34-481: Runanga may refer to: Rūnanga , a traditional Māori assembly or tribal gathering Rūnanga, the governing council or administrative group of a Māori Hapū or Iwi Rūnanga, a Maori (language) translation of board of directors or council Runanga, New Zealand , a small town on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island Runanga (crater) Runanga Lake , in
68-425: A day. Flax leaves were cut, bundled, taken to the mill and fed through a stripping machine. The slimy fibre was bunched, washed and the muka hung to dry. About ten days later the muka was scutched and baled for export, though some mills had ropewalks for local production. Production peaked between 1901 and 1918, but rust , depression and pasture replacing flax swamps , resulted in almost all mills closing by
102-733: A hapū consists of a number of whānau (extended family) groups. The Māori scholar Hirini Moko Mead states the double meanings of the word hapū emphasise the importance of being born into a hapū group. As a metaphor this is "the members being born of the same womb", and "conveys the idea of growth, indicating that a hapū is capable of containing many whānau." In the 1870 census the Whakatōhea iwi had five named hapū ranging in size from 51 to 165 people. Some were apparently overlooked, as an iwi register from 1874 showed two more hapū, but these had only 22 and 44 members respectively. The hapū of this iwi ranged in size from 22 to 188. In 1874, hapū still had
136-487: A medieval gambeson , slowing musket balls to be wounding rather than deadly. In winter 1823 Captain John Rodolphus Kent went to Foveaux Strait , filled 14 large casks with flax, bought 1,100 lb (500 kg) of dressed flax, and took 25 flax plants. That trip was by way of an experiment to confirm the value of flax, but he continued trading until 1836 and several other traders followed his example. Thus, by
170-492: A named hapū, or emphasised a link to an ancestor with mana in a particular area. Tau states that hapū names and locations have become more stable in more recent times. Missionaries such as Henry Williams noted that even in times of war against another iwi, hapū usually operated independently. In the period of the Musket Wars (1807–1842) many of the battles involved fighting between competing hapū rather than different iwi. It
204-537: A screw press £12; building £185. So the inventions were quickly taken up, flax mills increasing from 15 in 1867, to 110 in 1874, though another source says there were 161 mills by 1870, employing 1,766. A & G Price built almost 100 flax machines in 1868 and, by August 1869, had sold 166. The fibre was coarser than hand-stripped flax, but by 1868 machines could produce about 250 kg (550 lb) per day, compared to about 1 kg (2.2 lb) by hand stripping. Improvements by 1910 increased that to 1.27 tonnes
238-472: A small male-female imbalance overall with 6 of the 7 iwi having far more males than females. In the four-year period between the census and the register, all the hapū had grown significantly—at a time when popular opinion had it that the Māori population was in decline. Ngāti Rua gained 8, Ngāti Patu gained 28, Ngāti Tama gained 63, Ngāti Ira lost 4, and Ngāti Ngahere gained 17. These population gains were at
272-430: A socio-political context is a metaphor for the genealogical connection that unites hapū members. Similarly, the Māori word for land, whenua , can also mean " placenta ", metaphorically indicating the connection between people and land, and the Māori word for tribe, iwi , can also mean "bones", indicating a link to ancestors. As named divisions of iwi (tribes), hapū membership is determined by genealogical descent;
306-401: A time when the iwi had land confiscated by the government for their support of various anti-government movements. Some hapū in other iwi were larger. Before the arrival of Pākehā , the normal day-to-day operating group in Māori society seems to have been the smaller whānau. Each hapū had its own chief and normally operated independently of the tribe (iwi) group. By the 1820s Māori had realised
340-495: A year, could produce 2 tons of fibre, equating to £40 a year, or a net profit of £27 0s 3d, the cost being estimated at £12 19s 9d. For 4 tons the cost was calculated as depreciation 12s, 8 men's wages @ 25s a week, £10; an engineman £1 15; 12 lads @ 12s, £7 4s; 24 tons of green flax @ 15s £18; packing, baling, etc. £4; 2 tons 8cwt. of coal, £2 8s and freight etc., £5. Machinery was estimated at £500 – 8 hp engine with Cornish boiler £200; 4 strippers @ £22, £88; scutching hooks, £15;
374-451: Is a mild anaesthetic , and Māori traditionally applied the sap to boils and various wounds, to aching teeth, to rheumatic and associated pains, ringworm and various skin irritations, and scalds and burns. Splints were fashioned from korari (flower stalks) and leaves, and fine cords of muka fibre utilise the styptic properties of the gel before being used to stitch wounds. Harakeke is used as bandages and can secure broken bones much as plaster
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#1732863251094408-486: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Hap%C5%AB In Māori and New Zealand English , a hapū ("subtribe", or " clan " ) functions as "the basic political unit within Māori society". A Māori person can belong to or have links to many hapū. Historically, each hapū had its own chief and normally operated independently of its iwi (tribe). The word hapū literally means "pregnant", and its usage in
