52-610: Grey District is a district in the West Coast Region of New Zealand that covers Greymouth , Runanga , Blackball , Cobden , and settlements along the Grey River . It has a land area of 3,474.31 square kilometres (1,341.44 sq mi). The seat of the Grey District Council, the local government authority that administers the district, is at Greymouth, where 58.4% of the district's population live. The Grey District
104-738: A 25 guinea prize for 'his explorations of the Middle Island of New Zealand', and appointed him a Fellow of the Society. His exploits were also recognised in France, the Société de Géographie (French Geographic Society) awarding him a diploma in 1852. Brunner's constitution was considerably impaired by his exertions and his health never fully returned. Despite this, after a period of recovery he set out in November 1848 with three companions, including Kehu, to discover
156-651: A district council as a second-tier of local government in New Zealand , below regional councils . They were formed as a result of the local government reforms in 1989 . There are 53 districts in New Zealand , and they do not include the 12 city councils , the Auckland Council , and the Chatham Islands Council . District councils serve a combination of rural and urban communities, while city councils administer
208-418: A five-month expedition tracing the western coast of South Island as far south as what is now known as Hokitika . Their journey began from Golden Bay , and they made their way to West Wanganui where Brunner hired a local Māori, Etau, as a porter for the party. The expedition hit a snag when the local chief barred their journey south but Brunner and Heaphy mollified him with some tobacco. They continued along
260-421: A friend of Kehu's, also joined the venture, accompanied by his wife. Brunner provided clothing and shoes for his companions. The wives proved problematic during the journey as they quarrelled, sometimes supported by their husbands, and Brunner would have to mediate. Stocked with provisions that included two guns, 16 pounds (7 kg) of tobacco, 112 pounds (51 kg) of flour, salt and pepper, biscuits and tea,
312-740: A quicker route between Nelson and Wairau. This involved travelling the paths of the Maitai and Wairoa Rivers to their headwaters. The weather was poor throughout the six-week trip and Brunner was in discomfort for much of the ultimately unsuccessful venture, which determined that the existing route to Wairau was the fastest. Apart from a short period doing contract surveying for the New Zealand Company in March 1849, Brunner remained unemployed and wrote numerous letters to his contacts. His former travelling companion, William Fox, and Dillon Bell , chief agent of
364-821: A tributary of the Arahura River which eventually met the Buller River, which they reached in March. In April, while making his way up the Buller Gorge , Brunner suffered paralysis of his leg. The party had to lay up for a week for Brunner to recover some use of his body. With the aid of Kehu (Pitewate and his wife abandoned the party when Brunner became ill), he was able to reach Nelson in June 1848, thus ending after 550 days what he described as his 'Great Journey'. In Nelson, many people had thought Brunner dead and he readily recognised that he would not have survived his endeavours without
416-572: Is a small settlement on the Grey River inland from Greymouth where he first found coal. It is the site of the former Brunner Mine , best known for New Zealand's worst mine disaster in 1896. Lake Brunner is located some 16 miles (26 km) by road from here, upstream along the Arnold River ; Brunner went there after his coal discovery. Another feature named for him is the Brunner Range , which
468-730: Is nothing on the West Coast worth incurring the expense of exploring." Reports of Brunner's endeavours on the West Coast soon spread to Wellington and England. He wrote an account of his journey which was first published by Charles Elliott, the editor of the local newspaper the Nelson Examiner , and later, in 1850, in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society . In 1851, the Royal Geographical Society awarded Brunner
520-694: Is on the West Coast of the South Island. It stretches from the south banks of the Punakaiki River in the north, southeast to Mt Anderson, north to The Pinacle, southeast to Craigeburn, in a southeast direction to Mt Barron, southwest to Jacksons and following the Taramakau River to the Tasman Sea . The district is rich in history and character. Key industries are tourism, mining, agriculture, fishing, manufacturing and services industries. The main hospital for
