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43-509: The Hakluyt Society is a text publication society , founded in 1846 and based in London, England, which publishes scholarly editions of primary records of historic voyages, travels and other geographical material. In addition to its publishing role, the Society organises and participates in meetings, symposia and conferences relating to the history of geographical exploration and cultural encounter. It

86-513: A by-election ; he was re-elected on 28 July. In February 1846, he was knighted, a traditional perquisite of the office, but he resigned the position in March 1848 due to ill-health and returned to the backbenches. In May 1849, he was appointed Judge Advocate General , again re-elected in a by-election on 5 June, and made a member of the Privy Council on 29 June. In 1851, he was elected a Fellow of

129-632: A discussion group , regional research guides to its published volumes and hosts the peer-reviewed Journal of the Hakluyt Society . The Society's logo, which appears on the cover of all volumes, is a vignette of Ferdinand Magellan 's ship, the Victoria . A sister organisation, the American Friends of the Hakluyt Society , was founded in 1996 at the John Carter Brown Library located on

172-744: A copy of each volume as it is published, or (as in the case of, for example, the Royal Historical Society ) are eligible to purchase volumes at favourable members' rates. Some societies attempt to keep to a regular cycle of publishing (generally one volume per year, as in the case of the London Record Society and the Canterbury and York Society ; the Royal Historical Society, exceptionally, aims for two volumes per year). Others, however, publish on an irregular and occasional basis, as

215-524: A focus on the history of the Americas. The group promotes and helps provide financial support from the United States for the publication of scholarly editions of records of voyages, travels and other geographical material of the past. Text publication society Members of the society (private individuals or institutions) pay an annual subscription , in return for which they either automatically receive

258-645: A larger format, began in 1999, and by 2021 had reached 38 volumes. These included a 3-volume journal of The Malaspina Expedition , published in association with the Museo Naval de Madrid . Currently, two volumes are published on average each year. In addition to its regular series, the Society publishes a separate Extra Series, comprising books which are too expensive in their production to be freely distributed, but which are made available to members at reduced prices. Publications of this type first appeared in 1903–07 with C. R. Beazley's annotated extracts from Hakluyt, and

301-903: A list of works to be published. The Society was to be governed by a President (Murchison), two vice-presidents (Charles Malcolm and Revd H. H. Milman), a Secretary (Cooley) and 17 elected council members. The first year's Council included – in addition to the members of the original steering group – Charles Darwin , Charles Beke , Captain Charles Ramsay Drinkwater Bethune and the scholar Richard Henry Major . The Society attracted 220 members in its first two years. Its first publication, Bethune's Observations of Sir Richard Hawkins , appeared in December 1847; followed by Major's Select Letters of Christopher Columbus (printed 1847 but published in January 1848). Richard Hakluyt's Divers Voyages touching

344-570: A period distinguished by considerable improvements in the quality of the Society's publications, together with a steady growth in membership to more than 2000. Foster was succeeded in 1945 by Edward Lynam , Superintendent of the Map Room at the British Museum (now the British Library ) and the first of a line of post-war presidents whose terms of office were restricted to a period of five years. In

387-517: A significant decline in membership numbers, and consequent difficulties in maintaining their traditional business model. Societies have responded to the challenge in various ways, including by selectively uploading some of their publications to the World Wide Web , while continuing to publish other materials in print. David Dundas (politician) Sir David Barnett Dundas, 2nd Baronet , QC , FRSE (28 August 1803 – 30 March 1877)

430-483: A single county. A particularly energetic advocate was W. P. W. Phillimore , who was active in the foundation of the British Record Society , Scottish Record Society , Thoroton Society , Canterbury and York Society , and Irish Record Society. Several county archaeological and historical societies undertook text publication as just one among a broader range of activities, and in certain cases – for example,

473-413: Is a registered charity and a non-profitmaking institution administered by a voluntary team of council members and officers. Membership is open to all with an interest in its aims. The Society is named after Richard Hakluyt (1552–1616), a collector and editor of narratives of voyages and travels and other documents relating to English interests overseas. The Society was created at a meeting convened in

