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97-659: Originally this ceremony took place at the site of the Temple in Jerusalem during Sukkot in the year following a Seventh Year . According to the Mishna , the "commandment to assemble" (Hebrew: מצות הקהל mitzvat hakhel ) was performed throughout the years of the Second Temple era and, by inference, during the First Temple era as well. The biblical mitzvah of Hakhel is only in effect when all

194-473: A "hakhel card" that has in recent years become available online as well. The Rebbe stressed that every small 'hakhel' gathering, even in exile, is, in fact, the actual idea of the original mitzvah of hakhel in the Holy Temple. The Small 'hakhels' will also bring about the ultimate and complete 'hakhel' with the ingathering of the exiles with the coming of Moshiach (Messiah.) The Rebbe didn't agree with making

291-465: A Western European background was Chaim Herzog, who originally came from Belfast , United Kingdom . The first president with a Mizrahi background was Moshe Katsav , who was born in Iran . The first president to be born in the modern state after Israel's declaration of independence is Isaac Herzog . He is also the first son of a former Israeli president to also become president. As of 2024,

388-640: A century later, the First Temple was replaced by the Second Temple , which was built after the Neo-Babylonian Empire was conquered by the Achaemenid Persian Empire . While the Second Temple stood for a longer period of time than the First Temple, it was likewise destroyed during the Roman siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. Projects to build the hypothetical " Third Temple " have not come to fruition in

485-404: A decision regarding the prerogative of clemency at his or her own discretion, after receiving information from the applicants, requesting the opinion of other parties, and consulting the minister of justice or the minister of defense , as the case may be. Each Israeli president adopts a different approach to how they handle clemency, which influences their decision making. The president confers

582-585: A different partition surrounding the Sanctuary, distant from it, similar to the screen-like hangings of the court that were in the wilderness. All that which is surrounded by this partition, which, as noted, is like the court of the Tabernacle , is called 'Courtyard' ( Hebrew : עזרה ), whereas all of it together is called 'Temple' ( Hebrew : מקדש ) [ lit.   ' the Holy Place ' ]. The Hebrew Bible says that

679-546: A full reading of the Book of Ezra and the Book of Nehemiah , there were four edicts to build the Second Temple, which were issued by three kings: Cyrus in 536 BCE (Ezra ch. 1), Darius I of Persia in 519 BCE (ch. 6), and Artaxerxes I of Persia in 457 BCE (ch. 7), and finally by Artaxerxes again in 444 BCE (Nehemiah ch. 2). According to classical Jewish sources, another demolition of the Temple

776-589: A request, effectively dismissing the prime minister from office and triggering the resignation of the Government. The exercise of this authority by the president serves to prevent a prime minister from abusing their power – namely, beating the Knesset into submission through multiple snap elections . The president has broad power to pardon, reduce, or commute the sentences of both soldiers and civilians, including to refuse requests for such clemency. The president reaches

873-650: A statue of Zeus in their temple and Hellenic priests began sacrificing pigs (the usual sacrifice offered to the Greek gods in the Hellenic religion ), their anger began to spiral. When a Greek official ordered a Jewish priest to perform a Hellenic sacrifice, the priest ( Mattathias ) killed him. In 167 BCE, the Jews rose up en masse behind Mattathias and his five sons to fight and won their freedom from Seleucid authority. Mattathias' son Judah Maccabee , now called "The Hammer", re-dedicated

970-629: A symbolic ceremony as a remembrance of Hakhel, rather explained that every hakhel gathering is the "thing itself" and therefore the Sages never instructed us to conduct such ceremonies. Temple in Jerusalem The Temple in Jerusalem , or alternatively the Holy Temple ( Hebrew : בֵּית־הַמִּקְדָּשׁ ‎ , Modern :   Bēt haMīqdaš , Tiberian :   Bēṯ hamMīqdāš ; Arabic : بيت المقدس , Bayt al-Maqdis ), refers to

1067-482: Is eligible to run for president. The office falls vacant upon completion of a term, death, resignation, or the decision of three-quarters of the Knesset to remove the president on grounds of misconduct or incapacity. Presidential tenure is not keyed to that of the Knesset, in order to assure continuity in government and the non-partisan character of the office. There is no vice president in the Israeli governmental system. If

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1164-425: Is held annually on Yom Ha'atzmaut . Moreover, the president serves as the keynote speaker at the opening ceremonies of the half-yearly Knesset conference, as well as at the annual official ceremonies for Yom Hazikaron and Yom HaShoah . Most Israeli presidents were involved in national politics or Zionist activities before taking office. Some were also distinguished in other fields. For example, Chaim Weizmann