572-721: The 2013 census . There were 7,128 males, 6,858 females and 57 people of other genders in 5,667 dwellings. 2.6% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 44.9 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 2,538 people (18.1%) aged under 15 years, 2,118 (15.1%) aged 15 to 29, 6,462 (46.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,922 (20.8%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 90.7% European ( Pākehā ); 11.8% Māori ; 1.4% Pasifika ; 4.0% Asian ; 0.5% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 4.2% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
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#1732852276669624-575: The New Zealand Company , which was seeking prospective emigrants for its proposed settlement in the South Island of New Zealand. The company wanted to populate its new settlement with well educated young men of excellent character and with leadership potential. Furthermore, apprentice surveyors, at the time known as "improvers", were in particular demand and Brunner, aided by character references from his employer and other notable residents of Oxford,
676-547: The Buller River in March 1861 but this time aboard a ship. Working in much greater comfort than on his last visit to the area in 1848, with other members of his staff he surveyed and laid out sections for what would become the town of Westport . Later that month he did the same for Greymouth . The work was soon completed and the party returned to Nelson in April 1861. Brunner designed St Michael's Church in Waimea West in 1866, which
728-525: The Buller River to the sea and then trek down the West Coast as far south as Milford Sound . During his previous expedition, he had been told of the existence of a route through the Southern Alps by the Māori at the Arahura River. He hoped to discover this route and use it to cross the Southern Alps and reach Canterbury . He was accompanied once again by Kehu, who brought along his wife. Another Māori, Pitewate,
780-526: The Nelson settlement was its lack of pasture and the colony began to appropriate more and more of the plains in the nearby Wairau Valley , much to the displeasure of local Māori . Several personnel of the company, including Arthur Wakefield , the senior official of the company in Nelson, were killed in the Wairau Affray in June 1843. The New Zealand Company was forced to look south for more farming land. Brunner
832-627: The New Zealand Company was still struggling financially and eventually transferred its land to the New Zealand Government. Brunner's employment with the company ceased and he, after writing a letter soliciting for surveying work, was appointed the Government Surveyor with an annual salary of £100 (2014 approximation £8,000). This was still a low salary for a professional and Brunner was allowed to continue with his architectural commissions, working from an office he had purchased in Nelson. He
884-603: The New Zealand Company, also sought to find him a job and through them, he was able to find work as a clerk with the Canterbury Association between September 1849 and February 1850. He returned to Nelson in May 1850 and secured full-time employment as a surveyor with the New Zealand Company, but with the proviso that he would be able to take on private work which did not interfere with his duties. To supplement his income Brunner began to take on architectural commissions. In 1851,
936-531: The West Coast is in Greymouth. Grey District covers 3,474.31 km (1,341.44 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 14,800 as of June 2024, with a population density of 4.3 people per km. 8,640 live in Greymouth and 1,270 in Runanga. Grey District had a population of 14,043 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 699 people (5.2%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 672 people (5.0%) since
988-534: The West Coast reaching as far south as Tititira Head, near Lake Paringa before returning to Nelson via the Arahura River . This arduous journey, which at one stage saw one of his legs paralysed, took him 550 days. He received honours from the Royal Geographical Society and the Société de Géographie (French Geographic Society). He continued to work as a surveyor and in 1851 was appointed Government Surveyor. He surveyed
1040-566: The administration of many environmental and public transport matters, while the district councils administer local roads and reserves, sewerage, building consents, the land use and subdivision aspects of resource management, and other local matters. Some activities are delegated to council-controlled organisations . There are currently 53 districts in New Zealand . The North Island comprises 34 districts. The South Island and Stewart Island comprise 19 districts. Notes: Thomas Brunner Thomas Brunner (April 1821 – 22 April 1874)
1092-424: The agreement was signed at Māwhera pā on 21 May 1860. One of the few Māori reserves was the land around the pā, now forming the main business district in Greymouth, and most of this still remains in Māori ownership. There are 619 km of road in the district, of which 358 km are sealed (2000s data). Districts of New Zealand A district in New Zealand is a territorial authority area governed by