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516-623: The London Library , St James's Square, on 15 December 1846. Under the chairmanship of the geologist Sir Roderick Murchison , it established an eight-man steering group which included the geographer and historian William Desborough Cooley ; the Army medical officer Andrew Smith ; the naval officer and surveyor Sir Charles Malcolm ; the antiquary Bolton Corney ; the British Museum Principal Librarian Sir Henry Ellis ;

559-542: The Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being John Cockburn, the wine merchant who founded Cockburns of Leith. In 1852, he commissioned the architect William Burn to completely remodel the mansion at Dunira and lived there until the late 1860s. He retired from politics in the 1852 general election , and was succeeded by the Marquess of Stafford , also a Liberal. In retirement he lived and worked in his chambers at

602-763: The Yorkshire Archaeological and Historical Society and the Kent Archaeological Society – continue to do so. In other cases, a new society has broken away from its parent archaeological society to become an independent body dedicated solely to text publication: examples include the Surrey Record Society and the Wiltshire Record Society . In the 21st century, partly as a result of the growing quantity of historical research materials now available online, many societies have experienced

645-417: The 19th century, when many societies were founded, they were sometimes known as book clubs . They have also been termed printing clubs . Those that publish exclusively archival material are often known as record societies or records societies . The principle of subscription publishing – funding the publication of a volume by securing multiple advance subscriptions from individuals interested in buying

688-647: The 2nd Baronet. Dundas was educated at Westminster School and at Christ Church, Oxford . He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1824, and appointed Queen's Counsel in February 1840. He was elected to represent Sutherland in Parliament as a Liberal in March 1840. In July 1846 he was appointed Solicitor General for England and Wales . At the time, it was the normal practice that accepting ministerial office caused

731-699: The Club collectively. In both cases, the volumes were intended for distribution to the entire membership. The Club's first publication, donated by Sir William Bolland and issued in 1814, was the Earl of Surrey 's translation of parts of Virgil 's Aeneid , originally printed in 1557. One early Roxburghe Club member (from 1822) was Sir Walter Scott , who was inspired by it to establish the Bannatyne Club to print works of interest for Scottish tradition, literature, and history. Other special-interest societies followed. In contrast to

774-555: The Discovery of America , which the Society had intended for its inaugural publication, was postponed until 1850. Meanwhile, Sir Robert Schomburgk's edition of Ralegh's voyage to Guiana had appeared (1849), together with Cooley's Sir Francis Drake his Voyage (1849), Thomas Rundall's Voyages towards the North-West , and Major's Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia . Early print-runs were relatively small – around 250 copies to satisfy

817-868: The Inner Temple; among other work, he served as a Trustee of the British Museum . His retirement from politics was not permanent; when Stafford was elevated to the House of Lords in March 1861 on becoming the third Duke of Sutherland, Dundas returned to Parliament. He stood down again in May 1867, being succeeded by Lord Ronald Sutherland-Leveson-Gower , the Duke's younger brother. He died on 30 March 1877. He married twice: firstly on 29 November 1841 to Catherine Whyte-Melville (d. 23 April 1856), sister of writer George John Whyte-Melville ; secondly in 1858 to Lady Lucy Anne Pelham (1815–1901), daughter of Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester . Lucy

860-444: The Society of Antiquaries . Success being dependent on fund-raising and the attraction of new members, the early societies often suffered from financial and organisational troubles. Controversy followed Frederick James Furnivall , a prime mover in many of the early ventures. In the second half of the 19th century the government-sponsored Rolls Series took over some of the territory of the amateur societies, particularly in respect of

903-434: The campus of Brown University . The American Friends was founded in conjunction with the 150th anniversary celebration of the Hakluyt Society. The Rhode Island merchant John Carter Brown (1797–1874), was the first American to join the Society as a charter member in 1846. The American Friends of the Hakluyt Society exists as a non-profit corporation with objectives similar to those of the Hakluyt Society in London, but with

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946-467: The completion of editorial work allows. Volumes are usually also made available for sale to non-members, but the price is invariably higher than that paid (either as the retail price or through subscriptions) by members, thereby establishing an incentive for interested parties to join. The model originated and is most commonly found in the United Kingdom , but has also been adopted in other countries. In

