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51-545: The name Gélise comes from the Aquitanian hydronymic root Jel , meaning "watercourse." The Gélise originates in the Gers département at Cahuzères, north of Lupiac , then it flows northwest in the direction of Eauze . It drains the land around Castelnau-d'Auzan , then it flows northeast where it forms the natural boundary between the forest of the Landes of Gascony , the slopes of

102-650: A stele with Aquitanian names was found in Lerga , which could reinforce the idea that Basques and Aquitanians were related. The ethnic and linguistic kinship is confirmed by Julio Caro Baroja , who considers the Aquitanian-Basque relationship an ancient and medieval stage ahead of the well-attested territorial shrinking process undergone by the Basque language during the Modern Age. Iberian language The Iberian language

153-579: A family relation between Iberian and Basque, but rather owing to Iberian loanwords in the Basque language. In contrast, Ferrer believes that the similarities could be caused due to both the genetic relationship or the loan, but indicates that the loan of the entire system of numerals is rare (but has been known to occur such as the case of Middle Chinese numerals being borrowed wholesale into Vietnamese , Japanese , Korean and Thai ). Joseba Lakarra (2010) has rejected both hypotheses: loan and genetic relationship. Lakarra's arguments focus almost exclusively on

204-820: A little written evidence, the picture is not very clear in the west of the Basque Country , as the historical record is scant. The territory was inhabited by the Caristii , Varduli , and Autrigones , and has been claimed as either Basque or Celtic depending on the author, since Indo-European lexical elements have been found underlying or intertwined in the names given to natural features, such as rivers or mountains ( Butrón , Nervión , Deba/Deva , suffix ‑ ika etc.) in an otherwise generally Basque linguistic landscape, or Spanish, especially in Álava. Archaeological findings in Iruña-Veleia in 2006 were initially claimed as evidence of

255-524: A number of known affixes , especially applied to last names. For the Iberian language these seem to be postpositional , and apparently more agglutinative than fusional . The best-known are the following: There are some words for which there has been surmised a more or less probable meaning: Thanks to the Latin Inscription of the plaque of Ascoli, which includes a list of Iberian cavalry soldiers in

306-534: A part. The southeastern Iberian script is a semi-syllabary too, but it is more similar to the Tartessian script than to the northeastern Iberian script . The southeastern Iberian inscriptions have been found mainly in the southeastern quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula : eastern Andalusia , Murcia , Albacete , Alicante and Valencia . This script is not completely deciphered. The Greco-Iberian alphabet

357-542: A proper name ( is-betartiker ; o-tikiŕtekeŕ ; O-ASAI ). In the elements that formed Iberian names it is common to encounter patterns of variation, as in eter/eten/ete with the same variations as in iltur / iltun / iltu ; kere / keres as lako / lakos ; or alos / alor / alo and bikis / bikir / biki ). Some Iberian onomastic elements have look-alikes in Aquitanian or Basque . This has been explained by Vascologists like Mitxelena as an "onomastic pool". However, since

408-509: A suffix: BELES , AGER-DO and BIVR-NO are in the plaque of Ascoli, neitin in Ullastret and lauŕ-to , bartas-ko or śani-ko in other Iberian texts. More rarely there have been indications of a linking element, which can be -i- , -ke- or -ta- (Untermann used oto-iltiŕ in front of oto-ke-iltiŕ or with AEN-I-BELES ). In rare cases Untermann also encountered an element is- or o- prefacing

459-576: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in France is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Aquitanian language The Aquitanian language was the language of the ancient Aquitani , spoken on both sides of the western Pyrenees in ancient Aquitaine (approximately between the Pyrenees and the Garonne , in the region later known as Gascony ) and in

510-542: Is a direct adaptation of an Ionic variant of a Greek alphabet to the specificities of the Iberian language. The inscriptions that use the Greco-Iberian alphabet have been found mainly in Alicante and Murcia . Very little is known for certain about Iberian. The investigation of the language is past its initial phase of transcription and compiling material, and is currently in the phase of identifying grammatical elements in