1261-419: Is to guarantee the institutional independence of the president from the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This arrangement effectively makes the presidency – in the words of one constitutional scholar – Israel's "fourth branch of government", allowing successive presidents to exercise nonpartisan influence (as opposed to party-political policymaking power) in their dealings with politicians, to assure

1358-563: The First Temple was built by King Solomon , completed in 957 BCE. According to the Book of Deuteronomy , as the sole place of Israelite korban (sacrifice), the Temple replaced the Tabernacle constructed in the Sinai under the auspices of Moses , as well as local sanctuaries, and altars in the hills. This Temple was sacked a few decades later by Shoshenq I , Pharaoh of Egypt . Although efforts were made at partial reconstruction, it

1455-657: The Herodian Temple , the structure consisted of the wider Temple precinct, the restricted Temple courts, and the Temple building itself: The Temple edifice had three distinct chambers: According to the Talmud , the Women's Court was to the east and the main area of the Temple to the west. The main area contained the butchering area for the sacrifices and the Outer Altar on which portions of most offerings were burned. An edifice contained

1552-631: The Jerusalem Talmud , tractate Yoma iii. 8 the candlestick and the plate are confused. The Temple was the place where offerings described in the course of the Hebrew Bible were carried out, including daily morning and afternoon offerings and special offerings on Sabbath and Jewish holidays . Levites recited Psalms at appropriate moments during the offerings, including the Psalm of the Day, special psalms for

1649-742: The President of Israel and other dignitaries. The ceremony performed at the Western Wall in 2001 was led by the President of Israel , Moshe Katzav . Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson , the Lubavitcher Rebbe , urged Jews everywhere that the year of hakhel has a very special energy to unite Jews, and to inspire them to strengthen their commitment to fulfilling the words of the Torah. The Rebbe requested that every single Jew, men women and child attend activities of "hakhel" throughout this year, through gathering

1746-581: The Priestly Blessing . The Mishna describes it as follows: The superintendent said to them, bless one benediction! and they blessed, and read the Ten Commandments, and the Shema, "And it shall come to pass if you will hearken", and "And [God] spoke...". They pronounced three benedictions with the people present: "True and firm", and the "Avodah" "Accept, Lord our God, the service of your people Israel, and

1843-665: The Temple Warning inscriptions and the Trumpeting Place inscription , two surviving pieces of the Herodian expansion of the Temple Mount. The Temple Warning inscriptions forbid the entry of pagans to the Temple, a prohibition also mentioned by the 1st century CE historian Josephus . These inscriptions were on the wall that surrounded the Temple and prevented non-Jews from entering the temple's courtyard. The Trumpeting Place inscription

1940-694: The Umayyad caliphate, the caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ordered a renovation of the Islamic mosque, constructing the Dome of the Rock , on the Temple Mount. The mosque has stood on the mount since 691 CE; the Jami Al-Aqsa . It has been renovated several times since, including during the Abbasid, Fatimid, Mamluk, and Ottoman eras. Archaeological excavations have found remnants of both

2037-730: The ecclesial body of the Church, and the Eucharistic body on the altar). The Temple Mount bears significance in Islam as it acted as a sanctuary for the Hebrew prophets and the Israelites . Islamic tradition says that a temple was first built on the Temple Mount by Solomon , the son of David . After the destruction of the second temple, it was rebuilt by the second Rashidun Caliph , Omar , which stands until today as Al-Aqsa Mosque . Traditionally referred to as

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2134-585: The mitzvat hakhel in modern times was first proposed by Rabbi Eliyahu David Rabinowitz-Teomim (the "Aderes"), who published two pamphlets on the issue, Zecher leMikdash and Dvar Be'ito . Chief Rabbi Shmuel Salant of Jerusalem would gather all the Talmud Torah students in front of the Western Wall on the first day of Chol HaMoed Sukkot and read to them the same passages that the king would read at Hakhel. The first official Israeli ceremony of Hakhel

2231-565: The new month , and other occasions, the Hallel during major Jewish holidays, and psalms for special sacrifices such as the "Psalm for the Thanksgiving Offering" ( Psalm 100). As part of the daily offering, a prayer service was performed in the Temple which was used as the basis of the traditional Jewish (morning) service recited to this day, including well-known prayers such as the Shema , and

2328-455: The prime minister as its head. Likewise, most presidential powers are either exercised in accordance with the strictures of the Basic Laws or on the binding advice of the Government. Indeed, most presidential acts require the countersignature of the prime minister or another minister designated thereby to have legal effect. Correspondingly, the presidency occupies a largely ceremonial role in

