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50-678: Yelyzaveta (also known under the Polonized name Halshka, shortened form of Helzhbeta) Hulevychivna came from the influential Hulevych noble family of Nowina coat of arms , known since the 15th century, whose representatives held various positions in Volhynia and other lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The family reached high church positions and owned numerous settlements. They probably originated from Galicia . The grandfather of Halshka Hulevychivna, Fedir (Theodosius) Hulevych,

100-761: A Polish nobleman of the Greek religion (1645) a Latin manuscript printed firstly in 1928 presents his "Project of Union" consisted of his own acceptance of the divine Primacy of the Roman Pontiff, while observing that the legitimate rights of the Eastern patriarchates must be respected by the West. Mohyla's innovative approach in reforming the education system by introducing Latin in the curriculum of schools and universities met some resistance when Ruthenian loyalists resorted to violent acts against teachers and educational facilities where Latin

150-554: A church dedicated to Saint John the New from Suceava . He then settled in the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra , which was the political, cultural, spiritual, and educational center of Ukraine. There he joined Job Boretsky , Zacharias Kopystensky , and Pamvo Berynda, and a group of scholars and Orthodox clerics who promoted ideas of national liberation and cultural self-preservation. The effects of political instability affected all spheres of life in

200-645: A cross or a sword proper, with the handle upwards. Out of the crest coronet an armoured leg bent in the knee as if kneeling. Foot directed leftwards. Petro Mohyla Petro Mohyla or Peter Mogila (21 December 1596 – 1 January [ O.S. 22 December] 1647) was the Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' in the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in the Eastern Orthodox Church from 1633 to 1646. Petro Mohyla

250-471: A deed of donation, which on October 15 was entered into the Kyiv city books, entering into legal force. According to the donation, Halshka's house with lands in Kyiv were given for the purpose of foundation of a new monastery, a hospital, and a school for children of all classes. The donation noted: I, Halshka Hulevychivna, the wife of his Grace Mr. Stefan Lozka, Marshal of Mozyr, with the consent of his Grace to all

300-511: A noble lady. Yaremenko also drew attention to the fact that there is no evidence, except for the assurance of the professors, that the original deed of gift appeared in some cases that required the involvement of documents from the academy and the Fraternal Monastery. After the death of her second husband in 1618, Halshka Hulevychivna became the guardian of her son Mykhailo, who inherited the parental village of Rozhiv after 1628. Leaving all

350-825: A saint in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church , the Russian Orthodox Church , the Romanian Orthodox Church , and the Polish Orthodox Church . His feast day is 1 January but he is also commemorated on 5 October, together with the other sainted Metropolitans of Kyiv. The Greek Orthodox Church has tended to be more suspicious of Petro Mohyla, some believing him to be too influenced by trends in Roman Catholic theology . The Orthodox Church in America

400-644: A variety of disciplines: Church Slavonic , Latin , Greek , and Polish languages ; philosophy; mathematics including geometry; astronomy, music, and history. Because of the high profile of the faculty, the collegium received the status of a higher educational establishment. In the next few years, Mohyla established a whole network of schools around Ukraine as well as the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy in Vinnytsia and collegium in Kremenets . Also, he supplied

450-526: A vaulted basement, rectangular in shape. However, the archaeological study of the "kitchen" did not reveal building materials older than late 17th - early 17th century, and its foundation and walls were made of the same red brick. On November 22, 2021, Halshka Hulevychivna was canonized as a saint after the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine granted a blessing for the local veneration of Halshka in

500-699: The Holy Synod along with copies of other documents kept at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. From these copies, Metropolitan Eugene of Kyiv compiled a collection that was kept until the beginning of the 20th century in the library of the Kyiv Theological Academy. The list from the donation was first published in 1846. Later, it was repeatedly reprinted and analyzed by historians (for example, in the works of Viktor Askochensky, Stepan Golubev, Nikolai Mukhin, Fyodor Titov). Researcher Maksym Yaremenko noted that by

550-584: The Monastery of the Caves , who founded a number of monasteries in Ukrainian lands, and whose name is mentioned in the donation. The school could have been housed in the house of Halshka Hulevychivna and Stefan Lozka, but the donation itself does not mention the building. By donating her estate, Halshka made it possible to open the Kyiv fraternal school, which, after the reform of Petro Mohyla , would play an important role in

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600-551: The 1570s. In 1594 Halshka married Kryshtof Pociej, who was the son of Hypatius Pociej , land judge (1580-1588) and castellan (1588-1593) of Berestya , who after 1593 served as Orthodox bishop of Volodymyr and Berestya and became one of the main initiators of the Union of Berestya , later becoming the Uniate Metropolitan of Kyiv . After the early death of her husband, Halshka Hulevychivna raised her daughter Kateryna, who in 1615