561-447: Is a relationship of some sort between Iberian and Aquitanian , a precursor of the Basque language . But there is not enough evidence to date to ascertain whether the two languages belong to the same language family or whether the relationship is due to linguistic borrowing . Lexical and onomastic coincidences could be due to borrowing, while the similarities in the phonological structures of

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612-430: Is correct then Iberian uses the long ē ( Greek : ἦτα , romanized :  êta ) as opposed to the short epsilon ([ἒ ψιλόν] Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ). It seems that the second element of diphthongs was always a closed vowel, as in ai ( śaitabi ), ei ( neitin ), and au ( lauŕ ). Untermann observed that the diphthong ui could only be found in

663-408: Is for chronology and security the reconstruction that an iberist has to consider, while the hypothesis of internal Basque reconstruction of Lakarra has a vague chronology and a much lower degree of security. Finally, contrary to his first opinion in favor of the loan, concludes that the most economical hypothesis to explain the similarities between the Iberian numeral system and the Basque numeral system

714-426: Is the genetic relationship. Francisco Villar (2014, 259) notes that the similarities between Iberian numerals and Basque numerals are of the same order as those documented among Indo-European languages and consequently argues that the only sustainable hypothesis at this point is the genetic relationship between Iberian and Basque. Villar also believes that if the reconstruction of Proto-Basque proposed by Lakarra (2010)

765-655: The Armagnac-Ténarèze . It unites with the Baïse just after passing the fortified mill of Lavardac in Lot-et-Garonne . The Osse , a right tributary, joins the Gélise near Nérac . The Auzoue , a right tributary, joins the Gélise at Mézin . The Izaute , a right tributary, joins the Gélise at Saint-Pé-Saint-Simon . The Gélise passes through the following départements and cities: This Occitania geographical article

816-524: The Iberian Peninsula : chiefly on the coast from Languedoc-Roussillon to Alicante , but with a deep penetration into the Ebro valley . This script is almost completely deciphered. All the paleohispanic scripts , with the exception of the Greco-Iberian alphabet , share a common distinctive typological characteristic: they use signs with syllabic value for the occlusives and signs with monophonematic value for

867-622: The Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, reaching up to the river Hérault in the south of France. Important written remains have been found in Ensérune , between Narbonne and Béziers in France, in an oppidum with mixed Iberian and Celtic elements. The southern limit would be Porcuna , in Jaén ( Spain ), where splendid sculptures of Iberian riders have been found. Further inland,

918-415: The Tartessian language group. For some scholars, such as Velaza (2006), Iberian could have been the language spoken by the autochthonous population of these territories, while for others, such as De Hoz (1993), Iberian could have been more of a lingua franca . The origin of the language is unknown. Although Iberian ceased to be written in the 1st century AD, it may have survived in some areas until

969-537: The Visigothic period (ca. 500s to 700s), according to Menéndez Pidal. There are several theories about the geographical origin of Iberian. According to the Catalan theory , the Iberian language originated in northern Catalonia, where the earliest Iberian inscriptions are documented (600 BC in Ullastret ). Its expansion towards the north and south would have been due to broad population movements in times shortly before

1020-528: The 6th century BC or maybe the 5th century BC and the latest ones date from the end of the 1st century BC or maybe the beginning of the 1st century AD. More than two thousand Iberian inscriptions are currently known. Most are short texts on ceramic with personal names, which are usually interpreted as ownership marks. Many coins minted by Iberian communities during the Roman Republic have legends in Iberian. The longest Iberian texts were made on lead plaques;

1071-691: The Basques. During the Roman conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar , Aquitania was the territory between the Garonne and the Pyrenees . It was inhabited by tribes of horsemen who Caesar said were very distinct in customs and language from the Celts of Gaul. During the Middle Ages , this territory was named Gascony , derived from Vasconia and cognate with the word Basque . There are many clues that indicate that Aquitanian

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1122-413: The Pyrenees in the territory that Greek and Roman sources assigned to Vascones : Most Aquitanian onomastic elements are clearly identifiable from a Basque perspective, matching closely the forms reconstructed by the vascologist Koldo Mitxelena for Proto-Basque : The vascologist Joaquín Gorrochategui  [ eu ] , who has written several works on Aquitanian, and Mitxelena have pointed out

