Misplaced Pages

#88911

53-497: The Hamilton Mausoleum is a mausoleum located in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire , Scotland . It was the resting place of the family of the Dukes of Hamilton . The mausoleum is Category A listed. Built in the grounds of the now-demolished Hamilton Palace , its high stone vault holds the record for the longest echo within any man-made structure in the world, taking 15 seconds for the sound of

106-658: A cemetery , a churchyard or on private land. In the United States , the term may be used for a burial vault below a larger facility, such as a church. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, California, for example, has 6,000 sepulchral and cinerary urn spaces for interments in the lower level of the building. It is known as the "crypt mausoleum". In Europe, these underground vaults are sometimes called crypts or catacombs . A chapel mausoleum or mausoleum chapel in

159-595: A cemetery can be used for funeral services. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus or Tomb of Mausolus ( Ancient Greek : Μαυσωλεῖον τῆς Ἁλικαρνασσοῦ ; Turkish : Halikarnas Mozolesi ) was a tomb built between 353 and 351 BC in Halicarnassus (present Bodrum , Turkey ) for Mausolus , an Anatolian from Caria and a satrap in the Achaemenid Persian Empire , and his sister-wife Artemisia II of Caria . The structure

212-530: A complex and extravagant building. Therefore, it is believed that construction was begun by Mausolus before his death or continued by the next leaders. The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus resembled a temple and the only way to tell the difference was its slightly higher outer walls. The Mausoleum was in the Greek-dominated area of Halicarnassus, which in 353 was controlled by the Achaemenid Empire . According to

265-644: A dominant position on rising ground above the harbor. A jar in calcite or alabaster , an alabastron , with the quadrilingual signature of Achaemenid ruler Xerxes I (ruled 486–465 BC) was discovered in the ruins of the Mausoleum, at the foot of the western staircase. The vase contains an inscription in Old Persian , Egyptian, Babylonian, and Elamite: 𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 ( Xšayāršā : XŠ : vazraka ) "Xerxes : The Great King." Such jars, of Egyptian origin, were very precious to

318-461: A form of sacrifice , the bodies of a large number of dead animals were placed on the stairs leading to the tomb, and then the stairs were filled with stones and rubble, sealing the access. According to the historian Pliny the Elder , the craftsmen decided to stay and finish the work after the death of their patron "considering that it was at once a memorial of his own fame and of the sculptor's art''. It

371-669: A new dock in Malta for the Royal Navy . Today this dock is known as Dock No. 1 in Cospicua , but the building blocks are hidden from view, submerged in Dockyard Creek in the Grand Harbour . From 1966 to 1977, the Mausoleum was thoroughly researched by Kristian Jeppesen of Aarhus University , Denmark. He has produced a six-volume monograph, The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos . The beauty of

424-516: A slammed door to fade. In 2014 the record was thought to have been broken at the Inchindown oil storage tanks in the Scottish Highlands, however this was classed as a reverberation, rather than an echo. In line with his grandiose enlargement of Hamilton Palace, Alexander, 10th Duke of Hamilton , replaced his family burial vault which stood close to the east quarter of the palace in the aisle of

477-441: Is largely considered corrupt and is of little importance. We learn from Vitruvius that Satyros and Phytheus wrote a description of their work which Pliny likely read. Pliny likely wrote down these dimensions without thinking about the form of the building. Many statues were found slightly larger than life-size, either 1.5 metres (5 ft). or 1.60 metres (5.25 ft). in length; these were 20 lion statues. Another important find

530-545: Is likely that Mausolus started to plan the tomb before his death, as part of the building works in Halicarnassus, so that when he died, Artemisia continued the building project. Artemisia spared no expense in building the tomb. She sent messengers to Greece to find the most talented artists of the time. These included Scopas, the man who had supervised the rebuilding of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus . The famous sculptors were (in

583-1092: The Civil Courts Building in St. Louis ; the National Newark Building in Newark, New Jersey ; Grant's Tomb and 26 Broadway in New York City; Los Angeles City Hall ; the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne; the spire of St. George's Church, Bloomsbury in London; the Indiana War Memorial (and in turn Salesforce Tower ) in Indianapolis; the House of the Temple in Washington D.C.;