650-626: The 17th century, as the common liturgical language in Romanian principalities. In 1632 Mohyla became the bishop of Kyiv and abbot of he Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. Because of his ties to several European royal homes, the leadership of the Orthodox clergy entrusted him to negotiate with the Polish Sejm (parliament) and the king to lift the repressive laws against the Orthodox Church and to ease the restrictions on

700-586: The Polish and Lithuanian regimes. He initiated the publication of sermons for the laity in Ukrainian, Biblical texts in Church Slavonic, and scientific books in Ukrainian, Polish, Greek, and Latin. Mohyla wrote several books which were distributed in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Muscovy, Romania, and Georgia. One of his most important publications was the first Orthodox Catholic Catechesis worldwide (1640), written by him on

750-504: The affairs of an institution that was under ecclesiastical jurisdiction by the fact that it was founded by Sahaidachny. This forced the Mohyla Academy staff to resort to a deeper search for their roots, one of the results of which was the rediscovery of the figure of Halshka as the founder of the school. The history of the donation could help to prove that the academy was not founded by the hetman, and that its founders were not Cossacks, but

800-531: The common faith in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. Many of graduates pursued their careers in Western Europe but many traveled the countryside and taught in villages and towns. According to the Christian Arab scholar Paul of Aleppo , who in 1655 traveled through Ukraine to Moscow, "Even villagers in Ukraine can read and write … and village priests consider it their duty to instruct orphans and not let them run in

850-473: The country. The number of printed publications was significantly reduced and many schools were closed. In order to preserve their privileges before the Polish king, the nobility, in great numbers, started to convert from Orthodoxy to Greek and Roman Catholicism. The Romanians from Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church, and Old Church Slavonic was used, until

900-407: The dioceses on the territory of historical Volyn and in Kyiv. On February 3, 2022, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine made Halshka Hulevychivna canonized as Saint Righteous Yelyzaveta Hulevych. The day of celebration is set on September 18 (September 5, according to the old style)[28]. Nowina coat of arms Nowina ( Polish pronunciation: [nɔˈvina] ) is a Polish coat of arms . It

950-510: The donation, Halshka stipulated the purpose of the act: All this — for a stauropegian monastery with cohabitation according to the order of Basil the Great , [and] also for the school for children, both gentry and bourgeois, and for any other way of charitable life that would <...> serve to educate and present the sciences to courteous children of the Christian people, and at the same time, for

1000-477: The estates to her son, Halshka Hulevychivna returned to Lutsk, where she spent the last years of her life. Documents have been preserved about Halshka's legal and land affairs, estates and about the conversion of her son Michael Catholicism . In Lutsk, Halshka Hulevychivna actively participated in the life of the local Orthodox brotherhood , and in 1641, shortly before her death made a will, according to which she bequeathed almost all her funds and money owed to her to

1050-406: The faithful and pious Christians of Ruthenian nation in the districts of Kyiv, Volyn and Bratslav , of class spiritual and secular: monks, priests and deacons of the monastic and lay ranks, illustrious princes, noble lords, gentry and Ruthenian people of any other rank and status... As prescribed, the deed indicated the boundaries of the donated estate, located not far from Kontraktova Square . In

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1100-472: The families of Greater Poland and the lands of Kraków , Lublin , Sandomierz and Sieradz . After the Union of Horodło of 1413 CE several boyar families adopted this coat of arms. The representative of the Nowina clan adopted the nobility of Lithuanian descent was Mikołaj of Sepno, while the newcomers were represented by Mikołaj Bejnar. Azure, a cauldron's handle Argent, with both ends upwards. Between them

1150-415: The first reign of Simion. Petro Mohyla's mother, Marghita (Margareta), was the daughter of a Moldavian logothete , Gavrilaș Hâra. Petro Mohyla's sister Regina married prince Michał Wiśniowiecki , and their son Jeremi Wiśniowiecki , was Mohyla's nephew and supporter even though he converted to Catholicism in order to marry a Roman Catholic princess and thus inherit the Polish crown. After Mohyla's father

1200-513: The following, being healthy in body and mind, clearly voluntarily realize by this voluntary letter of mine that I, living constantly in the ancient holy Orthodox Church and reverently burning with zeal for her, out of love and friendliness for my brothers - the Ruthenian people and for the salvation of my soul from old times intended to do good to the Church of God <...> I give, donate and write off to

1250-691: The hierarch. From the 17th century 12 diverse texts in Old Ukrainian, Old Polish, and Latin are known. Among their authors are printers of the Lavra typography, professors and students of the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium , as well as such famous writers and figures as Protosingel Pamva Berinda, Hieromonk Tarasii Zemka, Hieromonk Sophronii Pochaskyi, Monk Yosif Kalimon, Bishop Feodosiy Vasylevich-Baevskyi, Archbishop Lazar Baranovych and Hegumen Antony Radyvylovskyi. In their works, epithets and similes are used to glorify