1173-570: The Roman army (the Turma Salluitana attested in the Bronze of Ascoli ), the forms of Iberian proper names have been unraveled. Iberian names are formed mainly by two interchangeable elements, each usually formed of two syllables, which are written together (Untermann 1998). For example, the element "iltiŕ" can be found in the following names: iltiŕaŕker , iltiŕbaś , iltiŕtikeŕ , tursiltiŕ , baiseiltiŕ or bekoniltiŕ . This discovery

1224-617: The antiquity of Basque in the south but were subsequently dismissed as a forgery . The Cantabrians are also mentioned as relatives or allies of the Aquitanians: they sent troops to fight on their side against the Romans. The Vascones who occupied modern Navarre are usually identified with the Basques ( vascos in Spanish), their name being one of the most important pieces of evidence. In 1960,

1275-665: The areas south of the Pyrenees in the valleys of the Basque Country before the Roman conquest. It probably survived in Aquitania north of the Pyrenees until the Early Middle Ages . Archaeological, toponymical , and historical evidence shows that it was a language or group of languages that represent a precursor of the Basque language . The most important pieces of evidence are a series of votive and funerary texts in Latin , dated to

1326-494: The de Hoz hypothesis about considering the Iberian language as a lingua franca , Orduña notes its hypothetical character, although Lakarra presents that hypothesis as an established fact. The problems with this hypothesis have been collected by Ferrer (2013) in a later work. Regarding the phonetic difficulties indicated by Lakarra, Orduña argues that its proposals are compatible with the Proto-Basque reconstructed by Michelena, which

1377-511: The east of Navarre and in Aragon , with the classical medieval ‑ os > ‑ ues occurring in stressed syllables, pointing to a language continuum on both sides of the Pyrenees. This strong formal element can be traced on either side of the mountain range as far west as an imaginary line roughly stretching from Pamplona to Bayonne (compare Bardos /Bardoze, Ossès /Ortzaize, Briscous /Beskoitze), where it ceases to appear. Other than placenames and

1428-1329: The elements proposed as components of Iberian names: abaŕ , aibe , aile , ain , aitu , aiun , aker , albe , aloŕ , an , anaŕ , aŕbi , aŕki , aŕs , asai , aster , ata , atin , atun , aunin , auŕ , austin , baiser , balaŕ , balke , bartaś , baś , bastok , bekon , belauŕ , beleś , bels , bene , beŕ , beri , beŕon , betan , betin , bikir , bilos , bin , bir , bitu , biuŕ , bolai , boŕ , boś , boton , ekes , ekaŕ , eler , ena , esto , eten , eter , iar , iaun , ibeś , ibeis , ike , ikoŕ , iltiŕ , iltur , inte , iskeŕ , istan , iunstir , iur , kaisur , kakeŕ , kaltuŕ , kani , kaŕes , kaŕko , katu , keŕe , kibaś , kine , kitaŕ , kon , koŕo , koŕś , kuleś , kurtar , lako , lauŕ , leis , lor , lusban , nalbe , neitin , neŕse , nes , niś , nios , oŕtin , sakaŕ , sakin , saltu , śani , śar , seken , selki , sike , sili , sine , sir , situ , soket , sor , sosin , suise , taker , talsku , tan , tanek , taneś , taŕ , tarban , taŕtin , taś , tautin , teita , tekeŕ , tibaś , tikeŕ , tikirs , tikis , tileis , tolor , tuitui , tumar , tuŕś , turkir , tortin , ulti , unin , uŕke , ustain , ḿbaŕ , nḿkei . In some cases, linguists have encountered simple names, with only one element for

1479-925: The exact distribution of the Iberian language inscriptions is uncertain. It seems that the culture reached the interior through the Ebro river ( Iberus in Latin) as far as Salduie , but no further. Among the pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, the following might have spoken the Iberian language: Ausetani (northeastern Catalonia ), Ilergetes ( Lleida and Huesca up to the Pyrenees), Indigetes (coast of Girona ), Laietani ( Barcelona ), Cassetani ( Tarragona ), Ilercavones ( Murcia and Levante up to Tarragona), Edetani ( Valencia , Castellón and Teruel ), Contestani (Valencia, Alicante , Cartagena and Albacete ), Bastetani ( Granada , Almería and Murcia) and Oretani ( Jaén , Ciudad Real , Albacete and Cuenca ). Turduli and Turdetani are believed to be of