2425-590: The ulam (antechamber), the hekhal (the "sanctuary"), and the Holy of Holies . The sanctuary and the Holy of Holies were separated by a wall in the First Temple and by two curtains in the Second Temple. The sanctuary contained the seven branched candlestick , the table of showbread and the Incense Altar . The main courtyard had thirteen gates. On the south side, beginning with the southwest corner, there were four gates: On

2522-516: The "Farthest Mosque" ( al-masjid al-aqṣa' literally "utmost site of bowing (in worship)" though the term now refers specifically to the mosque in the southern wall of the compound which today is known simply as al-haram ash-sharīf "the noble sanctuary"), the site is seen as the destination of Muhammad 's Night Journey , one of the most significant events recounted in the Quran and the place of his ascent heavenwards thereafter ( Mi'raj ). Muslims view

2619-533: The 7th century, the site had fallen into disrepair under Byzantine rule. After the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem in the 7th century during the Rashidun Caliphate , a mosque was built by caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (reigned 634–644 CE) who first cleared the site of debris and then erected a mihrab and simple mosque on the same site as the present mosque. This first mosque construction was known as Masjid al-'Umari. During

2716-467: The First Temple and the Second Temple. Among the artifacts of the First Temple are dozens of ritual immersion pools in this area surrounding the Temple Mount , as well as a large square platform identified by architectural archaeologist Leen Ritmeyer as likely being built by King Hezekiah c.  700 BCE as a gathering area in front of the Temple. Concrete finds from the Second Temple include

2813-557: The Government or in accordance with the strictures of the Basic Laws, the president enjoys personal discretion in matters of Government formation, parliamentary dissolution, and granting pardons. These functions comprise the reserve powers of the presidency. The president's most important power, in practice, is to lead the process of forming a Government. Israel's electoral system and fractured political landscape make it all but impossible for one party to govern alone, let alone win an outright majority of Knesset seats. After each election,

2910-558: The Great ) with historical sources. The accuracy of these dates is contested by some modern researchers, who consider the biblical text to be of later date and based on a combination of historical records and religious considerations, leading to contradictions between different books of the Bible and making the dates unreliable. The new temple was dedicated by the Jewish governor Zerubbabel . However, with

3007-515: The Jerusalem Law to be in violation of international law. The Jerusalem Islamic Waqf , based in Jordan, has administrative control of the Temple Mount. According to Matthew 24:2, Jesus predicts the destruction of the Second Temple. This idea, of the Temple as the body of Christ , became a rich and multi-layered theme in medieval Christian thought (where Temple/body can be the heavenly body of Christ,

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3104-531: The Jewish mean and women around them and bring them closer to Torah and fear of Heaven. There should be large and small Hakhel gatherings throughout the Hakhel year in synagogues and private homes to foster greater unity and increase Torah learning, mitzvah observance, and the giving of charity . The Rebbe also requested that once a month, everyone should update the Hakhel activities that they have done that month to one central system. This should be done via filling out

3201-612: The Jewish people reside in Israel. However, more recently attempts have been made to revive a symbolic form of hakhel. The Hebrew Hiphil verb haqhêl ( Hebrew : הַקְהֵ֣ל, "assemble"), from which comes the term mitzvat hakhel , is used in Deuteronomy 31:10–12 : " 10 And Moses instructed them as follows: At the end of every seventh year, the year set for remission, at the Feast of Booths, 11 when all Israel comes to appear before Yhwh your God in

3298-446: The Knesset, by secret ballot . If no candidate receives an absolute majority of votes in the first or second round of voting, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated in each subsequent round, if needed until only two remain. From 1949 to 2000, the president was elected for a five-year term, and was allowed to serve up to two terms in office. Since 2000, the president serves a single seven-year term. Any Israeli resident citizen

3395-774: The National Academy of Science, the Broadcasting Authority, the Authority to Rehabilitate Prisoners, the Chief Rabbinical Council and the Wolf Foundation . Judges are appointed by the president pursuant to the nominations of the Judicial Selection Committee . All other presidential appointments are made on the advice of the Government. In addition to routine functions exercised on the advice of

3492-626: The Ptolemaic army was defeated at Panium by Antiochus III of the Seleucids in 200 BCE, this policy changed. Antiochus wanted to Hellenise the Jews, attempting to introduce the Greek pantheon into the temple. Moreover, a rebellion ensued and was brutally crushed, but no further action by Antiochus was taken, and when Antiochus died in 187 BCE at Luristan , his son Seleucus IV Philopator succeeded him. However, his policies never took effect in Judea, since he

