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58-1034: The range is located between the Mur Valley to the north (which separates it from the Niedere Tauern range) and the River Drava to the south, where it borders the Gailtal Alps and Karavanke ranges of the Southern Limestone Alps . In the west, the Gurktal Alps reach up to the Katschberg Pass and the Ankogel Group of the Hohe Tauern range. To the east, the Neumarkt Pass in Upper Styria separates it from

116-467: A dialect continuum with other South Slavic languages . Prekmurje Slovene is part of the Pannonian dialect group (Slovene: panonska narečna skupina ), also known as the eastern Slovene dialect group ( vzhodnoslovenska narečna skupina ). Prekmurje Slovene shares many common features with the dialects of Haloze , Slovenske Gorice , and Prlekija , with which it is completely mutually intelligible. It

174-629: A massive sewage pipe between the city centre and the new dam, necessitating the felling of thousands of trees. The project is controversial and environmental groups are resisting it. Both environmental impact and economic studies have found the project to be neither ecologically nor economically viable. Additional hydroelectric plants are planned for Slovenia. The hydrological parameters of the Mur are regularly monitored in Croatia at Mursko Središće . Prekmurje Slovene Prekmurje Slovene , also known as

232-508: A result of being the European Capital of Culture for 2003, an artificial island known as the Murinsel was constructed in the middle of the river. Once heavily polluted by several paper mills on the shore and by the ironworks around Leoben, the water quality has improved since the 1980s and the river is now seen as an asset to the city. From Graz the river continues to flow south, past

290-689: Is a river in Central Europe rising in the Hohe Tauern national park of the Central Eastern Alps in Austria with its source at 1,898 m (6,227 ft) above sea level. It is a tributary of the Drava and subsequently the Danube . The Mur's total length is around 464 kilometres (288 mi). About 326 km are within the interior of Austria ; 95 km flow in and around Slovenia (67 km along

348-552: Is a language, not simply a dialect. Evald Flisar , a writer, poet, and playwright from Prekmurje (Goričko), states that people from Prekmurje "talk in our own language." It also had a written standard and literary tradition, both of which were largely neglected after World War II . There were attempts to publish in it more widely in the 1990s, primarily in Hungary, and there has been a revival of literature in Prekmurje Slovene since

406-688: Is a major, independent dialect of Slovene, from which it differs mostly in the relationships of stress, in intonation, in the softening of consonants and—as a result of the lack of linguistic reform—in the striking dearth of modern vocabulary and that it preserves many older features from the Proto-Slavic language . Prekmurje Slovene is spoken by approximately 110,000 speakers worldwide. 80,000 in Prekmurje , 20,000 dispersed in Slovenia (especially Maribor and Ljubljana ) and 10,000 in other countries. In Hungary it

464-579: Is also closely related to the Kajkavian dialect of Croatian , although mutual comprehension is difficult. Prekmurje Slovene, especially its more traditional version spoken by the Hungarian Slovenes, is not readily understood by speakers from central and western Slovenia, whereas speakers from eastern Slovenia ( Lower Styria ) have much less difficulty understanding it. The early 20th-century philologist Ágoston Pável stated that Prekmurje Slovene in fact it

522-598: Is also referred to as the "Slovene language between the Mura and Raba" (Slovenščina med Muro in Rabo; Slovenski jezik med Mürov i Rábov) . Prekmurje Slovene is widely used in the regional media (Murski Val Radio, Porabje, Slovenski utrinki), films, literature. The younger generation also write SMS messages and web comments in their local tongue. In the Prekmurje and Hungary a few streets, shops, hotels, etc. have Prekmurje Slovene names. In

580-520: Is probably of Slavic origin, nominalized from the adjective * murъ 'dark', meaning 'dark water'. The river rises in a remote valley within the Lungau region of the Austrian state of Salzburg . The river flows eastwards through Tamsweg before crossing the border into the state of Styria . Between Tamsweg and Unzmarkt-Frauenburg the river flows through a rural mountain valley and is closely paralleled by