989-458: The editing of the society's publications than either Murchison or Dundas, and it was his decision that all future volumes should be indexed. R. H. Major, who had taken over as Secretary from Cooley in 1849, held the office until 1858 when his place was taken by the geographer, historian and expedition promoter Clements Markham . Markham served as Secretary 1858–87, and as President 1889–1909, and personally edited no fewer than 29 volumes. From 1893 he

1032-441: The emergence of women as editors and translators, notably Bertha Phillpotts , Lavinia Mary Anstey and Zelia Nuttall . Membership increased, largely on account of institutional subscriptions which by 1911 accounted for half of the 440 members. Sir William Foster, the former Secretary, served as President 1928–1945, and then as vice-president until his death in 1951. Foster's skill in annotating rubbed off on his editors and resulted in

1075-762: The end of the 17th century). Meetings were initially held in a room at the London Library, but in 1849 transferred to the offices of the Society's printer in St Martin's Lane , and from 1850 in Great Queen Street . From 1872 they were held at the Royal Geographical Society's premises, originally in Savile Row and subsequently in Kensington Gore . A General Meeting on 4 March 1847 agreed a constitution and

1118-521: The exclusive Roxburghe Club (which had an elite membership and issued its publications as luxurious limited editions), most had broad membership criteria, and had as their primary objective the dissemination of valuable historical texts as widely as possible. Nevertheless, their activities tended to appeal to the "monied and educated" classes: in 1838, 20% of the Camden Society 's members were clergymen, 9% held legal qualifications, and 36% were Fellows of

1161-409: The existing membership, with a few to spare – at a cost to the Society in the region of £50–60. Murchison served as president until his death in 1871, although his position was largely honorary. He was succeeded by Sir David Dundas (1871–77), a lawyer and politician, and then by Sir Henry Yule (1877–89), an Oriental scholar and former East India Company soldier. Yule took a more direct interest in

1204-512: The final product – was first established in the 17th century, and routinely adopted during the 18th. The idea of extending the model to the membership of a society was initiated by the Roxburghe Club , founded in 1812 as a convivial association of bibliophiles , but which rapidly introduced the principle that each member should sponsor the publication of an edition of a rare work of interest to members, and that other volumes would be published by

1247-691: The following explorers: Ibn Battuta , Bernal Díaz del Castillo , Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen , Pedro Cieza de León , John Cabot , Christopher Columbus , Thomas Dallam , John Covel , Ferdinand Magellan , Cosmas Indicopleustes , James Cook , Vasco da Gama , Semyon Dezhnev , Francis Drake , Humphrey Gilbert , Jean-François de La Pérouse , Ludwig Leichhardt , Jan Huyghen van Linschoten , Ma Huan , Olaus Magnus , Arthur J. M. Jephson , Jens Munk , William of Rubruck , and George Vancouver . The Society published 100 volumes in its First Series, from 1847 to 1899. The Second Series ran from 1899 to 1998, and accounted for 190 volumes. The Third Series, in

1290-710: The globe. These include early accounts dealing with the geography , ethnology and natural history of the regions visited. The Society has to date published over 200 editions in some 350 volumes. All editions are published in English. Although many of the Society's past editions relate to British ventures, with documentary sources in English, the majority concern non-British enterprises and are based on texts in languages other than English. Translations from Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French or Dutch have regularly appeared, and occasional translations from Russian, Greek, Latin, Amharic, Mandarin, Persian or Arabic. The translation in which

1333-468: The major role during the Society's formative period, assisted by Corney and Smith, while Murchison occupied little more than a figurehead position. Cooley had proposed that the society should be known as the "Columbus Society", but at the inaugural Council Meeting on 26 January 1847 it was decided that it be named in commemoration of Richard Hakluyt . Not only did Hakluyt's name as a recorder of voyages, rather than an explorer in his own right, better reflect

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1376-401: The material is presented is normally a fresh version, but has sometimes been an earlier rendering, checked and corrected as necessary. All editions contain scholarly annotation to elucidate the complexities of the text, and to place it in its wider historical context. Volumes are produced in a standard binding, and generally contain maps and contemporary illustrations. Editions have dealt with