3589-511: The Rock is now located, to the north of the Dome of the Rock (Professor Asher Kaufman), or to the east of the Dome of the Rock (Professor Joseph Patrich of the Hebrew University ). The exact location of the Temple is a contentious issue, as questioning the exact placement of the Temple is often associated with Temple denial . Since the Holy of Holies lay at the center of the complex as a whole,

3686-596: The Rock, as Kaufman postulated. However, chapter 54 of the Tractate Yoma and chapter 26 of the Tractate Sanhedrin assert that the Holy of Holies stood directly on the Foundation Stone , which agrees with the traditional view that the Dome of the Rock stands on the Temple's location. The Temple of Solomon or First Temple consisted of four main elements: In the case of the last and most elaborate structure,

3783-500: The State';) is the head of state of Israel . The president is mostly, though not entirely, ceremonial; actual executive power is vested in the cabinet led by the prime minister . The incumbent president is Isaac Herzog , who took office on 7 July 2021. Presidents are elected by the Knesset for a single seven-year term. The President of Israel is elected by an absolute majority in

3880-649: The Temple Mount) has the significance as a holy site/sanctuary (" haram ") for Muslims primarily in three ways, the first two being connected to the Temple. First, Muhammad (and his companions) prayed facing the Temple in Jerusalem (referred to as " Bayt Al-Maqdis ", in the Hadiths ) similar to the Jews before changing it to the Kaaba in Mecca sixteen months after arriving in Medina following

3977-422: The Temple at Jerusalem. "Helena had a golden candlestick made over the door of the Temple," to which statement is added that when the sun rose its rays were reflected from the candlestick and everybody knew that it was the time for reading the Shema'. She also made a golden plate on which was written the passage of the Pentateuch which the Kohen read when a wife suspected of infidelity was brought before him. In

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4074-569: The Temple in Jerusalem as their inheritance, being the followers of the last prophet of God and believers in every prophet sent, including the prophets Moses and Solomon. To Muslims, Al-Aqsa Mosque is not built on top of the temple, rather, it is the Third Temple, and they are the true believers who worship in it, whereas Jews and Christians are disbelievers who do not believe in God's final prophets Jesus and Muhammad . In Islam, Muslims are encouraged to visit Jerusalem and pray at Al-Aqsa Mosque. There are over forty hadith about Al-Aqsa Mosque and

4171-463: The Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name. In classic English texts, however, the word "Temple" is used interchangeably, sometimes having the strict connotation of the Temple precincts, with its courts ( Greek : ἱερὸν ), while at other times having the strict connotation of the Temple Sanctuary ( Greek : ναός ). While Greek and Hebrew texts make this distinction, English texts do not always do so. Jewish rabbi and philosopher Maimonides gave

4268-424: The Temple in the court of the women (Hebrew: ezrat hanashim עזרת הנשים). The king would sit on this platform and all in attendance would gather around him. The hazzan haknesset (החזן הכנסת, "servant of the synagogue") would hand the Book of the Law to the rosh haknesset (ראש הכנסת, " archisynagogue "), who would hand it to the deputy kohen gadol, who would hand it to the High Priest, who would present it to

4365-421: The Temple is mourned on the Jewish fast day of Tisha B'Av . Three other minor fasts (Tenth of Tevet , 17th of Tammuz , and Third of Tishrei ), also mourn events leading to or following the destruction of the Temple. There are also mourning practices which are observed at all times, for example, the requirement to leave part of the house unplastered. The Temple Mount, along with the entire Old City of Jerusalem,

4462-402: The Temple's location is dependent on the location of the Holy of Holies. The location of the Holy of Holies was even a question less than 150 years after the Second Temple's destruction, as detailed in the Talmud . Chapter 54 of the Tractate Berakhot states that the Holy of Holies was directly aligned with the Golden Gate , which would have placed the Temple slightly to the north of the Dome of

4559-464: The Temple, and the Crusaders attributed the name " Templum Domini " ("Temple of the Lord") to the Dome of the Rock. The Hebrew name given in the Hebrew Bible for the building complex is either Mikdash ( Hebrew : מקדש ), as used in Exodus, or simply Bayt / Beit Adonai ( Hebrew : בית ), as used in 1 Chronicles. In rabbinic literature , the temple sanctuary is called Beit HaMikdash ( Hebrew : בית המקדש ), meaning, "The Holy House", and only

4656-403: The Temples". He adds that Jerusalem is sacred to Muslims because of its prior holiness to Jews and its standing as home to the biblical prophets and kings David and Solomon, all of whom he says are sacred figures in Islam. He claims that the Quran "expressly recognizes that Jerusalem plays the same role for Jews that Mecca has for Muslims". Ever since the Second Temple's destruction, a prayer for