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#17328522766691144-442: The aid of Kehu, writing: "... I found my native Ekehu of much use – invaluable indeed, but the other three rather an encumbrance – I could have made better progress without them; but to Ekehu I owe my life – he is a faithful and attached servant." As well as further information about the West Coast, Brunner informed the colony that coal was to be found in the Grey River valley. However, he also considered, mistakenly, that "there
1196-545: The area on his previous journey and believed it had potential for pastoral farming. He now found it too damp and mossy to be cultivated. The party reached the mouth of the Buller on 1 June and made their way to the pā that Brunner and Heaphy had stayed at on their last journey but on arrival, found that it had been abandoned. They continued on down to the Arahura River and reached the Taramakau Pā where they stayed for three months over
1248-417: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 1,068 (9.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 6,711 (58.3%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 3,357 (29.2%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 34,200, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 858 people (7.5%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
1300-507: The coast, climbing sometimes steep cliffs and fording rivers as they went. Their movements would be held up at times due to rain and high tides. At night, they would shelter in small caves augmented with a screen of Nīkau palm leaves. They crossed the Karamea River on 20 April and reached the Buller River ten days later. This had to be crossed using an old canoe that was repaired by Kehu and Etau. After safely getting across, they stayed at
1352-502: The coast, dwindling provisions prevented them proceeding to the mouth of the Buller River. Guided by Kehu, the party traversed the Hope Saddle on their way back to Nelson, which they reached on 1 March. Brunner was keen for further exploration and Fox persuaded him to scout along the West Coast to the mouth of the Buller River in the hope of finding suitable land for farming. Brunner, Kehu and Heaphy left Nelson on 17 March on what became
1404-586: The coast, shellfish and gull eggs added to the diet. The party, each carrying a load of 75 pounds (34 kg), trekked to Lake Rotoiti and then climbed the high ranges that backed onto the lake. On 11 February, they saw Lake Rotoroa and made their way to its shores and spent two days exploring the area. They gained the Buller River on 18 February and walked its banks as far as the Maruia River . Here, believing themselves to be only 20 miles (32 km) from
1456-423: The cultural makeup of the region, reflecting an influx of migrants drawn to the gold rush, mining and related business opportunities. As Greymouth developed, it became vulnerable to flooding. After two major floods in 1988, the Greymouth flood wall project was undertaken. Completed in 1990, the flood wall provides security for the town, and has allowed commerce to develop further. A Māori settlement at Māwhera pā
1508-426: The final reaches of the Buller but food was becoming so scarce to find, they had to kill Brunner's dog. He noted its flesh was "... something between mutton and pork. It is too richly flavoured to eat by itself." This incident led to him being nicknamed Kai Kuri (dog eater). Brunner was disappointed at the condition of the land along the banks of the Buller River as it neared the coast. He had briefly scouted
1560-452: The following month a convoy of the company's ships, with Brunner aboard one them, crossed the Cook Strait to Tasman Bay. After scouting the area for three weeks, a site adjacent a deep and sheltered natural harbour was identified as being suitable for the settlement. For the next two years Brunner assisted in the laying out of the settlement, which was to be called Nelson . A drawback with
1612-533: The larger urban areas . Three districts ( Gisborne , Tasman , and Marlborough ) are unitary authorities also performing the functions of a regional council. Districts are not subdivisions of regions, and some of them fall within more than one region. Taupō District has the distinction of straddling the boundaries of four different regions. Regional council areas are based on water catchment areas, whereas district council areas are based on community of interest and road access. Regional councils are responsible for
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1664-504: The local pā (village). In early May, they sighted the Southern Alps . At the Arahura River (a tributary of the Grey River ), the southernmost point of the expedition, they were hosted by the local Ngāi Tahu tribe at Taramakau Pā. Poor weather plagued their return trip back along the coast but they reached Nelson on 18 August. On 3 December 1846, Brunner began what became his longest and most arduous expedition. He planned to follow