1530-480: The field of Basque historical grammar, but also argues, following de Hoz's (1993) hypothesis, that the hypothesis of the borrowing has already turned out implausible due to the limited and remote extension of the territory where Iberian was spoken as first language in South-East Spain. Javier de Hoz (2011, pp. 196–198) considers plausible the internal contextual and combinatorial arguments that would support

1581-510: The first cluster. It is possible that Iberian had the semivowels /j/ (in words such as aiun or iunstir ) and /w/ (only in loanwords such as diuiś from Gaulish ). The fact that /w/ is lacking in native words casts doubt on whether semivowels really existed in Iberian outside of foreign borrowings and diphthongs. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] There are

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1632-494: The first three centuries AD, which contain about 400 personal names and 70 names of gods. Aquitanian and its modern relative, Basque , are commonly thought to be Pre-Indo-European languages , remnants of the languages spoken in Western Europe before the arrival of Indo-European speakers. Some claims have been made, based on supposed derivations of the words for "knife" ( aizto ), "axe" ( aizkora ) and "hoe" ( aitzur ) from

1683-425: The first written documents, from the 11th to the 10th century BC, given that the Iberian language appears homogeneous in Iberian texts and, if it were of greater antiquity, the development of dialects should be evident. The presence of non-interpretable elements, such as Iberian anthroponyms amongst inscriptions in this area has not been considered statistically significant. The oldest Iberian inscriptions date to

1734-409: The following: The basis of this theory is better understood if we compare some of the attested Iberian compounds with Basque complex numbers (the dots denote morpheme boundaries and are not normally written in Basque; also note that the final -r in numbers 3 and 4 also occurs in bound forms in Basque i.e. hirur- and laur- ): Even so, Orduña does not claim this comparison to be a proof of

1785-412: The hypothesis that these Iberian elements could be interpreted as numerals. In fact, concerning the specific values, he considers valid the proposed equivalences between Iberian ban with 'one' and between Iberian erder with 'half', according to the marks of value found in coins, while he considers that the rest of the proposed equivalences are a working hypothesis. Regarding the equivalence between

1836-510: The identification of other relationships between Iberian and Basque subsystems, as clearly as this one, relationships that no investigator using reasonable linguistic arguments has been able to identify. Eduardo Orduña (2011) insists that the Iberian elements proposed as numerals are not only similar to the Basque numerals, but also combine as numerals and appear in contexts where numerals are expected. He observes Lakarra (2010) does not dispute these arguments [neither does de Hoz (2010)]. As regards

1887-462: The meaning of most Iberian words remains opaque to date, the connection remains speculative except in a very small number of cases. An ancient sprachbund involving these two languages is deemed likely by some linguists. But as Trask notes, Basque has been of no help in translating Iberian inscriptions. Whether Iberian and Basque are two languages of the same language family is still a much-debated question. Many experts on Iberian suspect that there

1938-539: The meanings of these Iberian morphs are still controversial. The main arguments today which relate to coinciding surface forms between Basque and Iberian are: In 2005 Eduardo Orduña published a study showing some Iberian compounds that according to contextual data would appear to be Iberian numerals and show striking similarities with Basque numerals. The study was expanded upon by Joan Ferrer (2007 and 2009) based on terms found on coins, stating their value, and with new combinatorial and contextual data. The comparison proposes

1989-463: The most extensive is from Yátova ( Valencia ) with more than six hundred signs. Three different scripts have remained for the Iberian language: The northeastern Iberian script is also known as the Iberian script, because it is the Iberian script most frequently used (95% of the extant texts (Untermann 1990)). The northeastern Iberian inscriptions have been found mainly in the northeastern quadrant of