4753-445: The Third Temple, noting it as an eternal house of prayer and describing it in detail. President of Israel The president of the State of Israel ( Hebrew : נְשִׂיא מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל , romanized :  Nesi Medinat Yisra'el , or Hebrew : נְשִׂיא הַמְדִינָה , romanized :  Nesi HaMedina Arabic : رئيس دولة إسرائيل , romanized :  Ra'īs Daūlat Al-Isrāʾīl , lit.   'President of

4850-473: The United Nations ) succeeded him as Israel's sixth president. Likud's Moshe Katsav 's victory over Labor's Shimon Peres in 2000 (by secret ballot) was an upset . Albert Einstein , a Jew, but not an Israeli citizen, was offered the presidency in 1952, but turned it down, stating: "I am deeply moved by the offer from our State of Israel, and at once saddened and ashamed that I cannot accept it. All my life I have dealt with objective matters, hence I lack both

4947-400: The conclusion of the reading. The reading consisted of the following sections from the Book of Deuteronomy: Many commentators ask why young children were also required to be present at this assembly. Rabbi Eleazar ben Azariah said: “Men would come to learn and women, to listen. Why would children come? To provide a reward for those who brought them” ( Chagigah 3a). The idea of reviving

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5044-450: The conduct of state business. Nevertheless, these constitutional limitations do not extend to the exercise of those discretionary functions comprising the president's reserve powers . The presidency enjoys immunity from both civil suit and criminal prosecution. Thus, the president is inviolable before the courts of law for any matter concerned with the performance of his or her official functions. The purpose of this substantive immunity

5141-404: The construction of a Third Temple has been a formal and mandatory part of the thrice-daily Jewish prayer services. However, the question of whether and when to construct the Third Temple is disputed both within the Jewish community and without; groups within Judaism argue both for and against construction of a new Temple, while the expansion of Abrahamic religion since the 1st century CE has made

5238-429: The continuity and stability of state institutions, and to hold dialogue with the public on various charitable causes and issues of national import. The president signs bills passed by the Knesset into law, except those bills that pertain to the president's powers, and ratifies international or bilateral treaties approved by the Knesset. Acting on the advice of the Government, the president is also charged with endorsing

5335-406: The credentials of Israeli ambassadors abroad and receiving the credentials of foreign diplomats to Israel. Likewise, the president is responsible for appointing a wide array of public officials, including judges, the governor of the Bank of Israel , the president of Magen David Adom , the president of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities , and members of the Council on Higher Education,

5432-410: The dignity of Righteous Among the Nations on the recommendation of Yad Vashem , presents the Wolf Prize on the recommendation of the Wolf Foundation, and awards the Presidential Medal of Honor , the President's Fund for Outstanding Doctoral Students, and the Presidential Award for Volunteerism in his absolute discretion. The President also participates in the awarding of the Israel Prize , which

5529-472: The early Arabic names for Jerusalem is Bayt al-Maqdis, which preserves the memory of the Temple. The Temple Mount is home to two monumental Islamic structures, the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque , which date to the Umayyad period. The site, known to Muslims as the "Al-Aqsa Mosque compound" or Haram al-Sharif, is considered the third-holiest site in Islam . The Christian New Testament and tradition hold that important events in Jesus ' life took place in

5626-463: The execution of the public will. Put another way, the presidency serves as a national symbol that seeks to reinforce the core values of the state and to give a voice to the diversity of Israeli society in the performance of its official functions. In these respects, the powers of the president of Israel are generally equivalent to those held by heads of state in other parliamentary democracies and are largely dictated by Basic Law: The Presidency , which

5723-416: The fifth order, or division, of the Mishnah (compiled between 200 and 220 CE), provides detailed descriptions and discussions of the religious laws connected with Temple service including the sacrifices , the Temple and its furnishings, as well as the priests who carried out the duties and ceremonies of its service. Tractates of the order deal with the sacrifices of animals, birds, and meal offerings ,

5820-406: The fire-offerings of Israel and their prayer receive with favor. Blessed is He who receives the service of His people Israel with favor" (similar to what is today the 17th blessing of the Amidah), and the Priestly Blessing, and on the Sabbath they recited one blessing; "May He who causes His name to dwell in this House, cause to dwell among you love and brotherliness, peace and friendship" on behalf of

5917-424: The following definition of "Temple" in his Mishne Torah (Hil. Beit Ha-Bechirah ): They are enjoined to make, in what concerns it (i.e. the building of the Temple), a holy site and an inner-sanctum, and where there is positioned in front of the holy site a certain place that is called a 'Hall' ( Hebrew : אולם ). The three of these places are called 'Sanctuary' ( Hebrew : היכל ). They are [also] enjoined to make

