on the side of the wearer, below the armpit. Starting in Joseon dynasty , the goreum slowly moved to

873-493: A later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of the Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations ,

970-513: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding

1067-445: A tiger pattern) for young boys or gulle (decorative headgear) for young girls. The clothing of Korea's rulers and aristocrats after CE 7, was influenced by both foreign and indigenous styles, including significant influences from various Chinese dynasties , resulting in some styles of clothing, such as the simui from Song dynasty , gwanbok (관복 or 단령) worn by male officials were generally adopted from and/or influenced by

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1164-400: A variety of colours. Contrastingly, commoners were required to wear white, but dressed in shades of pale pink, light green, gray and charcoal on special occasions. The material of the hanbok also signaled status. The upper classes dressed in hanbok of closely woven ramie cloth or other high grade lightweight materials in warmer months and of plain and patterned silks throughout the remainder of

1261-432: Is a band of fabric that trims the collar. Dongjeong ( 동정 ) is a removable white collar placed over the end of the git and is generally squared off. The goreum ( 고름 ) are fabric-strings that tie the jeogori . Women's jeogori may have kkeutdong ( 끝동 ), a different colored cuff placed at the end of the sleeves. Contemporary jeogori are presently designed with various lengths. Goreum ( 고름 ) refers to

1358-441: Is a collective noun for various types of traditional Korean undergarments . They were worn as part of a hanbok before the import of Western-style underwear. Women usually wore several layers of undergarments, the more layers they had the richer they were. Undergarments were considered very important, thus it happened that the quality and material of the underwear was better than that of the visible outer layers. Deot-ot refers to

1455-630: Is a different style from the Mongol Yuan court. Hanbok went through significant changes under Mongol rule. After the Goryeo dynasty signed a peace treaty with the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, Mongolian princesses who married into the Korean royal house brought with them Mongolian fashion which began to prevail in both formal and private life. A total of seven women from the Yuan imperial family were married to

1552-627: Is a type of po that was worn for protection against the cold. It has been widely worn as an outer robe over jeogori and baji . It is also called jumagui , juchaui , or juui . Banbi ( 반비 ; 半臂 , lit. 'half sleeve') are a type Hanfu that originated from the Tang dynasty . Banbi refers to variety of short sleeved garments worn on top of inner garments, typically the Yuanling pao (Chinese: 圓領袍, 'round collar robe'). Numerous outer half-sleeved Banbi can be seen in ancient Tang-era paintings, murals, and statues. A sleeveless outer garment that

1649-399: Is a type of vest , while magoja is an outer jacket. The jokki was created around late Joseon dynasty , as Western culture began to affect Korea. Magoja ( 마고자 ) does not have a git , the band of fabric trimming the collar. The magoja for men sometimes has seop ( Korean :  섶 , overlapped column on the front) and is longer than women's magoja , with both sides open at

1746-603: Is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and the Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from

1843-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to

1940-458: Is assumed that the clothing which was brought back during Queen Jindeok rule are danryunpo and bokdu . The bokdu also become part of the official dress code of royal aristocrats, court musicians, servants, and slaves during the reign of Queen Jindeok ; it continued to be used throughout the Goryeo dynasty. In 664 CE, Munmu of Silla decreed that the costume of the queen should resemble the costume of

2037-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean

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2134-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be

2231-508: Is not clear whether the record is a hanja transliteration of a Korean word or Mongolian influence. Before the Goryeo period , such an upper garment was referred to as wihae ( 위해 ; 尉解 ; Chinese : 尉解 ; pinyin : wèijiě ) in Silla . As the uihae was a transliteration of the Silla language, dialect forms such as uti and uchi still remain to present. Traditionally,

2328-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with

2425-416: Is the basic upper garment of the hanbok, worn by both men and women. It covers the arms and upper part of the wearer's body. There are various styles and types of jeogori varying in fabric, sewing technique, and shape. The basic form of a jeogori consists of gil , git , dongjeong , goreum and sleeves. Gil ( 길 ) is the large section of the garment on both front and back sides, and git ( 깃 )