638-498: Is the use of the wovels ö or ü and diphthongs in writing. Manuscripts were also written in the East Styrian Slovene language. Printed books in this language were also published. However, there were no homogeneous grammatical or phonologycal forms in this language variant. Styrian Slovene authors had completely different ideas about the standard language. The Styrian Slovene literary language eventually ceased to exist and

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696-578: Is used by the Slovene-speaking minority in Vas County in and around the town of Szentgotthárd . Other speakers of the dialect live in other Hungarian towns, particularly Budapest , Szombathely , Bakony , and Mosonmagyaróvár . The dialect was also spoken in Somogy (especially in the village of Tarany ), but it has nearly disappeared in the last two centuries. There are some speakers in Austria , Germany ,

754-643: The 2012 protests in Slovenia in Murska Sobota the protesters used Prekmurje Slovene banners. It is the liturgical language in the Lutheran and Pentecostal churches, and in the Catholic Church of Hungarian Slovenes. Marko Jesenšek , a professor at the University of Maribor , states that the functionality of Prekmurje Slovene is limited, but "it lives on in poetry and journalism." The Prekmurje Slovene developed from

812-543: The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . In 2016 the General Maister Society ( Društvo General Maister ) proposed that primary schools offer education in the Prekmurje Slovene. Some regional politicians and intellectuals advocate Prekmurje Slovene. Together with Resian , Prekmurje Slovene is the only Slovene dialect with a literary standard that has had a different historical development from

870-691: The Millstätter See and Ossiacher See . Other peaks include: The Gurktal Alps consist mainly of three tectonic plates: at the bottom, the "mica schist plate", in the middle the "Murau plate", and the "Stolzalpen plate" at the top. The lowest plate is made of mica schist, the middle plate is made of greenstone slates, phyllite, and marble. The top plate, the Stolzalpen plate, consisted of slates of originally similar age, but which have been transformed and now appear with clay slates, volcanic rocks, and limestone. The landscape has numerous mountain pastures and

928-521: The Murščak , is located between Domašinec and Donji Hrašćan (derived from Croatian hrast ' oak '). After receiving its last significant tributary Trnava , the river ends near Legrad in Koprivnica-Križevci county , Croatia , where it flows into the river Drava . Since the 4th century BC, there have been reports of floating mills powered by the streams of the river. The ancient technology

986-531: The Nock Mountains ( Nockberge , from Nock meaning "rounded hilltop", cf. Nockerl ) subgroup west of Flattnitz Pass , including Mt. Eisenhut , 2,441 m (8,009 ft), in the province of Styria . The Nationalpark Nockberge located along the scenic Nockalm Road in Carinthia has been a protected landscape area ( IUCN V) since 1987. The Nock Mountains also stretch down to major Carinthian lakes such as

1044-737: The Nock Mountains and Kreischberg in the Metnitz Mountains . The Nock Mountain region is well known for its spas. The Karlbad along the Nockalmstraße is the oldest farmers' healing spring in Austria. The method of creating the baths (with spring water and hot rocks) has remained unchanged since the 17th century. Mur (river) The Mur ( German pronunciation: [ˈmuːɐ̯] ) or Mura ( Slovene: [ˈmúːɾa] ; Croatian: [mǔːra] ; Hungarian: [ˈmurɒ] ; Prekmurje Slovene : Müra or Möra )

1102-550: The Prekmurje region of Slovenia and by the Hungarian Slovenes in Vas County in western Hungary . It is used in private communication, liturgy and publications by authors from Prekmurje as well as in television, radio and newspapers. It is closely related to other Slovene dialects in neighboring Slovene Styria , as well as to Kajkavian with which it retains a considerable degree of mutual intelligibility, and forms

