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27-690: Landes , or Lanas in Gascon , means moorland or heath . Landes and Lanas come from the Latin plānus meaning "flat, even, level, plain". They are therefore cognate with the English plain (and plane ), the Spanish word llanos and the Italian word piano . Places [ edit ] Landes (department) , a department of France Landes forest or Landes of Gascony ,

54-584: A /r/ at the beginning of words, resolved by means of a prothetical vowel. Although some linguists deny the plausibility of the Basque substrate theory, it is widely assumed that Basque, the "Circumpyrenean" language (as put by Basque linguist Alfonso Irigoyen and defended by Koldo Mitxelena , 1982), is the underlying language spreading around the Pyrenees onto the banks of the Garonne River, maybe as far east as

81-470: A sociolect of Gascon with special phonetic and lexical features, which linguistics named Judeo-Gascon . It has been superseded by a sociolect of French that retains most of the lexical features of this former variety. Béarnais , the official language when Béarn was an independent state, does not correspond to a unified language: the three forms of Gascon are spoken in Béarn (in the south, Pyrenean Gascon, in

108-586: A different language. Gascon is mostly spoken in Gascony and Béarn ( Béarnese dialect ) in southwestern France (in parts of the following French départements : Pyrénées-Atlantiques , Hautes-Pyrénées , Landes , Gers , Gironde , Lot-et-Garonne , Haute-Garonne , and Ariège ) and in the Val d'Aran of Catalonia. Aranese , a southern Gascon variety, is spoken in Catalonia alongside Catalan and Spanish . Most people in

135-485: A natural region in the southwest of France Landes, Charente-Maritime , a commune in the Charente-Maritime département Landes, West Virginia , United States Landes-sur-Ajon Saint-Hilaire-des-Landes , Brittany Rion-des-Landes Centre d'Essais des Landes , launch site for testing military rockets Other uses [ edit ] Landes (surname) See also [ edit ] Cantons of

162-508: A single language. Gascon, in particular, is distinct enough linguistically to have been described as a language in its own right. The language spoken in Gascony before Roman rule was part of the Basque dialectal continuum (see Aquitanian language ); the fact that the word 'Gascon' comes from the Latin root vasco / vasconem , which is the same root that gives us 'Basque', implies that the speakers identified themselves at some point as Basque. There

189-581: Is a favorite destination of hikers and mountain enthusiasts. The area has been known perhaps since Antiquity for its hot springs, and several towns were built around these, most notably Cauterets , Luz-Saint-Sauveur and Bagnères-de-Bigorre . A notable lake in the area is Lac Bleu d'Ilhéou , southwest of Cauterets . There are a number of popular ski resorts in Hautes-Pyrénées such as Barèges - La Mongie , Gavarnie , Luz-Ardiden , Cauterets , Hautacam , Piau-Engaly and Saint-Lary-Soulan . The area

216-435: Is a proven Basque substrate in the development of Gascon. This explains some of the major differences that exist between Gascon and other Occitan dialects. A typically Gascon feature that may arise from this substrate is the change from "f" to "h". Where a word originally began with [f] in Latin, such as festa 'party/feast', this sound was weakened to aspirated [h] and then, in some areas, lost altogether; according to

243-420: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gascon language Gascon ( English: / ˈ ɡ æ s k ə n / ; Gascon: [ɡasˈku(ŋ)] , French: [ɡaskɔ̃] ) is the vernacular Romance variety spoken mainly in the region of Gascony , France . It is often considered a variety of Occitan , although some authors consider it

270-461: The département consists of largely flat agricultural land. Hautes-Pyrénées has two small territorial exclaves —a remnant from the Middle Ages —located within the neighboring département of Pyrénées-Atlantiques . The greater Tarbes area is the economic and administrative focus of the département , while Lourdes , the second-biggest city in Hautes-Pyrénées, is dedicated almost exclusively to

297-498: The 11th century over the coastal fringe of Gipuzkoa extending from Hondarribia to San Sebastian , where Gascon was spoken up to the early 18th century and often used in formal documents until the 16th century, with evidence of its continued occurrence in Pasaia in the 1870s. A minor focus of influence was the Way of St James and the establishment of ethnic boroughs in several towns based on

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324-576: The French influence over the Hispanic Mark on medieval times, shared similar and singular features are noticeable between Gascon and other Latin languages on the other side of the border: Aragonese and far-western Catalan (Catalan of La Franja ). Gascon is also (with Spanish, Navarro-Aragonese and French) one of the Romance influences on the Basque language . Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es Historically

351-676: The Landes department Arrondissements of the Landes department Communes of the Landes department Saint-Sulpice-des-Landes (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Landes . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landes&oldid=1258816598 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

378-660: The Mediterranean in Roman times ( niska cited by Joan Coromines as the name of each nymph taking care of the Roman spa Arles de Tech in Roussillon , etc.). Basque gradually eroded across Gascony in the High Middle Ages (Basques from the Val d'Aran cited still circa 1000), with vulgar Latin and Basque interacting and mingling, but eventually with the former replacing the latter north of