2522-716: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on

2619-508: Is worn as a ceremonial garment for dol , the celebration for a baby's first birthday. It is a children's colorful overcoat. It was worn mostly by young boys. The clothes is also called obangjang durumagi which means "an overcoat of five directions". It was worn over jeogori (a jacket) and jokki (a vest), while the wearer could put jeonbok (a long vest) over it. Kkachi durumagi was also worn along with headgear such as bokgeon (a peaked cloth hat), hogeon (peaked cloth hat with

2716-511: The Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form the compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which

2813-523: The yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as the 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By

2910-425: The gil is the large section of the garment in both front and back side and git is a band of fabric that trims the collar. The dongjeong is a removable white collar placed over the end of the git and is generally squared off. The goreum are coat strings attached to the breast part to tie the jeogori . Women's jeogori may have kkeutdong ( 끝동 ), a different coloured cuff placed on

3007-614: The jeogori are reflected and depicted in Goguryeo paintings. The closure of the jeogori on the right side is an imitation of the Chinese jackets . The closure to the right became an accepted standard since the sixth century AD. The jeogori of the Ruling class of Silla was influenced from Chinese fashions of Tang influence in the Silla Dynasty by Kim Chun-Chu (648 CE). But

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3104-471: The magwae he wore in exile because of the cold climate there. Owing to its warmth and ease of wear, magoja became popular in Korea. It is also called "deot jeogori" (literally "an outer jeogori ") or magwae . Traditionally, Kkachi durumagi (literally "a magpie's overcoat") were worn as seolbim ( 설빔 ), new clothing and shoes worn on the Korean celebration of Korean New Year , while at present, it

3201-478: The Chinese economic reform of 1978 onwards. Nowadays, contemporary Koreans wear hanbok for formal or semi-formal occasions and for events such as weddings, festivals, celebrations, and ceremonies. In 1996, the South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism established Hanbok Day to encourage South Korean citizens to wear the hanbok. The term hanbok appeared relatively recently and is connected with

3298-570: The Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that the proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and

3395-503: The Scythians . The ancient jeogori had an open form, a collar which crossed to the left ( 좌임 ; 左衽 ), narrow sleeves, and was hip-length which were similar features found in the Scythian clothing -style. Some ancient jeogori also had a front central closure similar to a kaftan ; this form of jeogori with a central closure is mostly found during the Goguryeo period and

3492-472: The Tang dynasty ; and thus, women's costume also accepted the costume culture of the Tang dynasty . Women also sought to imitate the clothing of the Tang dynasty through the adoption of shoulder straps attached to their skirts and wore the skirts over the jeogori . The influence of the Tang dynasty during this time was significant and the Tang court dress regulations were adopted in the Silla court. The clothing of

3589-501: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,

3686-663: The Three Kingdoms of Korea period (57 BCE to 668 CE). The origin of ancient hanbok can be found in the ancient clothing of what is now today's Northern Korea and Manchuria . Some hypothesize that the hanbok of antiquity can trace its origin to nomadic clothing of the Eurasian Steppes ( Scythian clothing ), spanning across Siberia from western Asia to Northeast Asia, interconnected by the Steppe Route . Reflecting its nomadic origins in western and northern Asia, ancient hanbok shared structural similarities with hobok type clothing of

3783-448: The Three kingdoms period . It functions as modern trousers do and the term baji is commonly used in Korea to refer to every kind of pants. The baji-malgi is a waistband of the baji that has a long string of goreum . Baji can be unlined trousers, leather trousers, silk pants, or cotton pants, depending on style of dress, sewing method, embroidery and so on. Sokgot ( 속곳 )

3880-401: The chima skirt was shortened, and jeogori was hiked up above the waist and tied at the chest with a long, wide ribbon, the goreum g (an extending ribbon tied on the right side) instead of the twii (i.e. the early sash-like belt) and the sleeves were curved slightly. Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ ) is

3977-424: The chima-malgi (waistband). This waistband also had goreum strings for fastening the skirt around the body. From the Goguryeo to Joseon periods, chima have been striped, pleated, patchworked, and gored . Sokchima was largely made in a traditional way until the early 20th century when shoulder straps were added, later developing into a sleeveless bodice or "reformed" petticoat called Eo-Kkeh-Heo-ri-Chima . By