1160-569: The Prekmurje dialect , East Slovene , or Wendish ( Slovene : prekmurščina, prekmursko narečje , Hungarian : vend nyelv, muravidéki nyelv , Prekmurje Slovene: prekmürski jezik, prekmürščina, prekmörščina, prekmörski jezik, panonska slovenščina ), is the language of Prekmurje in Eastern Slovenia , and a variety of the Slovene language . Part of the Pannonian dialect group , it is spoken in

1218-508: The United States , and Argentina . Prekmurje Slovene has a defined territory and body of literature , and it is one of the few Slovene dialects in Slovenia that are still spoken by all strata of the local population. Some speakers have claimed that it is a separate language. Prominent writers in Prekmurje Slovene, such as Miklós Küzmics , István Küzmics , Ágoston Pável , József Klekl Senior , and József Szakovics , have claimed that it

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1276-544: The 1920s and 1930s. Items in the newspapers the catholic Novine, Marijin list, Marijin ograček, calendar Kalendar Srca Jezušovoga, the Lutheran Düševni list and Evangeličanski kalendari were written in the Prekmurje Slovene. Prekmurian Slovene Emigrants also had their own weekly in the USA between 1921 and 1954: Amerikanszki Szlovencov Glász (American Windisch Voice). József Szakovics took an active part in cultivating

1334-512: The 21st century, the Prekmurian language has become more most visible in Slovenia's cultural life. The Premurian can be more often heard in different interviews on TV channels and radios (Murski val, Slovenski utrinki ). Today, Prekmurian is also found in written form on public signs, such as some shop signs, evidence of growing use in the linguistic landscape. In 2018 a Prekmurje Slovene translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry 's The Little Prince

1392-516: The 65 km (40 mi) long narrow gauge Murtalbahn railway. From Unzmarkt the river continues in an easterly direction through the industrial towns of Leoben and Bruck an der Mur . At Bruck an der Mur the Mürz joins the Mur, which turns sharply south to flow through the city of Graz . The river flows through the centre of Graz, passing underneath the Schloßberg and by the historic Inner City . As

1450-802: The Eucharist) orthography was written in the Gaj. In 1919, most of Prekmurje was assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , and Slovene and Serbo-Croatian replaced Hungarian as the language of education and administration. The language of literature, journalism and the church remained Prekmurian Slovene. Although in Yugoslavia, education in Prekmurian Slovene was not restored in schools (instead, they learned Serbo-Croatian and Standard Slovene at schools), nevertheless journalism in Prekmurian language flourished in

1508-507: The Prekmurian Slovene slowly declined with modernization in the middle of the 19th century is not believable. This is contradicted by the first science books (by Kossics and Augustich ) and the first journalistic products. In 1908 Hungarian minister of Education and Religion Albert Apponyi introduced a new law, according to which subjects of instruction must be taught in Hungarian language in all schools of Kingdom of Hungary. The purpose of

1566-546: The Prekmurian. The vowel ö occurs only in a few words as a variant of closed e or ö. It has plain a in long stressed syllables and rounded a in short stressed and unstressed syllables in the Hill country (Goričko) and Lowland (Ravensko) dialect. The relationship is reversed in the Lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialect, where the long stressed a is rounded. Long vowels and most diphthongs occur only stressed in syllables. If

1624-487: The Prekmurje Slovene with his books and articles in newspapers and calendars or with the reprints of oldest book of Miklós Küzmics. The prominent Prekmurje writer Miško Kranjec also wrote in Slovene. In these years, works of world literature were also translated into Prekmurian, for. ex. Molière 's Le Médecin malgré lui . János Berke started to collect the vocabulary for the first Prekmurian dictionary. János Fliszár

1682-504: The Slovenian region of Prekmurje (literally 'across the Mur') and the Croatian region of Međimurje (literally 'between the Mur'). Cable ferries and ship mills are still found in this area. In the upper Međimurje area, in the western part of the region, the Mur floods and changes its course rather often, moving slowly toward the north on its left. Here, the biggest forest along the river,