1716-555: The new settlement, Brunner's plan being the best of these. On 18 September, the Whitby arrived at Port Nicholson , the New Zealand Company's first settlement. The approximate site for the new settlement had yet to be finalised; initially intended for Banks Peninsula , this location was vetoed by the Governor of New Zealand , William Hobson . Instead, it was to be located at the top of the South Island, at Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere . Early
1768-409: The new settlement, he explored the interior, seeking pastoral land for a growing colony. In 1846 he undertook extensive journeys with Charles Heaphy and a Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri tohunga named Kehu towards and along the West Coast. In December 1846, Brunner commenced an expedition, accompanied by four Māori including Kehu, which began from Nelson. The party travelled down the Buller River and along
1820-486: The party travelled by mules and canoe for the first two weeks until they reached Buller River. They then followed the path of the river down to the coast. The journey was difficult; the party was constantly bothered by sandflies and rain and they had to ford the river several times. They settled into a routine of trekking for a week then camping for the same period to restock their provisions, living off freshwater fish and cabbage- and fern-tree roots. By May 1847, they were at
1872-599: The provincial government for suitable employment. However, on the morning of 22 April he suffered a stroke and died few hours later. His funeral service was held at Nelson Cathedral and was attended by several hundred people. A large Māori contingent, including his long-time friend Kehu, was also present. Brunner was buried at Wakapuaka Cemetery. He was survived by his wife, who moved to England soon after his death. She lived with her brother until her death in 1895. The couple had no children. Several geographic features are named for him. Brunner , originally called Brunnerton,
1924-562: The relatively young age of 46. He remained employed by the Nelson Provincial Council as a consultant surveyor and was also head of the Nelson Survey Department. His administration skills were not up to the latter role and many of the surveys produced under his supervision were of poor quality. He also continued to seek private work and contributed to a report on the suitability of the Buller region for settlement and this
1976-671: The salaries of its employees. In 1844, it had to halt its operations for a time. Although Nelson had 300 landowners, nearly two-thirds were absentee owners and only 80 actually lived in the town. Brunner lived at Riwaka , a nearby village, and, in addition to carrying out survey work along the Motueka River , helped in the design and building of houses in the area. He ended his service with the company in August 1844. In February 1846, Brunner and Kehu, accompanied by Charles Heaphy and William Fox , undertook an expedition southwest of Nelson. Fox
2028-517: The sites, which he and Heaphy had scouted on previous explorations, for what would become the towns of Westport and Greymouth . He retired in 1869 and died of a stroke on 22 April 1874. Thomas Brunner was born in Oxford , England, in April 1821, and baptised four months later on 22 August. He was the oldest son of William Brunner, an Oxford attorney who was also the county coroner. He was of Swiss descent, his father's parents having emigrated to England at
2080-554: The time of the French Revolution . The Brunner family were active in the Oxford community, Thomas' parents raising him and his siblings to appreciate cultural and charitable activities. In 1836, at the age of fifteen, Brunner was apprenticed to an architect , Thomas Greenshields , to learn architecture and surveying. Over the next five years, he became proficient in both skills. In 1841, Brunner's father put his son's name forward to
2132-650: The worst of the winter months. On 12 October, Brunner continued south with some local Māori. He went as far south as Tititira Head, near Lake Paringa where in December he severely sprained his ankle. After recovering, he decided to make his way back to Taramakau Pā. From here he along with his companions, journeyed up the Arahura River and in late January 1848, discovered the coalfield and lake which now bears his name. He wanted to continue on this route to Canterbury but Kehu and Pitewate would have none of it. The party began to make their way back to Nelson. They travelled north via