1419-638: The monumental Charts & Coastal Views of Captain Cook's Voyages (1988–92). The Extra Series had reached 47 volumes by the end of 2012. The Society's Annual General Meeting (AGM) and Annual Lecture were held at the Royal Geographical Society until 2011, since when they have been held at the University of Notre Dame , London Centre. In 2020 and 2021 the AGM was held online via Zoom . The Society's website hosts

1462-716: The multi-volume MacLehose editions of Hakluyt's Principal Navigations and Purchas's Pilgrimes . These are now treated as volumes 1–33 of the Extra Series, although only a few sets of the MacLehose printings appeared in Hakluyt Society binding, and none carried the Extra Series imprint. The concept was revived and formally designated in the 1950s with the publication of the Journals of Captain James Cook (4 volumes, 1955–67, numbered as Extra Series vols 34–37), followed by other titles including

1505-470: The physicist and mathematician William Rowan Hamilton , FRS; and John Edward Gray , Keeper of Zoology at the British Museum. Cooley had previously criticised the Royal Geographical Society for relying too heavily on contemporary materials in the solution of geographical problems, arguing that the scientific study of geography should involve a far wider analysis and appreciation of earlier sources. He took

1548-496: The post-war period the Society's publication programme benefited from the labours of those of its voluntary officers who also took on editorial responsibilities, including R. A. Skelton , Eila Campbell , Terence Armstrong, Sarah Tyacke , Michael Brennan, Robin Law and Will Ryan. The main activity of the Society is the publication of scholarly editions of primary sources on the voyages and travels undertaken by individuals in many parts of

1591-480: The publication of chronicles . The productions of several of the early societies included literary texts, but by the end of the 19th century, the majority of societies were tending to focus instead on the publication of archival records. This continued to be the pattern in the 20th century. The Durham-based Surtees Society , founded in 1834 and modelled in part on the Scottish Bannatyne and Maitland Clubs,

1634-474: The risk of printing at their own cost; but which nevertheless, afford even singly, how much more collectively, the most valuable materials to those who are anxious to study rightly the History of our forefathers under its different characters". The Chetham Society , founded in 1843, concerned itself in much the same way with the counties of Lancashire and Cheshire . From the 1880s onwards, many societies focused on

1677-402: The society's aims, but it also proclaimed its central ambition, which was to advance Hakluyt's work into the modern age. A resolution was adopted whereby the Society would print and circulate to its members, for a subscription of one guinea per annum, rare accounts of voyages, travels and geographical records dating from any period prior to William Dampier 's circumnavigation (effectively before

1720-491: Was a Scottish advocate, Liberal politician and agricultural improver. He was the son of Robert Dundas of Beechwood , 1st Baronet Dundas (1761–1835) and Matilda Cockburn (daughter of Archibald Cockburn ). He was born at the family mansion of Beechwood House near Corstorphine , west Edinburgh on 28 August 1803. In 1824, he acquired Henry Dundas 's estate of Dunira in Perthshire . On his father's death in 1835, David became

1763-608: Was assisted by William Foster , the East India Company historian and India Office archivist, who served as Secretary until 1902. The first permanent Treasurer, appointed in 1908, was Edward Heawood, the Royal Geographical Society's librarian: he remained in office for thirty-eight years. In 1908, the final year of Markham's rule, the Society broke with tradition and published its first post-1700 text, Bolton Corney's Voyage of Captain Don Felipe Gonzalez . In 1909 Markham

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1806-682: Was succeeded as president by Sir Albert Gray, an ex-member of the Ceylon Civil Service. From this time onwards the Society began to extend its activity beyond that of publication. It supported the establishment of a memorial to Richard Hakluyt in Bristol Cathedral in 1911, and in 1914 Gray represented the Society on the British Academy Committee involved in organising the Shakespeare Tercentenary. The period also saw

1849-436: Was the first English society to adopt a specifically regional remit, in its case the elucidation of the history of the area constituting the ancient kingdom of Northumbria . Its establishment was deeply rooted in local pride: in an early prospectus, James Raine (its principal founder and first secretary) drew attention to just a few unpublished manuscripts of Durham interest, "which, in these times, few individuals would incur

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