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6014-406: The following year after Weizmann's death. Since then, elections have been held in 1957 , 1962 , 1963 (an early election following Yitzhak Ben-Zvi 's death), 1968 , 1973 , 1978 , 1983 , 1988 , 1993 , 1998 , 2000 , 2007 , 2014 , and 2021 . Six elections (1951, 1957, 1962, 1968, 1978, and 1988) have taken place with no opposition candidate, although a vote was still held. Isaac Herzog

6111-484: The importance of visiting the holy site. In another hadith the prophet Muhammad said, "You should not undertake a special journey to visit any place other than the following three Masjids with the expectations of getting greater reward: the Sacred Masjid of Makkah (Ka’bah), this Masjid of mine (the Prophet’s Masjid in Madinah), and Masjid Al-Aqsa (of Jerusalem)." According to Seyyed Hossein Nasr , professor of Islamic Studies at George Washington University, Jerusalem (i.e.,

6208-554: The inability of the governing Likud coalition to elect its candidate to the presidency. Israeli observers believed that, in counterbalance to Prime Minister Menachem Begin 's polarizing leadership, Navon, the country's first president of Sephardi origin, provided Israel with unifying symbolic leadership at a time of great political controversy and upheaval. In 1983, Navon decided to re-enter Labor politics after five years of non-partisan service as president, and Chaim Herzog (previously head of military intelligence and Ambassador of Israel to

6305-669: The issue contentious within Christian and Islamic thought as well. Furthermore, the complicated political status of Jerusalem makes reconstruction difficult, while Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock have been constructed at the traditional physical location of the Temple. In 363 CE, the Roman emperor Julian had ordered Alypius of Antioch to rebuild the Temple as part of his campaign to strengthen non-Christian religions. The attempt failed, with contemporary accounts mentioning divine fire falling from Heaven but also perhaps due to sabotage, an accidental fire, or an earthquake in Galilee . The Book of Ezekiel prophesies what would be

6402-400: The king. According to the Sefer Hachinuch , the king would accept the sefer Torah while standing, but could sit while he read it aloud. The rest of Israel were required to stand, which led to Jeroboam 's revolt. The king began the reading with the same blessings over the Torah that are recited before every Aliyah La-Torah in synagogues today. Seven additional blessings were recited at

6499-403: The land that you are about to cross the Jordan to possess (NJPS with modifications)." According to the Mishnah, the ceremony was conducted on the first day of Chol HaMoed Sukkot, the day after the inaugural festival day, on behalf of all the Jews who participated in the pilgrimage to Jerusalem . Trumpets would sound throughout Jerusalem ( Tosefta ) and a large wooden platform would be erected in

6596-601: The land which You gave to their fathers. ... If there be in the land famine, if there be pestilence, if there be blasting or mildew, locust or caterpillar; if their enemy besiege them in the land of their cities; whatever plague, whatever sickness there be; whatever prayer and supplication be made by any person of all Your people Israel, who shall know every man the plague of his own heart, and spread forth his hands toward this house - may You hear in heaven Your dwelling-place, and forgive, and do, and render to every man according to all his ways, whose heart You know. Seder Kodashim ,

6693-557: The laws of bringing a sacrifice, such as the sin offering and the guilt offering , and the laws of misappropriation of sacred property. In addition, the order contains a description of the Second Temple ( tractate Middot ), and a description and rules about the daily sacrifice service in the Temple ( tractate Tamid ). In the Babylonian Talmud , all the tractates have Gemara – rabbinical commentary and analysis – for all their chapters; some chapters of Tamid, and none on Middot and Kinnim. The Jerusalem Talmud has no Gemara on any of

6790-433: The modern era, though the Temple in Jerusalem still features prominently in Judaism . As an object of longing and a symbol of future redemption, the Temple has been commemorated in Jewish tradition through prayer, liturgical poetry, art, poetry, architecture, and other forms of expression. Outside of Judaism, the Temple (and today's Temple Mount) also carries a high level of significance in Islam and Christianity . One of

6887-419: The north side, beginning with the northwest corner, there were four gates: The Hall of Hewn Stones (Hebrew: לשכת הגזית Lishkat haGazit ), also known as the Chamber of Hewn Stone , was the meeting place, or council-chamber, of the Sanhedrin during the Second Temple period (6th century BCE – 1st century CE). The Talmud deduces that it was built into the north wall of the Temple in Jerusalem, half inside