1300-609: The history of Ukrainian education and culture. The original of the donation document is unknown to historians, and copies of Halshka's donation from the 17th century have not been found either. The oldest document is a handwritten copy from the copier of the Kyiv Brotherhood Monastery from the second half of the 18th century, which is stored in the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv . In 1774, Metropolitan Gabriel of Kyiv handed it over to

1350-632: The inn for spiritual wanderers, so that the monastery, and the school, and the whole order would be guided by the law of the Eastern Church of the Greek Rite. Thanks to the donation of Halshka Hulevychivna, the initiators of the Kyiv Brotherhood received an estate with land in Lower Kyiv, to build a monastery and a school. The development of the monastery was carried out by Isaiah Kopinsky a monk from

1400-408: The metropolitan, which include symbolic interpretation of the figures of Mohyla's family coat of arms, analogies with the sun and other natural phenomenas, characters of ancient mythology, various associations with the name, and biblical images and plots. These works indicate a special attitude towards the metropolitan among Ukrainian church and cultural figures of the 17th century. He is venerated as

1450-462: The middle of the 18th century, the foundation of the academy was associated not with the donation, but with Metropolitan Petro Mohyla and Hetman Petro Sahaidachny . Halshka was first "remembered" in the mid-1760s, when professors of the academy faced a problem — the desire of the Cossack senior elite to radically reform the academy, turning it into a university. The Cossacks explained their interference in

1500-425: The need for the younger generation to use their minds and not emotions in striving to achieve goals. In his Triodion (1631), Mohyla expressed his political views about what an ideal ruler should look like. He argued that the person has to maintain peace with the neighbors; defend his lands in the times of war; a ruler is not only obligated to issue laws but first of all he should limit his own powers. Project of

1550-566: The needs of the Lutsk Brotherhood Monastery and its church. Halshka Hulevychivna died in 1642 and was buried in the crypt of the Lutsk Brotherhood's Holy Cross Church. According to researcher Zoya Khyzhnyak, the school financed by Halshka Hulevychivna could have been located directly in the house that belonged to her. Researchers Yurii Losytskyy and Larysa Tolochko localize Halshka Hulevychivna's "Kamyanytsia" (stone house) on

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1600-554: The one hand, strengthened the Ukrainian Church's position, and on the other, his efforts were a morale booster for the whole country at a times when national unity and independence were at risk. Petro Mohyla died in 1647, on the eve of the national liberation war of 1648–1654. In his testament, he instructed that all Ruthenian people be literate and all his property be given to the Mohyla collegium which for nearly two centuries remained

1650-609: The only higher education establishment in the Orthodox world. The school became an important scientific, educational, cultural, and spiritual center of Orthodox world, especially Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. Its graduates propagated ideas of humanism and national self-determination . After the Cossack Hetmanate came under the Russian Empire, graduates helped Nikon to introduce the Ukrainian Orthodox faith to Russians to have

1700-465: The press in Novhorod-Siverski put out over 3,000 copies of various textbooks for elementary schools. This was a tremendous achievement due in part to Mohyla's efforts to spread literacy among all social groups. Even during the lifetime of Metropolitan Peter Mohyla, as well as shortly after his death, panegyrics and speeches were created in his honor, which glorified the person and the actions of

1750-607: The prince of Wallachia, Matei Basarab , upon his request, with a printing press and printers. In 1635 the prayer books which were published in Prince Basarab's monastic residence were widely distributed in Wallachia (later to become Romania) and Ukraine. He helped to establish the school in Iași in Moldova as well. For over 20 years, Mohyla played a leading role in Ukraine's book printing. He

1800-800: The print shop at the Lavra where Orthodox books were published not only in Old Slavic but in Latin as well and distributed to various places in eastern Europe. Later that year, Mohyla merged this school with the Kyiv Brotherhood school and created the Mohyla Collegium which later became known as the Kyiv Mohyla Academy ( National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy ). The students at the collegium had diverse backgrounds. They came from noble, clerical, gentry, Cossack , and peasant families. The school offered

1850-486: The purity of Orthodox ritual. A decade earlier, he published his Anthologion in which he emphasized the need for teachers to find unique approaches to each student when teaching since their abilities varied. Applying the same requirements to all students may not be the most effective teaching method. Mohyla stressed the need for students to ponder over and understand and not simply repeat scientific, religious, and moral truths. In this and other works, Mohyla underscored

1900-469: The request of all Orthodox Catholic churches. After it was approved by several Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople it became the foundational document for the Church doctrine in the orthodox world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, this book had 25 editions. His other notable works included Trebnyk or Euchologion (1646). It resembled an encyclopedia in which all Ukrainian church rites and services were systematized. In this, he did much to preserve