SECTION 10

#1732854912089

636-541: The Ottoman Empire . During the fortification work, a party of knights entered the base of the monument and discovered the room containing a great coffin. In many histories of the Mausoleum one can find the following story of what happened: the party, deciding it was too late to open it that day, returned the next morning to find the tomb, and any treasure it may have contained, plundered. The bodies of Mausolus and Artemisia were missing too. The small museum building next to

689-534: The Vitruvius order): Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas, and Timotheus, as well as hundreds of other craftsmen. The tomb was erected on a hill overlooking the city. The whole structure sat in an enclosed courtyard . At the center of the courtyard was a stone platform on which the tomb sat. A stairway flanked by stone lions led to the top of the platform, which bore along its outer walls many statues of gods and goddesses. At each corner, stone warriors mounted on horseback guarded

742-440: The early modern and modern periods . A single mausoleum may be permanently sealed. A mausoleum encloses a burial chamber either wholly above ground or within a burial vault below the superstructure. This contains the body or bodies, probably within sarcophagi or interment niches. Modern mausolea may also act as columbaria (a type of mausoleum for cremated remains) with additional cinerary urn niches. Mausolea may be located in

795-530: The 11th and 12th dukes were re-buried on the Isle of Arran , while the others were re-buried in Hamilton's Bent Cemetery in 1921. During the 1960s and 1970s the structure was observed to be subsiding, and a 20-foot (6-metre) plumb-line hanging on the front of the mausoleum indicated a lean from true verticality. The monolithic, plinth -based construction prevented structural cracking however, and, after many anxious years,

848-506: The 12th century on his commentary of the Iliad , says "it was and is a wonder". Because of this, Fergusson concluded that the building was ruined, probably by an earthquake, between this period and 1402, when the Knights of St John of Jerusalem arrived and recorded that it was in ruins. However, Luttrell notes that at that time, the local Greeks and Turks had no name for – or legends to account for –

901-452: The 19th century were the foundations and some broken sculptures. This site was originally indicated by Professor Donaldson and was discovered definitively by Charles Newton, after which an expedition was sent by the British government. The expedition lasted three years and ended in the sending of the remaining marbles. At some point before or after this, grave robbers broke into and destroyed

954-575: The Achaemenid Empire. Much of the information that has been gathered about the Mausoleum and its structure has come from the Roman polymath Pliny the Elder . He wrote some basic facts about the architecture and some dimensions. The building was rectangular, not square, surrounded by a colonnade of thirty-six columns. There was a pyramidal superstructure receding in twenty-four steps to the summit. On top there were 4 horse chariots of marble. The building

1007-638: The Achaemenids, and may therefore have been offered by Xerxes to Carian rulers, and then kept as a precious object. In particular, the precious jar may have been offered by Xerxes to the Carian dynast Artemisia I , who had acted with merit as his only female Admiral during the Second Persian invasion of Greece , and particularly at the Battle of Salamis . The jar testifies to the close contacts between Carian rulers and

1060-731: The Ancient World . Mausolea were historically, and still may be, large and impressive constructions for a deceased leader or other person of importance. However, smaller mausolea soon became popular with the gentry and nobility in many countries. In the Roman Empire , these were often in necropoles or along roadsides: the via Appia Antica retains the ruins of many private mausolea for kilometres outside Rome . When Christianity became dominant, mausolea were out of use. Later, mausolea became particularly popular in Europe and its colonies during

1113-562: The Great ), Idrieus , and Pixodarus . Mausolus extended his territory as far as the southwest coast of Anatolia, invading, in particular, the territory of Lycia , remarkable for its numerous monumental tombs such as the Tombs at Xanthos , from which he took his inspiration for his mausoleum. Artemisia and Mausolus ruled from Halicarnassus over the surrounding territory for 24 years. Mausolus, although descended from local people, spoke Greek and admired