405-535: The area broadly covered by the département known as Bigorre , a territory at times independent but later part of Gascony province . Large parts of the area were held by the English after the Treaty of Brétigny , 1360. In the 16th century, it was part of the Huguenot domain of the monarchs of Navarre , brought to France by Henri IV . For its early history, see Bigorre and Gascony . The département of Hautes-Pyrénées

432-454: The center and in the east, Eastern Gascon; to the north-west, Western Gascon). A poll conducted in Béarn in 1982 indicated that 51% of the population could speak Gascon, 70% understood it, and 85% expressed a favourable opinion regarding the protection of the language. However, use of the language has declined dramatically over recent years as a result of the Francization taking place during

459-463: The concerned region. It is mainly in Béarn that the population uses concurrently the term "Béarnais" to designate its Gascon forms. This is because of the political past of Béarn, which was independent and then part of a sovereign state (the shrinking Kingdom of Navarre ) from 1347 to 1620. In fact, there is no unified Béarnais dialect, as the language differs considerably throughout the province. Many of

486-435: The differences in pronunciation can be divided into east, west, and south (the mountainous regions). For example, an 'a' at the end of words is pronounced "ah" in the west, "o" in the east, and "œ" in the south. Because of Béarn's specific political past, Béarnais has been distinguished from Gascon since the 16th century, not for linguistic reasons. Probably as a consequence of the linguistic continuum of western Romania and

513-533: The east and middle Pyrenees and developing into Gascon. However, modern Basque has had lexical influence from Gascon in words like beira ("glass"), which is also seen in Galician-Portuguese . One way for the introduction of Gascon influence into Basque came about through language contact in bordering areas of the Northern Basque Country , acting as adstrate. The other one has taken place since

540-613: The last centuries, as Gascon is rarely transmitted to young generations any longer (outside of schools, such as the Calandretas ). By April 2011, the Endangered Languages Project estimated that there were only 250,000 native speakers of the language. The usual term for Gascon is "patois", a word designating in France a non-official and usually devaluated dialect (such as Gallo ) or language (such as Occitan ), regardless of

567-550: The privileges bestowed on the Francs by the Kingdom of Navarre from the 12th to the early 14th centuries, but the variant spoken and used in written records is mainly the Occitan of Toulouse. The énonciatif (Occitan: enunciatiu ) system of Gascon, a system that is more colloquial than characteristic of normative written Gascon and governs the use of certain preverbal particles (including

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594-433: The region are trilingual in all three languages, causing some influence from Spanish and Catalan. Both these influences tend to differentiate it more and more from the dialects of Gascon spoken in France. Most linguists now consider Aranese a distinct dialect of Occitan and Gascon. Since the 2006 adoption of the new statute of Catalonia , Aranese is co-official with Catalan and Spanish in all of Catalonia (before, this status

621-559: The religious pilgrimage industry. As of 2019, there are 7 communes with more than 5,000 inhabitants: Population development since 1801: The president of the Departmental Council is Michel Pélieu, first elected in 2011. The Western Pyrenees National Park covers a significant area, and includes well-known attractions such as the Cirque de Gavarnie and the Pont d'Espagne . The entire area

648-463: The sometimes emphatic affirmative que , the occasionally mitigating or dubitative e , the exclamatory be , and the even more emphatic ja / ye , and the "polite" se ) has also been attributed to the Basque substrate. Gascon is divided into three varieties or dialect sub-groups: The Jews of Gascony, who resided in Bordeaux , Bayonne and other cities, spoke until the beginning of the 20th century

675-414: The substrate theory, this is due to the Basque dialects' lack of an equivalent /f/ phoneme , causing Gascon hèsta [ˈhɛsto] or [ˈɛsto] . A similar change took place in Spanish . Thus, Latin facere gives Spanish hacer ( [aˈθer] ) (or, in some parts of southwestern Andalusia , [haˈsɛɾ] ). Another phonological effect resulting from the Basque substrate may have been Gascon's reluctance to pronounce

702-732: Was created at the time of the French Revolution , on 4 March 1790, through the influence of French politician Bertrand Barère , a member of the Convention . Hautes-Pyrénées consists of several distinct geographical areas. The southern portion, along the border with Spain, consists of mountains such as the Vignemale , the Pic du Midi de Bigorre , and the Neouvielle and Arbizon ranges. A second area consists of low-altitude rolling hills. The northern part of

729-577: Was valid for the Aran Valley only). It was also one of the mother tongues of the English kings Richard the Lionheart and his younger brother John Lackland . While many scholars accept that Occitan may constitute a single language, some authors reject this opinion and even the name Occitan : instead, they argue that the latter is a cover term for a family of distinct lengas d'òc rather than dialects of

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