1950-436: The sense of national identity as well as raise the educational level in the country and in all Ruthenian and Romanian lands to equal that in Western Europe. One of the first steps in implementing this vision, Mohyla founded at the Lavra a school for young monks in 1632. The tutoring was conducted in Latin. The students studied theology, philosophy, rhetoric, and classical authors. At the same time, Mohyla significantly improved

2000-667: The site of the Annunciation Church and the kitchen of the Brotherhood Monastery, which, with subsequent restructuring, have survived to this day in Podil on the territory of the National University "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy" at 2, Hryhoriy Skovoroda Street. According to researchers, the house is a typical example of Ukrainian architecture of the 16th century — a house "in two halves". The building is built of brick, plastered, with

2050-435: The streets as vagabonds." Thus Petro Mohyla is credited with laying the foundation for a cultural epoch which historians call the Mohyla period. One of the attributes of this epoch was book publication. Despite the political instability in Ukraine in the late 1600s, it had 13 printing presses, of which 9 were Ukrainian, 3 Polish, and 1 Jewish. The output of these presses was not only of a religious nature. For example, in 1679

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2100-482: The use of the Church Slavonic language in schools and public offices. Mohyla's diplomatic talent paid off. King Władysław IV reinstated the status of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The first years as abbot Mohyla showed that he had far-reaching goals to reform not only the monastic life at the Lavra and the Church. He wanted to strengthen the Orthodox spirituality and enhance

2150-468: Was a Volhynian Orthodox bishop of Lutsk and Ostroh , and had five sons. Halshka's father, Vasyl Hulevych of Zaturtsi , served as deputy starost of Volodymyr and wojski of Volhynia. From his three marriages, except Halshka, he had sons Andrii, Mykhailo, Vasyl and Benedict, and daughters Maria and Anna. Halshka was probably born in the village Zaturtsi in Volhynia, which was the property of her father, in

2200-529: Was born into the House of Movilești , who were a family of Romanian boyars . Several rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia were members of this family, including Mohyla's father, Simion Movilă , thus making him a prince. He was also a descendant of Stephen the Great , through the bloodline of his great-grandfather Petru Rareș . His uncles, Simion's brothers, were Gheorghe Movilă, the Metropolitan of Moldavia , and Ieremia Movilă , who also ruled Moldavia before and after

2250-584: Was married to Orsha khorunzhy named Mikołaj Mleczko. In 1601/1602 Halshka married for a second time to Stefan Lozka, Marshal of Mozyr . Halshka at that time was about 30 years old; Stefan was 60. The couple had a son, Mykhailo, and lived in a family estate in Kyiv 's Podil , not far from the city hall. At the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries, printing houses and schools appeared in Ukrainian lands. They were supported by philanthropists, including Halshka. On October 14, 1615, she compiled and signed

2300-729: Was murdered in 1607, Mohyla and his mother sought refuge in the Ruthenian Voivodeship , part of Lesser Poland . For a time, they lived in Kamianets-Podilskyi , and in 1608 they moved to Stanisław Żółkiewski 's castle, where they stayed for sixteen years. In the 1620s, Mohyla traveled to Ukraine which at that time was in a political turmoil due to internal and external factors, in part due to Poland's annexation of Ukrainian lands. He started preparing spiritually at his aristocratic home in Rubezhivka near Kyiv , where he also founded

2350-477: Was one of the first to print in the Ukrainian language. Mohyla and his followers at the Lavra and the Mohyla collegium made the first steps in formulating the fundamentals of the modern Russian and Ukrainian languages. The proliferation of the Ukrainian language in print was part of a wider effort of Ukraine's struggle for sovereignty and cultural self-preservation. Mohyla wanted to preserve the Ukrainian nation's identity that had been experiencing enormous pressure from

2400-460: Was practically the lingua franca of the scholarly world. Historic preservation was another aspect of Mohyla's multifaceted career. He initiated substantial restoration projects of key historical monuments in Kyiv and around the country. Among them was the cathedral of Saint Sophia in Kyiv. People believed that for as long the cathedral was standing, the city would be spared from destruction. Thus by restoring St. Sophia and other monuments, Mohyla, on

2450-405: Was taught. However, Mohyla remained undeterred in his efforts to make the use of Latin in schools obligatory since it was an essential part in the curriculum in all European schools and universities. One of Mohyla's main arguments in favor of Latin was that students who learn it in Ukraine would have an advantage should they decide to continue their studies in other European universities, since Latin

2500-419: Was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The original clan consisted of only 24 families. Nowina is one of the oldest Polish heraldic marks with claims that it existed prior to 960 CE. However, the earliest known depiction was on a seal of Nacislaw of Dobrosolow of the Nowina clan in 1293 CE. It was first mentioned in a court registry of 1392 and spread across

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