SECTION 20

#1732854912089

1166-539: The Greek way of life and government. He founded many cities of Greek design along the coast and encouraged Greek democratic traditions. Mausolus decided to build a new capital, one as safe from capture as it was magnificent to be seen. He chose the city of Halicarnassus. Artemisia and Mausolus spent huge amounts of tax money to embellish the city. They commissioned statues, temples and buildings of gleaming marble . In 353 BC, Mausolus died, leaving Artemisia to rule alone. As

1219-514: The Mausoleum holds a special place in history, as it was not dedicated to the gods of Ancient Greece. Today, the massive castle of the Knights Hospitaller (Knights of St. John) still stands in Bodrum, and the polished stone and marble blocks of the Mausoleum can be spotted built into the walls of the structure. At the site of the Mausoleum, only the foundation remains, and a small museum. Some of

1272-404: The Mausoleum was not only in the structure itself, but in the decorations and statues that adorned the outside at different levels on the podium and the roof: statues of people, lions, horses, and other animals in varying scales. The four Greek sculptors who carved the statues: Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus were each responsible for one side. Because the statues were of people and animals,

1325-415: The Mausoleum. He had a difficult job. He did not know the exact location of the tomb, and the cost of buying up all the small parcels of land in the area to look for it would have been astronomical. Instead, Newton studied the accounts of ancient writers like Pliny to obtain the approximate size and location of the memorial, then bought a plot of land in the most likely location. Digging down, Newton explored

1378-516: The Persian satrap, and as the Hecatomnid dynast, Mausolus had planned for himself an elaborate tomb. When he died the project was continued by his siblings. The tomb became so famous that Mausolus's name is now the eponym for all stately tombs, in the word mausoleum . Artemisia lived for only two years after the death of her husband. The urns with their ashes were placed in the yet unfinished tomb. As

1431-456: The Roman architect Vitruvius , it was built by Satyros and Pytheus who wrote a treatise about it; this treatise is now lost. Pausanias adds that the Romans considered the Mausoleum one of the greatest wonders of the world and it was for that reason that they called all their magnificent tombs mausolea, after it. It is unknown exactly when and how the Mausoleum came to ruin: Eustathius , writing in

1484-453: The base of the Mausoleum was still recognizable. The Knights of St John of Rhodes invaded the region and built Bodrum Castle ( Castle of Saint Peter ). When they decided to fortify it in 1494, they used the stones of the Mausoleum. This is also about when "imaginative reconstructions" of the Mausoleum began to appear. In 1522, rumours of a Turkish invasion caused the Crusaders to strengthen

1537-532: The building settled back to near vertical (180 degrees). Inside the mausoleum are displayed the original bronze entrance doors, based on the Florence Baptistery doors of Lorenzo Ghiberti . The interior has one of the longest-lasting echoes in the world, a phenomenon dramatically demonstrated to visitors by slamming the entrance doors. Another curiosity of the interior architecture is the " Whispering Wa 's" or walls. Two people can stand at either end of one of

1590-525: The castle at Halicarnassus (which was by then known as Bodrum) and much of the remaining portions of the tomb were broken up and used in the castle walls. Sections of polished marble from the tomb can still be seen there today. Suleiman the Magnificent conquered the base of the knights on the island of Rhodes, who then relocated first briefly to Sicily and later permanently to Malta, leaving the Castle and Bodrum to

1643-431: The colossal ruins, suggesting a destruction at a much earlier period. Many of the stones from the ruins were used by the knights to fortify their castle at Bodrum ; they also recovered bas-reliefs with which they decorated the new building. Much of the marble was burned into lime. In 1846, Lord Stratford de Redcliffe obtained permission to remove these reliefs from the castle. At the original site, all that remained by

Hamilton Mausoleum - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-707: The crypt below. By the 1920s subsidence and flooding from the River Clyde affected the mausoleum. In April 1921, with the consent of the Marchioness of Graham and Lady Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton , the trustees of the 12th Duke of Hamilton petitioned Hamilton Sheriff Court for permission to remove the remains of the 17 members of the House of Hamilton buried in Hamilton Mausoleum, and have them re-buried in ground they had purchased in Hamilton's Bent Cemetery. The remains of