6984-549: The only other presidents with close family ties were Chaim Weizmann and his nephew Ezer Weizman . All Israeli presidents from Yitzhak Ben-Zvi to Ezer Weizman were members of, or associated with, the Labor Party and its predecessors, and have been considered politically moderate. Moshe Katsav was the first Likud president. These tendencies were especially significant in the April 1978 election of Labor's Yitzhak Navon , following

7081-413: The place that He will choose, you shall read this Teaching aloud in the presence of all Israel.12 Gather the people—men, women, children, and the strangers in your communities—that they may hear and so learn to revere Yhwh your God and to observe faithfully every word of this Teaching. 13 Their children, too, who have not had the experience, shall hear and learn to revere Yhwh your God as long as they live in

7178-512: The president assigns the task anew. If a government is not formed within the timeframe stipulated in Basic Law: The Government , then the president dissolves the Knesset and calls for fresh elections. The prime minister may request, by virtue of section 29 (a) of Basic Law: The Government, that the president dissolve the Knesset whenever the Government has lost its majority and is incapable of functioning. The president may refuse such

7275-416: The president consults with party leaders to determine who is most likely to command a majority in the Knesset. Following such consultations, the president assigns a Knesset member the task of forming a Government. If the nominee is successful in forming a Government that can command the confidence of the Knesset, then said Knesset member becomes the prime minister . If a nominee fails to form a Government, then

7372-411: The president is temporarily incapacitated, or leaves office, the speaker of the Knesset becomes acting president. The first presidential election took place on 16 February 1949, and the winner was Chaim Weizmann . The second took place in 1951, as at the time presidential terms were linked to the length of the Knesset term (the first Knesset lasted only two years). Another election took place

7469-507: The sanctuary and half outside, with doors providing access both to the temple and to the outside. The chamber is said to have resembled a basilica in appearance, having two entrances: one in the east and one in the west. On the east side was the Gate of Nicanor, between the Women's Courtyard and the main Temple Courtyard, which had two minor doorways, one on its right and one on its left. On

7566-481: The temple in 164 BCE and the Jews celebrate this event to this day as the central theme of the non-biblical festival of Hanukkah . During the Roman era, Pompey entered (and thereby desecrated) the Holy of Holies in 63 BCE, but left the Temple intact. In 54 BCE, Crassus looted the Temple treasury. Around 20 BCE, the building was renovated and expanded by Herod the Great , and became known as Herod's Temple . It

7663-541: The times their corresponding offerings were performed in the Temple. The Temple is mentioned extensively in Orthodox services . Conservative Judaism retains mentions of the Temple and its restoration, but removes references to the sacrifices . References to sacrifices on holidays are made in the past tense, and petitions for their restoration are removed. Mentions in Orthodox Jewish services include: The destruction of

7760-405: The tractates of Kodashim. The Talmud ( Yoma 9b) describes traditional theological reasons for the destruction: "Why was the first Temple destroyed? Because the three cardinal sins were rampant in society: idol worship, licentiousness, and murder… And why then was the second Temple – wherein the society was involved in Torah, commandments and acts of kindness – destroyed? Because gratuitous hatred

7857-645: The two religious structures that served as the central places of worship for Israelites and Jews on the modern-day Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem . According to the Hebrew Bible , the First Temple was built in the 10th century BCE, during the reign of Solomon over the United Kingdom of Israel . It stood until c.  587 BCE , when it was destroyed during the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem . Almost

7954-536: The verses revealed (Sura 2:144, 149–150). Secondly, during the Meccan part of his life, he reported to have been to Jerusalem by night and prayed in the Temple, as the first part of his otherworldly journey ( Isra and Mi'raj ). Imam Abdul Hadi Palazzi , leader of Italian Muslim Assembly, quotes the Quran to support Judaism's special connection to the Temple Mount. According to Palazzi, "The most authoritative Islamic sources affirm

8051-644: The virtue of visiting and praying in it, or at least sending oil to light its lamps. In a hadith compiled by Al-Tabarani , Bayhaqi , and Suyuti , the Prophet Muhammad said, "A prayer in Makkah (Ka’bah) is worth 1,000,000 times (reward), a prayer in my mosque (Madinah) is worth 1,000 times and a prayer in Al-Aqsa Sanctuary is worth 500 times more reward than anywhere else." Another hadith compiled by imams Muhammad al-Bukhari , Muslim , and Abu Dawud expounds on

8148-420: The weekly Priestly Guard that departed. In addition to the sacrifices, the Temple was considered a special location for prayer to God: When Your people Israel are smitten down before the enemy, when they sin against You, if they turn again to You, and confess Your name, and pray and make supplication to You in this house - may You hear in heaven, and forgive the sin of Your people Israel, and bring them back to