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4074-531: The native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by

4171-868: The 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea

4268-408: The 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language )

4365-494: The Chinese Tang dynasty style of wearing the skirt over the top started to fade, and the wearing of top over skirt was revived in the aristocrat class. The way of wearing the top under the chima (Tang-style influenced fashion) did not disappear in Goryeo and continued to coexist with the indigenous style of wearing of the top over skirt throughout the entire Goryeo dynasty; this Tang-style influenced fashion continued to be worn until

4462-595: The Chinese clothing worn in Yuan dynasty rarely appeared in paintings of Goryeo. The Song dynasty system was later exclusively used by Goryeo Kings and Goryeo government officials after the period when Goryeo was under Mongol rule (1270 –1356). However, even in the Buddhist painting of the late Goryeo, such as the Royal Palace Mandala , the courting ladies are depicted in Tang and Song dynasty-style court dress clothing, which

4559-566: The Department of Cultural Properties in Gyeongju University in 2020 to suggest that the theory about Scythian clothing being the archetype of the ancient hanbok, a theory accepted as common knowledge in Korean academia, having to be revised. It is also important to note that the Goguryeo tomb murals were primarily painted in two geographical regions: Ji'an ( 集安 ) and Pyongyang . The former is

4656-502: The Tang dynasty introduced in Silla made the clothing attire of Silla Court extravagant, and due to the extravagance, King Heundeog enforced clothing prohibition during the year 834 CE. The general public of Silla continued to wear their own traditional clothing. Balhae (698–926 CE) imported many various kinds of silk and cotton cloth from the Tang and diverse items from Japan including silk products and ramie. In exchange, Balhae would export fur and leather. The clothing culture of Balhae

4753-416: The art of Goguryeo tomb murals in the same period from the 4th to 6th century CE. Trousers, long jackets and twii (a sash-like belt) were worn by both men and women. Women wore skirts on top of their trousers. These basic structural and features of hanbok remain relatively unchanged to this day, except for the length and the ways the jeogori opening was closed as over the years. The jeogori opening

4850-428: The basic structure of the hanbok established since at latest this period. The ancient hanbok consisted of a jeogori (top), baji (trousers), chima (skirt), and the po (coat). The basic structure of hanbok developed to facilitate ease of movement; it integrated many motifs of Mu-ism . For thousands of years, the hanbok most people wore was pure white with no ornamentation. More ornate hanbok

4947-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,

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5044-453: The bottom. A magoja can be made of silk and often adorned with danchu which are usually made from amber . In men's magoja , buttons are attached to the right side, as opposed to the left as in women's magoja . It was introduced to Korea after Heungseon Daewongun , the father of King Gojong , returned from his political exile in Tianjin in 1887. Long sleeved Magoja were derived from

5141-570: The court clothing system of the Tang , Song , and Ming dynasties , and Court clothing of women in the court and women of royalty were adapted from the clothing style of Tang and Ming dynasties. The cheolick , which originated in Mongolia, was described in 15th century Korea as gifts from the Ming dynasty or as military uniforms. The cultural exchange was also bilateral and Goryeo hanbok had cultural influence on some clothing of Yuan dynasty worn by

5238-465: The demise of the Tang dynasty. The Ungyeon use is unique to late Balhae period and is distinctive from the shawl which was worn by the women of the Tang dynasty. People from Balhae also wore fish-skin skirts and sea leopard leather top to keep warm. The Chinese style imported in the Northern-South period, however, did not affect hanbok still used by the commoners, In the following Goryeo period, use of

5335-454: The early Joseon dynasty and only disappeared in the middle and late Joseon periods. In Goryeo Buddhist paintings , the clothing and headwear of royalty and nobles typically follows the clothing system of the Song dynasty . The Goryeo painting "Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara", for example, is a Buddhist painting which was derived from both Chinese and Central Asian pictorial references. On the other hand,

5432-427: The end of the sleeves. The form of jeogori has been changed as time goes by. Previously in Korea, jeogori were worn over bottom garments. The earliest known depictions of the jeogori are on Goguryeo murals. The original silhouette for banbok jeogori shared similarities with the clothing of the ancient nomadic people of Eurasia due to the cultural exchanges that ancient Koreans had with