1749-465: The curved interior walls, facing away from each other into the niche of the wall, and hold a whispered conversation. The remarkable acoustics of the walls project the sound to the listener at the other side. In the early 21st century, the mausoleum had begun to deteriorate and a charitable trust was formed to preserve it (along with the adjacent keepers lodge). In May 2021, charitable donations enabled almost £500,000 of restoration work to be carried out on

1802-477: The height. Standing between each pair of columns was a statue. Behind the columns was a solid cella -like block that carried the weight of the tomb's massive roof. The roof, which comprised most of the final third of the height, was pyramidal . Perched on the top was a quadriga : four massive horses pulling a chariot in which rode images of Mausolus and Artemisia. Modern historians have pointed out that two years would not be enough time to decorate and build such

1855-407: The mausoleum's art. The Mausoleum overlooked the city of Halicarnassus for many years. It was untouched when the city fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BC and still undamaged after attacks by pirates in 62 and 58 BC. It stood above the city's ruins for sixteen centuries. Then a series of earthquakes shattered the columns and sent the bronze chariot crashing to the ground. By AD 1404, only

1908-673: The mausoleum. 55°47′00″N 4°01′53″W  /  55.783350°N 4.031500°W  / 55.783350; -4.031500 Mausoleum The word mausoleum (from the Ancient Greek : μαυσωλεῖον ) derives from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (near modern-day Bodrum in Turkey), the grave of King Mausolus , the Persian satrap of Caria , whose large tomb was one of the Seven Wonders of

1961-474: The old and dilapidated collegiate church . Now the solitary remaining testament to the colossal scale and grandeur of the buildings which once stood in Hamilton Low Parks, Hamilton Palace Mausoleum is a Roman-style domed structure of panelled masonry. Standing to an overall height of about 123 feet (37 m), it occupies a site some 650 feet (200 m) north of the site of Hamilton Palace. Construction

2014-414: The puzzle. Other writings by Pausanias, Strabo, and Vitruvius also help us to gather more information about the Mausoleum. According to Pliny, the mausoleum was 19 metres (63 ft) north and south, shorter on other fronts, 125 metres (411 ft) perimeter, and 25 cubits (11.4 metres or 37.5 feet) in height. It was surrounded by 36 columns. They called this part the pteron . Above the pteron there

2067-587: The remaining sculpture of the Mausoleum into lime for plaster, the Knights removed several of the best works and mounted them in the Bodrum castle. There they stayed for three centuries. In the 19th century, a British consul stole several of the statues from Bodrum Castle; these now reside in the British Museum . In 1852, the British Museum sent the archaeologist Charles Thomas Newton to search for more remains of

2120-440: The site of the Mausoleum tells the story. Research done by archeologists in the 1960s shows that long before the knights came, grave robbers had dug a tunnel under the grave chamber, stealing its contents. Also, the museum states that it is most likely that Mausolus and Artemisia were cremated, so only an urn with their ashes was placed in the grave chamber. This explains why no bodies were found. Before grinding and burning much of

2173-482: The statues' original placements are only known through historical accounts. The great figures of Mausolus and Artemisia stood in the chariot at the top of the pyramid. The detached equestrian groups are placed at the corners of the sub-podium. The semi-colossal female heads may have belonged to the acroteria of the two gables which may have represented the six Carian towns incorporated in Halicarnassus. Work still continues today as groups continue to excavate and research

Hamilton Mausoleum - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-416: The surrounding area through tunnels he dug under the surrounding plots. He was able to locate some walls, a staircase, and finally three of the corners of the foundation. With this knowledge, Newton was able to determine which plots of land he needed to buy. Newton then excavated the site and found sections of the reliefs that decorated the wall of the building and portions of the stepped roof. Also discovered

2279-604: The surviving sculptures at the British Museum include fragments of statues and many slabs of the frieze showing the battle between the Greeks and the Amazons . There the images of Mausolus and his queen watch over the few broken remains of the beautiful tomb she built for him. Modern buildings whose designs were based upon or influenced by interpretations of the design of the Mausoleum of Mausolus include Fourth and Vine Tower in Cincinnati ;