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2184-527: Was an English-born surveyor and explorer remembered for his exploration of the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island . Brunner was born in April 1821 in Oxford. When he was fifteen, he began to learn architecture and surveying. In 1841, he joined the New Zealand Company in its venture to establish a settlement in the north of the South Island of New Zealand, to be called Nelson. As well as working as an apprentice surveyor and laying sections and roads for
2236-523: Was considered a particularly eligible bachelor in Nelson, one of around 45 professionals working in the town of about 1600 people. His salary had increased to £300 (£24,000) and he was now Chief Surveyor for the Nelson Province , the local returning officer and the Commissioner of Native Reserves for Nelson. He also owned three properties, including his Nelson office. Brunner returned to the mouth of
2288-447: Was duly selected to join the company. In addition to his work as an improver, he was to assist the settlement's principal surveyor, Frederick Tuckett . Brunner joined a party of six other young improvers which left England on 27 April 1841 aboard the Whitby . During the voyage to New Zealand, the improvers received further instruction and were tested by having to prepare draft layouts for
2340-421: Was kept busy for the next several years; in addition to carrying out and supervising survey work in the area, he took on responsibility for some public works. He drew up plans for roading, bridges and botanical gardens. On 11 October 1855, Brunner married Jane Robson, the 26-year-old daughter of a labourer who had brought his family to New Zealand the previous year. It was a respectable match for Jane as Brunner
2392-464: Was long-established on the south bank of the Māwheranui river. When the first European explorers, Thomas Brunner and Charles Heaphy , arrived in 1846, they stayed at the pā, and were given food. Two years later, Brunner travelled up the river, which he renamed after Governor George Grey . James Mackay negotiated with local Māori chiefs for the purchase of the West Coast region by the government, and
2444-567: Was probably New Zealand's first memorial church. It commemorates Captain Francis H. Blundell, an early settler who died in 1865 and is buried here. The previous church on the site from 1843 was the first church in the Nelson Province . On 5 April 1984, St Michael's was registered with the New Zealand Historic Places Trust (now Heritage New Zealand) as a Category I structure with registration number 248. Brunner retired in 1869 at
2496-444: Was published in early 1873. On his retirement in 1869 he had retained his offices of sheriff, returning officer and registration officer but was relieved of these in 1872 in cost-cutting measures by the Nelson Provincial Council. This did not meet with the approval of locals. In late 1873, Brunner suffered a paralysis of his left side which prevented him from working. By mid-April 1874, he had sufficiently recovered to begin soliciting
2548-528: Was sent to scout the Motueka Valley but failed to penetrate far due to poor weather. From local Māori he heard of a large plain to the south and passed on his findings to Tuckett. In August 1843, Tuckett dispatched Brunner to confirm the reports. Brunner, accompanied by Kehu , a Māori he had befriended, was again defeated by poor weather. Life in Nelson was hard for the colonists. The company had limited finances and tightened its expenditure which affected
2600-541: Was spoken by 97.9%, Māori language by 1.8%, Samoan by 0.1% and other languages by 5.0%. No language could be spoken by 1.8% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 11.7, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 31.6% Christian , 0.6% Hindu , 0.3% Islam , 0.2% Māori religious beliefs , 0.3% Buddhist , 0.6% New Age , and 1.2% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 56.9%, and 8.4% of people did not answer
2652-459: Was that 5,433 (47.2%) people were employed full-time, 1,671 (14.5%) were part-time, and 279 (2.4%) were unemployed. The first buildings at the Grey River mouth were constructed by Ngati Wairangi Maori at Cobden. European settlement followed the discovery of coal and gold. Greymouth, the district’s largest centre, lies beside the Tasman Sea and the Grey River. Greymouth experienced a rapid change in
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#17328522766692704-530: Was the resident agent for the New Zealand Company in Nelson and provided the equipment and provisions for the party in addition to paying a salary to Brunner and Heaphy. Land in Nelson for farming was still scarce but it was hoped that beyond the steep hills to the southwest, good pastoral land would be found. Difficult terrain faced them; high mountain ranges topped with snow and ice, steep bush, numerous rivers and gorges. Food sources included roots and berries; birds could be snared and eels caught from streams. Along
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