5529-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in

5626-413: The foot, and the other covering up to the lower knee. During this period, conical hat and its similar variants, sometimes adorned with long bird feathers, were worn as headgear. Bird feather ornaments, and bird and tree motifs of golden crowns, are thought to be symbolic connections to the sky. The Goguryeo period royal attire was known as ochaebok . The precursor of what is now known as the durumagi

5723-658: The front of the jeogori . In the 20th century, the goreum became the commonly known long and wide decorative ribbons on the front of the jeogori and was coined the Ot-goreum. Danchu (buttons) can also be used as an alternative to Goreum. There are many types of danchu. One example is the Maedeup-danchu which were often used to keep symmetrical collars together in the front and used for practical uses on military uniforms and court uniforms. They have long horizontal lines on either side like Manchurian buttons or looked like

5820-583: The garment, it is assumed to have appeared in the late Goryeo period around King Chungnyeol 's reign. The first historical document to mention the jeogori is in the Cheonjeonui ( 천전의 ; 遷奠儀 ) of Queen Wongyeong , which was a funeral ceremony for carrying the coffin out of the palace. The document written in 1420 during the second reign of Sejong the Great records jeokgori ( 적고리 ; 赤古里 ) and danjeokgori ( 단적고리 ; 短赤古里 ). However, it

5917-451: The general public is called Mongolpung . King Chungryeol, who was political hostage to the Yuan dynasty and pro-Yuan, married the princess of Yuan announcing a royal edict to change into Mongol clothing. After the fall of the Yuan dynasty , only Mongol clothing which were beneficial and suitable to Goryeo culture were maintained while the others disappeared. As a result of the Mongol influence,

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6014-493: The hanbok worn in the Joseon period, especially those worn by the nobility and royalty. There is some regional variation in hanbok design between South Korea, North Korea, and Koreans in China as a result of the relative isolation from each other that these groups experienced in the late-20th century. Despite this, the designs have somewhat converged again since the 1990s, especially due to increased cultural and economic exchange after

6111-479: The historical context in which it appeared. The term emerged in the late Joseon period, when the Empire of Japan and other western countries competed to place Korea under their own sphere of influence. The first known use of the term is in an 1881 document from the late Joseon period entitled Chŏngch'iilgi ( 《정치일기》 ). There, hanbok is used to distinguish Korean clothing from Japanese- and Western-style clothing. Hanbok

6208-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains

6305-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it

6402-408: The kings of Goryeo. The Yuan dynasty princess followed the Mongol lifestyle who was instructed to not abandon the Yuan traditions in regards to clothing and precedents. As a consequence, the clothing of Yuan was worn in the Goryeo court and impacted the clothing worn by the upper-class families who visited the Goryeo court. The Yuan clothing culture which influenced the upper classes and in some extent

6499-426: The lands of the former Soviet Union—also retained a hanbok tradition. Koreans have worn hanbok since antiquity. The earliest visual depictions of hanbok can be traced back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea period (57 BCE to 668 CE) with roots in the Proto-Koreanic people of what is now northern Korea and Manchuria . The clothes are also depicted on tomb murals from the Goguryeo period (4th to 6th century CE), with

6596-522: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or

6693-466: The language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until

6790-451: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to

6887-701: The man's jeogori . In early Goguryeo, the jeogori jackets were hip-length Kaftan tunics belted at the waist, and the po overcoats were full body-length Kaftan robes also belted at the waist. The pants were roomy, bearing close similarities to the pants found at Xiongnu burial site of Noin Ula . Some Goguryeo aristocrats wore roomy pants with tighter bindings at the ankle than others, which may have been status symbols along with length, cloth material, and colour. Women sometimes wore pants or otherwise wore pleated skirts. They sometimes wore pants underneath their skirts. Two types of hwa (shoes) were used, one covering only

6984-406: The mid-20th century, some outer chima also gained a sleeveless bodice, which was then covered by the jeogori . Baji ( 바지 ) refers to the bottom part of the men's hanbok. It is the term for "trousers" in Korean. Compared to western style pants, baji does not fit tightly. The roomy design is aimed at making the clothing ideal for sitting on the floor and an ethnic style that dates back to