2332-541: The tomb. At the center of the platform, the marble tomb rose as a square tapering block to one-third of the Mausoleum's 45 m (148 ft) height. This section was covered with bas-reliefs showing action scenes, including the battle of the centaurs with the lapiths and Greeks in combat during the Amazonomachy . On the top of this section of the tomb thirty-six slim columns, ten per side, with each corner sharing one column between two sides; rose for another third of

2385-435: The underground burial chamber, but in 1972, there was still enough of it remaining to determine a layout of the chambers when they were excavated. This monument was ranked the seventh wonder of the world by the ancients, not because of its size or strength but because of the beauty of its design and how it was decorated with sculpture or ornaments. The mausoleum was Halicarnassus's principal architectural monument, standing in

2438-449: Was a broken stone chariot wheel some 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in diameter, which came from the sculpture on the Mausoleum's roof. Finally, he found the statues of Mausolus and Artemisia that had stood at the pinnacle of the building. In October 1857, Newton carried blocks of marble from this site by HMS  Supply and landed them in Malta . These blocks were used for the construction of

2491-462: Was a pyramid on top with 24 steps and equal in height to the lower part. The height of the building was 43 metres (140 ft). The only other author that gives the dimensions of the Mausoleum is Hyginus, a grammarian in the time of Augustus. He describes the monument as built with shining stones, 24 metres (80 ft) high and 410 metres (1,340 ft) in circumference. He likely meant cubits which would match Pliny's dimensions exactly but this text

2544-423: Was accented with both sculptural friezes and free-standing figures. "The free standing figures were arranged on 5 or 6 different levels." We are now able to justify that Pliny's knowledge came from a work written by the architect. It is clear that Pliny did not grasp the design of the mausoleum fully which creates problems in recreating the structure. He does state many facts which help the reader recreate pieces of

2597-499: Was begun in 1840 by architect David Hamilton and completed by architects David Bryce and sculptor Alexander Handyside Ritchie in 1858, five years after the death of the 10th Duke. The eastern end includes a grand set of stairs flanked by two lions (one asleep and one awake). The Duke was interred in an Egyptian sarcophagus of the Ptolemaic period , on a black marble slab in the main chapel, while 17 of his ancestors were interred in

2650-400: Was considered to be such an aesthetic triumph that Antipater of Sidon identified it as one of his Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . It was destroyed by successive earthquakes from the 12th to the 15th century; it was the last surviving of the six destroyed wonders. The word mausoleum has now come to be used generically for an above-ground tomb. In the 4th century BC, Halicarnassus

2703-666: Was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythius of Priene . Its elevated tomb structure is derived from the tombs of neighbouring Lycia , a territory Mausolus had invaded and annexed c.  360 BC , such as the Nereid Monument . The Mausoleum was approximately 45 m (148 ft) in height, and the four sides were adorned with sculptural reliefs , each created by one of four Greek sculptors: Leochares , Bryaxis , Scopas of Paros , and Timotheus . The Mausoleum contained 400 freestanding sculptures. The mausoleum

SECTION 50

#1732854912089

2756-534: Was the capital of the small regional kingdom of Caria , within the Achaemenid Empire on the western coast of Asia Minor . In 377 BC, the nominal ruler of the region, Hecatomnus of Milas , died and left control of the kingdom to his son, Mausolus. Hecatomnus, a local dynast under the Persians, took control of several of the neighboring cities and districts. After Artemisia and Mausolus, he had several other daughters and sons: Ada (adoptive mother of Alexander

2809-462: Was the depth on the rock on which the building stood. This rock was excavated to 2.4 or 2.7 metres (8 or 9 ft) deep over an area 33 by 39 metres (107 by 127 ft). The sculptures on the north were created by Scopas, the ones on the east Bryaxis, on the south Timotheus and on the west Leochares. The Mausoleum was adorned with many great and beautiful sculptures. Some of these sculptures have been lost or only fragments have been found. Several of

#88911