2040-547: The observed similarities between the numerical systems of the two. In contrast, the Punic language of Carthaginian settlers was Semitic , while Indo-European languages of the peninsula during the Iron Age include the now extinct Celtiberian language , Ionic Greek , and Latin , which formed the basis for modern Iberian Romance languages , but none of these were related to the Iberian language. Iberian inscriptions are found along

2091-424: The possible Iberian numerals and the Basque numerals, he agrees with Lakarra (2010) that the shape of the documented Iberian forms does not fit the expected Proto-Basque forms. Finally, he considers that the greatest difficulty in accepting this hypothesis is, paradoxically, its extent and systematic nature, because if it was correct, it would result in a close relationship between Iberian and Basque, which should allow

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2142-501: The remaining consonants and for vowels . From a writing systems point of view, they are neither alphabets nor syllabaries ; rather, they are "mixed" scripts that are normally identified as semi-syllabaries . Regarding their origin, there is no agreement among researchers; for some linguists, they are linked only to the Phoenician alphabet , while others see the Greek alphabet as playing

2193-402: The similarities of some Iberian onomastic elements with Aquitanian. In particular, Mitxelena spoke about an onomastic pool from which both Aquitanian and Iberian would have drawn: For other more marginal theories see Basque language: Hypotheses on connections with other languages . Since ancient times, there have been indications of a relationship between present Southwestern France and

2244-414: The texts. The hypotheses currently proposed are unconfirmed, and are likely to remain so unless the discovery of a bilingual text allows linguists to confirm their deductions. Iberian appears to have five vowels commonly transcribed as a e i o u . Some other languages on the peninsula such as Basque and modern Spanish also have such systems. Although five-vowel systems are extremely common all over

2295-473: The two languages could be due to linguistic areal phenomena (cf. the similarities between Basque and Old Spanish in spite of being languages of two different families). More scientific studies on the Iberian language are needed to shed light on this question. From a historical perspective, the first features where a relationship between Basque and Iberian was claimed were: Although other pairs have been proposed (such as eban , ars , -ka , -te ),

2346-544: The word for "stone" ( haitz ), that the language therefore must date to the Stone Age or Neolithic period, when those tools were made of stone, but these etymologies are no longer accepted by mainstream Vasconists . Almost all of the Aquitanian inscriptions that have been found north of the Pyrenees are in the territory that Greek and Roman sources assigned to Aquitanians. Some inscriptions have also been found south of

2397-438: The world, it has been suggested that this may point to a Sprachbund amongst the ancient languages of the Iberian peninsula. The unrounded vowels (in frequency order: a, i, e ) appear more frequently than the rounded vowels ( u, o ). Although there are indications of a nasal vowel ( ḿ ), this is thought to be an allophone . Judging by Greek transcriptions, it seems that there were no vowel length distinctions; if this

2448-454: Was extinct by the 1st to 2nd centuries AD. It had been replaced gradually by Latin , following the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula . The Iberian language is unclassified : while the scripts used to write it have been deciphered to various extents, the language itself remains largely unknown. Links with other languages have been suggested, especially the Basque language , based largely on

2499-488: Was a giant step: from this moment it was possible to identify with some kind of confidence the names of persons in the texts. Nevertheless, the list of components of Iberian names varies between researchers. The basic list comes from Untermann (1990) and was recently updated by Rodríguez Ramos (2002b); complementary data and criteria can be found in the Faria papers (the last two: 2007a and 2007b). The following list includes some of

2550-506: Was spoken in the Pyrenees at least as far east as Val d'Aran . Placenames that end in ‑ os , ‑ osse , ‑ ons , ‑ ost and ‑ oz are considered to be of Aquitanian origin, such as the placename Biscarrosse , which is directly related to the city of Biscarrués (note the Navarro-Aragonese phonetic change) south of the Pyrenees. Biscar (modern Basque spelling: bizkar ) means "ridge-line". Such suffixes in placenames are ubiquitous in

2601-411: Was the language of an indigenous western European people identified by Greek and Roman sources who lived in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Iberian Peninsula in the pre- Migration Era (before about AD 375). An ancient Iberian culture can be identified as existing between the 7th and 1st centuries BC, at least. Iberian, like all the other Paleohispanic languages except Basque ,

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