7081-510: The most commoners wore only a style of indigenous jeogori distinct from that of the Ruling class of Silla . During the Goryeo Period (918–1392), jeogori became shorter, with slimmer sleeves. In the Joseon Period, jeogori lengths and style fluctuated depending on current fashion and social standing. In the 16th century, women's jeogori were long, wide, and covered

7178-517: The nomadic cultures in East Asia , designed to facilitate horse-riding and ease of movement, such as the use of trousers and jacket for male clothing and the use of left closure in its jacket. However, although the ancient hanbok reflects some similarity with the Scythian clothing, numerous differences between the two types of clothing have also been observed which led associated professor Youngsoo Chang from

7275-411: The population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by

7372-619: The second capital of Goguryeo while the latter is the third capital of Goguryeo from the mid-fourth to the mid-seventh centuries. While the mural paintings found in regions Ji'an typically shows the characteristics of Goguryeo people in terms of their customs and morals; those from the regions of Pyeongyang typically show the cultural influences of the Han dynasty as the Han dynasty had governed this geographical region for approximately 400 years, including Chinese-style clothing. Early forms of hanbok can be seen in

7469-591: The second capital of Tang, were also introduced to Korea, where the Korean silhouette became similar to the Western Empire silhouette . King Muyeol of Silla personally travelled to the Tang dynasty to voluntarily request for clothes and belts; it is however difficult to determine which specific form and type of clothing was bestowed although Silla requested the bokdu (幞頭; a form of hempen hood during this period), danryunpo (團領袍; round collar gown), banbi , baedang (䘯襠), and pyo (褾). Based on archaeological findings, it

7566-660: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting

7663-408: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Jeogori The jeogori has been worn since ancient times and went by a variety of names such as yu ( 유 ; 襦 ; lit.  jacket), boksam ( 복삼 ; 複杉 ), and wihae ( 위해 ; 尉解 ) in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC – 668 AD). Although it is unknown when the term jeogori began to be used to refer to

7760-458: The strings that fasten clothes together. Traditionally, there are many types of goreum. Fabric goreum were potentially used since Gojoseon . They were originally practical but often decorative. Silla had regulations against types of Dae (belts) and decorative goreum for each Golpoom . Southern parts of Korea, including Silla , had a colorful goreum on the front of the neck, which influenced Yayoi culture. Parts of Goguryeo style had

7857-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at

7954-580: The term Han and North Korea's for Chosŏn . For women, traditional hanbok consist of the jeogori (top) and the chima (skirt). The ensemble is often known as ' chima jeogori ' . For men, hanbok consist of jeogori and loose-fitting baji (trousers). There are also a variety of vests, jackets and coats on top of this ensemble. For women, there are Jangsam , Dansam , Wonsam , and more. For men, some examples are durumagi , dopo , Danryeong-ui , Joong-chimak , Sochang-ui , Daechang-ui , etc. The jeogori ( 저고리 )

8051-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ

8148-580: The upper class (i.e. the clothing worn by Mongol royal women's clothing and in the Yuan imperial court). Commoners were less influenced by these foreign fashion trends, and mainly wore a style of indigenous clothing distinct from that of the upper classes. The choice of hanbok can also signal social position. Bright colors, for example, were generally worn by children and girls, and muted hues by middle aged men and women. Unmarried women often wore yellow jeogori and red chima while matrons wore green and red, and women with sons donned navy. The upper classes wore

8245-413: The waist. The length of women's jeogori gradually shortened. A heoritti ( 허리띠 ) or jorinmal ( 졸잇말 ) was worn to cover the chest. This was to fit in style with a large wig and skirt. In contemporary Korea, the sumptuary laws within different social classes were lifted and colours, decorations, and fabrics that were exclusive to the upper classes were open to all classes. This allowed for

8342-530: The year. Commoners, in contrast, were restricted to cotton. Patterns were embroidered on hanbok to represent the wishes of the wearer. Peonies on a wedding dress, represented a wish for honor and wealth. Lotus flowers symbolized a hope for nobility, and bats and pomegranates showed the desire for children. Dragons, phoenixes, cranes and tigers were only for royalty and high-ranking officials. In addition, special variants were made for officials and shamans. The earliest visual depictions of hanbok can be traced back to