8245-753: The western wall, which was relatively unimportant, there were two gates that did not have any name. The Mishnah lists concentric circles of holiness surrounding the Temple: Holy of Holies; Sanctuary; Vestibule; Court of the Priests; Court of the Israelites; Court of the Women; Temple Mount; the walled city of Jerusalem ; all the walled cities of the Land of Israel ; and the borders of the Land of Israel. The Talmud speaks also of important presents which Queen Helena of Adiabene gave to

8342-482: Was elected 11th President on 2 June 2021 . His term started on 9 July. The president's fundamental role within the machinery of Israel's uncodified constitution is to "...stand at the head of the State", representing the state of Israel abroad and fostering national unity at home. In this capacity, the president personifies the Israeli state, sanctions the decisions of legitimate constitutional authorities, and guarantees

8439-524: Was a leading research chemist who founded the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot ; Zalman Shazar was an author, poet, and journalist; and Chaim Herzog was a military leader, attorney, and diplomat. The first Israeli presidents were born in the former Russian Empire . The first native-born president, as well as the first with a Sephardi background, was Yitzhak Navon . The first president with

8536-526: Was assassinated the year after his ascension to the throne. Antiochus IV Epiphanes succeeded his older brother to the Seleucid throne and immediately adopted his father's previous policy of universal Hellenisation. The Jews rebelled again and Antiochus, in a rage, retaliated in force. Considering the previous episodes of discontent, the Jews became incensed when the religious observances of Sabbath and circumcision were officially outlawed. When Antiochus erected

8633-413: Was called for by Cyrus the Great and began in 538 BCE, after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire the year before. According to some 19th-century calculations, work started later, in April 536 BCE and was completed on 21 February, 515 BCE, 21 years after the start of the construction. This date is obtained by coordinating Ezra 3:8–10 (the third day of Adar , in the sixth year of the reign of Darius

8730-558: Was captured from Jordan by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War , allowing Jews once again to visit the holy site. Jordan had occupied East Jerusalem and the Temple Mount immediately following Israel's declaration of independence on May 14, 1948. Israel officially unified East Jerusalem , including the Temple Mount, with the rest of Jerusalem in 1980 under the Jerusalem Law , though United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared

8827-749: Was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE during the Siege of Jerusalem . During the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Romans in 132–135 CE, Simon bar Kokhba and Rabbi Akiva wanted to rebuild the Temple, but bar Kokhba's revolt failed and the Jews were banned from Jerusalem (except for Tisha B'Av ) by the Roman Empire. The emperor Julian allowed the Temple to be rebuilt, but the Galilee earthquake of 363 ended all attempts ever since. By

8924-463: Was found at the southwest corner of Temple Mount, and is believed to mark the site where the priests used to declare the advent of Shabbat and other Jewish holidays. Ritual objects used in the temple service were carried off and many are likely located in museum collections, in particular, that of the Vatican Museums . There are three main theories as to where the Temple stood: where the Dome of

9021-525: Was held during Sukkot of 1945, the year following the sabbatical year. A special service was held in the Yeshurun Synagogue, after which a mass procession moved on to the Western Wall where the Torah portions were read. Similar ceremonies presided over by Israel government officials have been held every seven years since. The Hakhel ceremony conducted in 1994 was attended by the Chief Rabbis of Israel ,

9118-560: Was narrowly avoided in 332 BCE when the Jews refused to acknowledge the deification of Alexander the Great of Macedonia, but Alexander was placated at the last minute by astute diplomacy and flattery. After the death of Alexander on 13 June 323 BCE, and the dismembering of his empire, the Ptolemies came to rule over Judea and the Temple. Under the Ptolemies, the Jews were given many civil liberties and lived content under their rule. However, when

9215-401: Was only in 835 BCE when Jehoash, King of Judah , in the second year of his reign invested considerable sums in reconstruction, only to have it stripped again for Sennacherib , King of Assyria c.  700 BCE . The First Temple was totally destroyed in the Siege of Jerusalem by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 586 BCE. According to the Book of Ezra , construction of the Second Temple

9312-501: Was passed in 1964. The Basic Law: The Government also makes provision for the powers of the president in relation to Government formation. However, unlike heads of state in most other parliamentary republics, the president is not the nominal chief executive. Rather, Basic Law: The Government explicitly vests executive power in the Government (as the Cabinet is officially called), with

9409-477: Was rampant in society." Part of the traditional Jewish morning service, the part surrounding the Shema prayer, is essentially unchanged from the daily worship service performed in the Temple. In addition, the Amidah prayer traditionally replaces the Temple's daily tamid and special-occasion Mussaf (additional) offerings (there are separate versions for the different types of sacrifices ). They are recited during

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