1740-573: The adjacent Lavanttal Alps . The Gurktal Alps can be divided into five subgroups: At the southern end of the Gurktal Alps is the Klagenfurt Basin. Here there are seven smaller mountain chains: The Gurktal Alps are, along with the Lavanttal Alps to the east, sometimes classified as part of the Noric Alps . However, this term is not geologically justified. The highest peaks are located within

1798-511: The aforementioned translations there are differences. Miklós Küzmics though was born in Goričko, but he followed István's conception in language. He adopted additional elements from the Highland and Lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialects. Miklós wrote several books, which were reprinted in the 20th century. His prayer book was really popular (Kniga molitvena 1783). His text and coursebook (ABC Kni'sicza 1790)

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1856-688: The borders with Austria and Croatia, 28 km inside Slovenia), and the rest forms the border between Croatia and Hungary . The largest city on the river is Graz , Austria. Its drainage basin covers an area of 14,109 km (5,448 sq mi). Tributaries of the Mur include the Mürz , the Sulm , the Ščavnica , the Ledava and the Trnava . The river was attested as Maura in AD 799, Muora in 890, Mura in 1259, Mvr and Mver in 1310, and Muer in 1354. The name

1914-702: The cultural development of the remainder of ethnic Slovene territory, the Slovenes in Hungary gradually forged their own specific culture and also their own literary language. From Carniola and Styria in the 16th and 17th centuries, a few Slovene Protestant pastors fled to Hungary. The pastors brought along the Bible of Jurij Dalmatin , were used in Felsőszölnök and Postil of Primož Trubar , were used in Gornji Petrovci . Hungarian Slovenes found it difficult to understand

1972-463: The denomination " Wends " and "Wendish language" was promoted, mostly by pro-Hungarians, in order to emphasize the difference between the Hungarian Slovenes and other Slovenes, including attempts to create a separate ethnic identity. The Prekmurian Slovene language was able to follow the changes of the modern era and was able to renew itself. Either unaided or by taking over innovations from the (Central) Slovene and Croatian languages. The assertion that

2030-583: The entire New Testament into Prekmurian ( Nouvi Zákon 1771). István was born in Ravensko, the standard language was based on the Lowland dialect of Prekmurian Slovene, just like the as is the language of the old manuscripts. István as well expanded the language with elements from Highland (Goričko) dialect. Who whill disallow those Slovenians who live between the Mura and the Raba the right to translate these holy books into

2088-471: The first Prekmurje Slovene newspaper Prijátel (The Friend). Later, he wrote a new Hungarian–Prekmurje Slovene grammar (Návuk vogrszkoga jezika, 1876) and translated works from Hungarian poets and writers. Augustich made approaches toward standard Slovene, but at first retained the Hungarian alphabet. Later Augustich introduced the Gaj alphabet in the Prijátel and in a new coursebook Prirodopis s kepami,

2146-454: The first grammar of the Prekmurian language, but it remained in manuscript. The first non-religious book in Prekmurian language was a ceremony book for weddings (Sztarisinsztvo i zvacsinsztvo 1804; the author is probably István Szijjártó). Catholic priest József Kossics brought the Prekmurian language to a new functional position. Kossics no longer wrote religious books, but books on history, grammar and etiquette. His orientation merged with

2204-400: The first natural science book in Prekmurian language. In 1871 József Bagáry wrote first course-book, which apply the Gaj alphabet (Perve knige – čtenyá za katholičánske vesničke šolê). The Magyarization policy tried to push the coursebook out of the school, however, the coursebook was so popular in schools that in 1886 it was reprinted. In the last decades of the 19th and 20th century,

2262-575: The language of the Carantanian Slavs who settled around Balaton in the 9th century. Due to the political and geographical separation from other Slovene dialects (unlike most of contemporary Slovenia, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire , Prekmurje was under the authority of the Kingdom of Hungary for almost a thousand years), the Prekmurje Slovene acquired many specific features. Separated from