8439-465: Was again used in an 1895 document to distinguish between Korean and Japanese clothing. These two usages predate the Korean Empire's popularization of the use of the hanja character Han ( Hanja : 韓 ) to describe the Korean people. Beginning in 1900, Korean newspapers used the hanja character Han in words that described Korean clothing, such as Han'gugŭibok ( 한국의복 ), Han'gugyebok ( 한국예복 ), and Taehannyŏbok ( 대한녀복 ). Hanbok

8536-428: Was derived from Mongolian clothing worn during the Goryeo period. Baeja refers to sleeveless outer garments that are worn on top of inner garments. It can be different lengths, short to long. Kwaeja is interchangeable with baeja, but kwaeja often refers to men's clothing. The dapho ( 도포 ; 道袍 ) is a short-sleeved men's outer garment, often part of military uniform or official uniform. Jokki ( 조끼 )

8633-487: Was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to the fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of

8730-480: Was heterogeneous; it was not only influenced by the Tang dynasty but also had inherited Goguryeo and indigenous Mohe people elements. Early Balhae officials wore clothing appeared to continue the Three Kingdoms period tradition. However, after Mun of Balhae , Balhae started to incorporate elements from the Tang dynasty, which include the putou and round collared gown for its official attire. Male everyday clothing

8827-441: Was initially closed at the center front of the clothing, similar to a kaftan or closed to the left, before closing to the right side eventually became mainstream. Since the sixth century CE, the closing of the jeogori at the right became a standard practice. The length of the female jeogori also varied. For example, women's jeogori seen in Goguryeo paintings of the late 5th century CE are depicted shorter in length than

8924-437: Was introduced during the Goguryeo period from a long coat worn by Northern Chinese. Originally the durumagi was worn by the upper class of Goguryeo for various ceremonies and rituals. It was later modified and worn by the general population. In Muyong-chong murals of Goguryeo , there are male dancers in short jeogori with long flexible sleeves and female dancers wearing long coats with long flexible sleeves, all performing

9021-424: Was similar to Gogoryeo clothing in terms of its headgear; i.e. hemp or conical hats with bird feathers; they also wore leather shoes and belts. Women clothing appears to have adopted clothing from Tang dynasty (i.e. upper garment with long sleeves which is partially covered by a long skirts and shoes with curled tips to facilitate walking) but also wore the ungyeon (Yunjuan; a silk shawl) which started to appear after

9118-465: Was typically reserved for special occasions such as weddings. The color white was seen as pure. In some periods, commoners ( seomin ) were even forbidden from wearing colorful hanbok regularly. However, on the other hand, during the Joseon dynasty and the 1910–1945 Japanese occupation of Korea , there was also an attempt to ban white clothes and to encourage non-bleached dyed clothes, which ultimately failed. Modern hanbok are typically patterned after

9215-462: Was used as gwanbok , a formal attire for government officials, grooms, and dragon robe , a formal attire for royalty until the end of Joseon. The Silla Kingdom unified the Three Kingdoms in 668 CE. The Unified Silla (668-935 CE) was the golden age of Korea. In Unified Silla, various silks, linens, and fashions were imported from Tang China and Persia. In the process, the latest fashions trend of Luoyang which included Chinese dress styles,

9312-408: Was used in a 1905 newspaper article to describe the clothing of one of the righteous armies . Other words with similar meanings, such as uri-ot ( 우리옷 ) and chosŏn-ot ( 조선옷 ), were concurrently used. Since the division of Korea , South Korea has preferred the term hanbok while North Korea has preferred the term Chosŏn-ot . This reflects the general trend of South Korea's preference for

9409-452: Was worn by people of lower status. The jeogori initially closed with the front, central closure; it then changed to left closure before changing again to right closure ( 우임 ; 右衽 ). The change in collars direction from right-to-left (i.e. left closure) to left-over-right (i.e. right closure), along with the use of wide sleeves, which are found in many jackets and coats were due ancient Chinese influences; these Chinese influences on

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