Misplaced Pages

#997002

30-706: Grand Council may refer to: Grand Council (Qing dynasty) , an important policy-making body in the Qing Empire Great Council of Venice , legislative body that existed from 1172 to 1797 Grand Conseil , two institutions during the Ancien Régime in France Grand Council (Switzerland) , a unicameral legislative style adopted by a number of cantons in Switzerland Grand Council of Fascism ,

60-638: A person who, through channels other than formal government office, has significant influence over leaders of the government. In 1729, the Yongzheng Emperor launched a military offensive against the Dzungar Khanate . Concerns were raised that the meeting location of the Grand Secretariat (outside the Gate of Supreme Harmony ) did not ensure security for military secrets. The Junjichu was then established in

90-571: The Banli Junji Shiwu Chu ( Chinese : 辦理軍機事務處 ; "Office for the Handling of Confidential Military Affairs"), was an important policy-making body of China during the Qing dynasty . It was established in 1733 by the Yongzheng Emperor . The council was originally in charge of military affairs, but gradually attained a more important role and eventually attained the role of a privy council , eclipsing

120-461: The History of Ming in 1739. There is some confusion as to whether he or another trusted officer Longkodo was the principal announcer of the will of Kangxi. Zhang was the only official to survive the battles of succession from Kangxi to Yongzheng to Qianlong, and was trusted by all three emperors. His Manchu rival, Ortai , was an official who served Yongzheng and Qianlong. However, his relationship with

150-664: The Grand Secretariat in function and importance, which is why it has become known as the "Grand Council" in English. Despite its important role in the government, the Grand Council remained an informal policy making body in the inner court and its members held other concurrent posts in the Qing civil service. Originally, most of the officials serving in the Grand Council were Manchus , but gradually, Han Chinese officials were admitted into

180-579: The Council varied from time to time, from as few as three to as many as ten. Usually, the number of officials serving in the council was five, two Manchus, two Han Chinese, and one Prince of the First Rank , who acted as the council's president. The most senior among them was called the Chief Councilor ( Chinese : 領班軍機大臣 ; pinyin : lǐngbān jūnjī dàchén ), but this was simply a working designation and

210-588: The Emperor on various policies and problems. Its proximity to the Emperor and inner court, secrecy, and unofficial status allowed it to expand and sustained its central role in state administration, and also freed it from some of the constraints of many of the outer-court agencies. In 1796, the Qianlong Emperor abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor . Upon his father's death three years later, in 1799,

240-514: The Emperor, officials posted to the Study became highly influential to the Emperor. After the establishment of the Grand Council, the Southern Study remained an important institution but lost its policy advisory role. Officials regarded secondment to the Southern Study as an honourable recognition of their literary achievements. In Chinese, the term "access to the Southern Study" in modern usage indicates

270-680: The Grand Council at audiences. With the deaths of Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor in 1908, Puyi , Guangxu's nephew, succeeded the throne. Eventually, in May 1911, Puyi's father, Prince Chun , who was Prince-Regent , abolished the Grand Council, favoring an "Imperial Cabinet". Yikuang , the Prime Minister at the time, founded the first Imperial Cabinet in 1911. The Qing dynasty, despite this concession to those calling for reform, collapsed not long after. The number of officials comprising

300-681: The Grand Councilors....whose power surpassed that of the imperial master." This configuration survived the regency for the Tongzhi Emperor and lasted into the regency of the Guangxu Emperor . After the Guangxu Emperor formally took over the reins of power from his regent, Empress Dowager Cixi, both the Grand Council and the Emperor often sought the advice of the Empress Dowager, who was kept informed of state affairs. In fact, in 1894, with

330-733: The Inner Court of the Forbidden City . Trustworthy members of Cabinet staff were then seconded to work in the new Office. After defeating the Dzungars, the Yongzheng Emperor found that the streamlined operations of the Office of Military Secrets avoided problems with bureaucratic inefficiency. As a result, the Junjichu turned from a temporary institution into a "Grand Council" in 1732, quickly outstripping

SECTION 10

#1732837119998

360-475: The Interim Council disbanded and the Grand Council was reconstituted. During the Qianlong Emperor's reign, the Grand Council had many duties. Some of them included more mundane duties such as keeping track of paperwork and planning events, including entertainments for the imperial court and transportation of the Emperor. Other duties were more tied to state administration, such as drafting edicts, and advising