2320-510: The language of this book. By the 16th century, a theory linking the Hungarian Slovenes to the ancient Vandals had become popular. Accordingly, Prekmurje Slovene was frequently designated in Hungarian Latin documents as the Vandalian language (Latin: lingua vandalica , Hungarian: Vandál nyelv ). The fact of double development of the Slovene language in Slovenian linguistics and science

2378-427: The language, in which they understand God talking to them through prophets and apostles' letters? God tells them too read these books in order to get prepared for salvation in the fait of Jesus Christ. But they cannot receive this from Trubar's, Dalmatin's, Francel's, or other translations (versio). The language of our Hungarian Slovenians is different from other languages and unique in its own characteristics. Already in

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2436-415: The late 1990s. Others consider Prekmurje Slovene a regional language , without denying that it is part of Slovene. The linguist Janko Dular has characterized Prekmurje Slovene as a "local standard language" for historical reasons, as has the Prekmurje writer Feri Lainšček . However, Prekmurje Slovene is not recognized as a language by Slovenia or Hungary, nor does it enjoy any legal protection under

2494-532: The law was to Magyarization of national minorities. Education in the Prekmurian Slovenian language in schools has been displaced. In 1914–1918, the political leader and later parliamentarian congressman in Belgrade József Klekl reformed the Prekmurje Slovene literary language, making use of the Croatian and Slovene languages. In 1923, the new prayerbook's Hodi k oltarskomi svesti (Come on to

2552-471: The orientation towards national encouragement. Lutheran pastor Sándor Terplán translated the Psalmas (Knige 'zoltárszke 1848) and also wrote new school-books. János Kardos translated numerous verses from Sándor Petőfi , János Arany and few Hungarian poet. He worked on new coursebooks, for ex. Nôve knige cstenyá za vesznícski sôl drügi zlôcs. Kardos followed a conservative conception in language: Kardos

2610-561: The regions of Ormož , Ljutomer and Lenart of Slovene Hills ). The literary traditions of the Prekmurian language developed during the Protestant Reformation : mostly manuscript hymnals with religious hymns, psalms from the 16th and 17th century and an agreement from 1643. The standard language emerged at the beginning of the 18th century and slowly developed. The Prekmurian literary language followed homogeneous grammatical rules and phonetic characteristics. An example of this

2668-459: The rest of Slovene ethnic territory. For centuries, it was used as a language of education, as well as in the press and mass. The historical Hungarian name for the Slovenes living within the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary (as well as for the Slovenians in general) was Vendek , or the Wends. In the 18th and 19th centuries Prekmurje authors used to designate this language variety as sztári szlovenszki jezik 'old Slovene'. Both then and now, it

2726-401: The town of Leibnitz to its nearby confluence with the Sulm , where it adopts a more easterly course. Near Spielfeld , the river forms the border between Austria and Slovenia , a role it retains until just after the twin towns of Bad Radkersburg and Gornja Radgona , where it passes fully into Slovenia. In Slovenia it passes the towns of Radenci , and Veržej . The river gives its name to

2784-402: Was a focus of activity for many people since ancient times. Organized research and exploitation of gold and other local resources was encouraged for the first time in 1772. In Austria, several hydroelectric dams have been constructed for the production of electricity . In 2017, a hydroelectric dam was under construction in Puntigam, a few km south of the Graz city centre. The plan includes

2842-414: Was adopted later by arriving Slavs and then by Magyars . Several decades ago, in the 1920s and 1930s, many of these mills were still operating along the river. At least one of the old mills, the Babič Mill ( Slovene : Babičev mlin ) near Veržej , Slovenia, continues to operate to this day. The Mur is known to carry small quantities of gold , not enough to be suitable for exploitation today, but this