442-1027: Is laboriously washed, pounded and hand wrung to make soft for the skin. It is difficult to dye fibres made from harakeke, however paru (an iron-rich mud) can be used to dye the fabric black. The cords (muka whenu) form the base cloth for intricate cloaks or garments (kākahu) such as the highly prized traditional feather cloak (kahu huruhuru). Different type of cloaks, such as kahu kiwi and kahu kākā, were produced by adorning them with colourful feathers from different native birds, such as kiwi , kākā (parrot), tūī , huia and kererū (woodpigeon). Fibres of various strengths were used to fashion eel traps (hinaki), massive fishing nets (kupenga) and lines, bird snares, cordage for ropes, baskets ( kete ), bags, mats, clothing, sandals (paraerae), buckets, food baskets (rourou), and cooking utensils etc. The handmade flax cording and ropes had such great tensile strength that they were used to successfully bind together sections of hollowed out logs to create huge ocean-going canoes ( waka ). With
476-454: Is used today. Chemical analysis shows the antifungal, anti-inflammatory drug, musizin, and laxative anthraquinones are in common and mountain flaxes. During the early Musket Wars and later New Zealand Wars , Māori used large, thickly woven flax mats to cover entrances and lookout holes in their "gunfighter's pā " fortifications. Some warriors wore coats of heavily plaited Phormium tenax , which gave defense characteristics similar to
510-419: The 1930s. Mills were driven by water wheels , small stationary steam engines , or portable engines . With extensive burning of bush, few fire brigades, and little piped water, fire was a hazard for most buildings and flax was no exception. In 1890 a report on a fire in a large quantity of growing flax said, " These fires in most cases arise from gross carelessness, which might easily be avoided. Already in
544-574: The Hawke's Bay Region of New Zealand's North Island Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Runanga . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runanga&oldid=895328398 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
578-641: The common name 'flax' they are quite distinct from the Northern Hemisphere plant known as flax ( Linum usitatissimum ) . P. tenax occurs naturally in New Zealand and Norfolk Island , while P. colensoi is endemic to New Zealand. They have played an important part in the cultural and economic history of New Zealand for both the Māori people and the later European settlers. Both species and their cultivars have now been widely distributed to temperate regions of
612-412: The desperate need for muskets and ammunition, many Māori moved to unhealthy swamplands where flax could be grown, and there devoted insufficient labour to the production of food, until any survivors were fully equipped, first with musket and ammunition, and then with iron tools. "The taking of slaves increased – slaves who could be put to work dressing flax..." . A burgeoning flax industry developed with
646-452: The early 19th century, the quality of rope materials made from New Zealand flax was known internationally, as was the quality of New Zealand trees which were used for spars and masts. The Royal Navy was one of the largest customers. The flax trade burgeoned, especially after male Māori recognised the advantages of trade and adapted to helping in the harvesting and dressing of flax which had previously been done exclusively by females. Driven by
680-559: The economic benefits of working in larger groups—especially when it came to trading with ships. The larger hapū could work more effectively to produce surplus flax , potatoes, smoked heads and pigs in exchange for blankets, tobacco, axes and trade muskets. In warfare the hapū operated as the standard grouping for warriors during the period of the Musket Wars (1807–1842). Hapū would unite politically under their own chief, to form much larger armies of up to several thousand warriors, although it
714-448: The fibre from Phormium tenax has been investigated, but currently it is used only by artists and craftsmen producing handmade papers. From about the 1860s there was an active industry harvesting and processing flax for export, peaking at 32,000 tons in 1916, but the general depression of the 1930s brought the virtual collapse of this trade. In 1963 there were still 14 flax mills producing a total of almost 5,000 tons of fibre per year, but
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#1732863251094748-413: The fibres being used for rope, twine, matting, carpet under felt, and wool packs. Initially wild stands of flax were harvested but plantations were established with three in existence by 1851. A Parliamentary Commission in 1870 reported on all aspects of the flax industry. It listed up to 24 varieties, with many regional variations in names. Several times the possibility of commercial papermaking from
782-545: The flowers for medicinal purposes and as a general sweetener. Boiled and crushed harakeke roots were applied externally as a poultice for boils, tumours and abscesses, as well as to varicose ulcers. Juice from pounded roots was used as a disinfectant, and taken internally to relieve constipation or expel worms. The pulp of pounded leaves was applied as dressings to bullet, bayonet or other wounds. The gum-like sap produced by harakeke contains enzymes that give it blood clotting and antiseptic qualities to help healing processes. It
816-578: The help of wakas, pre-European Māori deployed seine nets which could be over one thousand metres long. The nets were woven from green flax, with stone weights and light wood or gourd floats, and could require hundreds of men to haul. It was also used to make rigging, sails and lengthy anchor warps, and roofs for housing. Frayed ends of flax leaves were fashioned into torches and lights for use at night. The dried flower stalks, which are extremely light, were bound together with flax twine to make river rafts called mokihi. For centuries, Māori have used nectar from
850-604: The land sold north of Auckland , some in Hawke's Bay , in the Wairarapa valley , in the Waikato at Raglan , and in sales by Te Āti Awa in Wellington and Taranaki . New Zealand flax New Zealand flax describes the common New Zealand perennial plants Phormium tenax and Phormium colensoi , known by the Māori names harakeke and wharariki respectively. Although given
884-425: The land. Leaves were cut near the base of the plant using a sharp mussel shell or specially shaped rocks, more often than not greenstone ( jade , or pounamu). The green fleshy substance of the leaf was stripped off (the waterproof para), again using a mussel shell, right through to the fibre which went through several processes of washing, bleaching, fixing, softening, dyeing and drying. The flax fibre, called muka ,
918-416: The last of them closed in 1985. In 1860 Purchas and Ninnis got the country's first patent for a flax machine. It took a ton of leaves a day and produced about 0.2 long tons (200 kg) of fibre. A large mill at Halswell had six of their patent strippers by 1868. Johnstone Dougall (1822–1892), a carpenter, also invented a flax-stripper about 1868, which he put in his first mill at Waiuku . Dougall
952-604: The leaves of these plants, with very little preparation, they (the Māori) make all their common apparel; and of these they make also their strings, lines and cordage …”. They also made baskets, mats and fishing nets from undressed flax. Māori practised advanced weft twining in phormium fibre cloaks. Plaiting and weaving (raranga) the flax fibres into baskets were but only two of the great variety of uses made of flax by Māori who recognised nearly 60 varieties, and who carefully propagated their own flax nurseries and plantations throughout
986-422: The past the quantity of green flax destroyed by this agency is very great. " Mills were burnt too. By 1890 3,198 people were employed, but average pay was only £73 a year, among the lowest of average wage rates at the time. There were also frequent cases of workers caught in machines. Initially unions were resisted, as in the report of an 1891 strike, which said, "Mr Hall intends to proceed to Auckland for
1020-459: The purpose of procuring fresh men to work the mill." The Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894 and growth of unions improved the low pay and conditions. By 1913 a commentator wrote, " A few years ago flax milling was largely done by boys who received a few shillings per day, now in these more enlightened (?) days a boy gets a man’s wage. For instance the minimum wage paid this season at Mr Rutherford's Te Aoterei mill has been 11s 3d for
1054-473: The world as ornamental garden plants – and to lesser extent for fibre production. Although the Māori made textiles from a number of other plants, including tī kōuka , tōī , pingao , kiekie , toetoe and the paper mulberry , the use of harakeke and wharariki was predominant, due to its wide availability, long strands and the ability to create a range of strip widths from the plants. Captain Cook wrote: “Of
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1088-428: Was an exception in declining to patent his stripper. Many others patented variations, but the basic design was that leaves were fed between rollers, then hit by iron beaters, revolving faster than the feeder, thus stripping the epidermis from the fibre. Patents included Ritchie in 1862, Gibbons and Nelson in 1870, and Williams in 1893. In boom times flax was profitable. An 1870 news item said an acre, with 2 crops
1122-478: Was common for hapū to retain independence within the larger group. Te Maire Tau noted in his study of Ngāi Tahu migrations that hapū size and names were volatile, with hapū splitting into sister groups when they grew in size or when migrating. New hapū often adopted names from events associated with the migration. Likewise the same group of people would change their name according to different circumstances. Name changes primarily asserted rights to resources given to
1156-571: Was not uncommon for two hapū from the same iwi to clash. Hapū were frequently the political unit that sold land to the Europeans: in the 20 years after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, according to Native Affairs Minister William Richmond , different hapū or comparatively small groups of individuals sold half of all the blocks sold under the Treaty. Richmond said that hapū or small groups sold all
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