2900-411: Was ignored for a long time. The current form of the standard Slovene language only developed in the 19th century. Prior to this, there was two types of language norms: the Central Slovene language (mostly in Carniola ) and the East Slovene language (in Styria and Hungary). For a short time, there were also two variants of the East Slovene language: the Prekmurian Slovene and the East Styrian Slovene (in

2958-448: Was mandatory for decades in Slovene schools. István Szijjártó and Mihály Bakos also performed important standardization work in Prekmurian Lutheran literature. In 1774 was written Versus Vandalici, the first literary poem in Prekmurian language. In 1823 Mihály Barla created a new orthography for the Prekmurian Slovene. Two new characters were introduced to denote diphthongs: ô (ou), ê (ej) and â (aj). The new orthography

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3016-514: Was not open to Slovene or Croatian, stuck to the archaic elements. Kárdos' purism was very similar to purism of Fran Levstik in Carniola. Opposite Kardos was Catholic priest József Borovnyák , who adapted the Prekmurian literary language to the Slovene literary language. Borovnyák also contributed to the functional development of the Prekmurian language, for ex. with his political brochure Máli politicsni vodnik (1869). In 1875, poet, writer, translator and journalist Imre Augustich established

3074-404: Was presented in new hymn books Diktomszke, versuske i molitvene kni'zicze (1820) and Krscsanszke nôve peszmene knige (1823). In 1820, a Lutheran teacher named István Lülik wrote a new coursebook Nôvi abeczedár, into which was made three issue (1853, 1856, 1863). His book also spread Barla's orthography. Although this orthogragphy was used only in Prekmurian Lutheran literature. Lülik wrote

3132-465: Was published a part of this dictionary (Vogrszki-vendiski rêcsnik 1922). The dictionary, which contains fifty thousand terms, has been preserved in manuscript. In 1941, the Hungarian Army seized back the Prekmurje area and by 1945 aimed to make an end of the Prekmurje Slovene and Slovene by the help of Mikola. After 1945, Communist Yugoslavia banned the printing of books and newspapers in the Prekmurje Slovene, and only standard Slovene or Serbo-Croatian

3190-428: Was published. Singer and songwriter Nika Zorjan in 2018 created the Prekmurje Slovene version of Mariah Carey 's All I Want for Christmas Is You aka Fse ka bi za Božič . On one occasion she said: »Prekmurians are often local patriots and sometimes we say with pride: This is prekmurščina, not slovenščina.« Popular throughout Slovenia, Vlado Kreslin also sings in Prekmurian. It also has its own website in

3248-411: Was replaced by the Central Slovene language. The first book in the Prekmurje Slovene appeared in 1715, and was written by the Lutheran pastor Ferenc Temlin . The most important authors from this period were the Lutheran pastor István Küzmics and the Roman Catholic priest Miklós Küzmics who settled the standard for the Prekmurje regional standard language in the 18th century. István translated

3306-653: Was the site of transhumance agriculture. The Gurktal Alps were also a mining area for iron and silver . Magnesite deposits are still being exploited near Radenthein . Tourism is the now most important economic sector. The valleys of the Gurktal Alps cater for tourists in summer and winter. The leading tourist area is Bad Kleinkirchheim , followed by Turracher Höhe ( Predlitz-Turrach and Reichenau ), Falkert (Reichenau), Innerkrems ( Krems in Kärnten ), Flattnitz , Afritz and Katschberg ( Rennweg am Katschberg ). The largest ski areas are Katschberg-Aineck, Innerkrems-Schönfeld-Karneralm, Turracher Höhe and Gerlitzen in

3364-400: Was used in administration and education. In Hungary, the dictator Mátyás Rákosi banned every minority language and deported the Slovenes in the Hungarian Plain. Since the independence of Slovenia, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in the Prekmurian language and cultural heritage. Few assotioations, publisher and self-publisher prints both old and new books in Prekmurian. In

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