390-462: The Jiaqing Emperor, along with purging his father's favorite , Heshen , who had served on the Grand Council since 1776, introduced numerous reforms to the Grand Council, including a reduction of the numbers of grand councilors, the introduction of administrative punishments for grand councilors, and the regulation of Grand Council clerk appointments by imperial audiences. During the regencies of

420-467: The Qianlong Emperor deteriorated during his final years. In 1749, Zhang requested for retirement, his second request in two years. In his letter, Zhang further requested the Qianlong Emperor to honor the Yongzheng Emperor's wish to allow his plaque to be placed at the Imperial Ancestral Temple . The Qianlong Emperor was displeased, but granted Zhang's request. The next day, Zhang did not visit

450-471: The Qing Empire. The council's powers gradually waned after the establishment of the Southern Study and the Grand Council, and it was abolished in 1717. The Southern Study ( Chinese : 南書房 ; pinyin : Nánshūfáng ; Manchu : [REDACTED] Julergi bithei boo ) was an institution that held the highest policy-making power after its establishment in 1677 . It was abolished in 1898. The Southern Study

480-469: The Yongzheng Emperor, who made him one of the first members of the Grand Council , an informal state organ which would, in due course, develop into the emperor's own privy council. His colleagues included renowned figures like Maci . Zhang was an upstanding civil service officer and highly praised for both his upright character and principled background. Having considerable skill in literature, he compiled

510-458: The emperor to thank him in person, instead sending his son Ruocheng. The Qianlong Emperor was greatly angered by this, and issued an edict to rebuke Zhang. Wang Youdun, one of Zhang's students, sought clemency on Zhang's behalf, and informed Zhang of the emperor's anger. However, Zhang made the mistake of seeking an audience with the emperor even before the edict rebuking him had reached his residence. The Qianlong emperor then knew that Wang had leaked

540-470: The empress dowagers Ci'an and Cixi , the Grand Council took on many of the decision-making duties, particularly as the two women were novices in affairs of state. Soon after the two women became regents for the Tongzhi Emperor in 1861, edicts went out detailing how state papers and affairs were to be dealt with, with many of the policies being decided by the Grand Council. Papers were to be first sent to

570-495: The empress dowagers, who would refer them back to the Prince-Regent , Prince Gong , who oversaw the Grand Council. The Grand Council would then discuss the issue and seek the discretion of the empress dowagers and draft up orders accordingly, with edict drafts having to be approved by the empress dowagers. Such a configuration would lead Zeng Guofan to remark, after an audience in 1869, that "the state of affairs hinged entirely on

600-545: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Council&oldid=1092817020 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Grand Council (Qing dynasty) The Grand Council or Junji Chu ( Chinese : 軍機處 ; Manchu : [REDACTED] coohai nashūn i ba ; literally, "Office of Military Secrets"), officially

630-758: The main body of Mussolini's Fascist government in Italy Grand Council of the Crees , the political body that represents the approximately 14,000 Crees of the James Bay and Nunavik regions Grand Council (Mi'kmaq) Grand Council on the Auglaize River 1792, and again in 1793, by the Western Confederacy during the Northwest Indian War See also [ edit ] Grand and General Council ,

SECTION 20

#1732837119998

660-493: The news of his anger to Zhang. The emperor then relieved Wang of his official post (Wang had been in said position for less than a month), and Zhang of his nobility title. In the second lunar month of 1750, Zhang again requested to return to his hometown. As the emperor's eldest son Yonghuang had just died, the emperor was again incensed. He then sent Zhang a list of past officials who had their plaques enshrined in imperial ancestral temples, and ordered Zhang to reflect on whether he

690-479: The outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, copies of memoranda from the Grand Council were sent both to the Guangxu Emperor and Empress Dowager Cixi, which was practiced until 1898, at which point the Empress Dowager resumed her "tutelage" of the Guangxu Emperor. From that time until the nearly simultaneous deaths of Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor a decade later, they jointly received

720-576: The parliament of San Marino Grand Council, an indirectly-elected conciliar government proposed as part of both the Albany Plan and the Galloway Plan for union between the Thirteen Colonies Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Grand Council . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

750-577: The powers of the Council of Advisor Princes, and the Southern Study, to become the chief policy-making body of the Qing Empire. In 1735, the Yongzheng Emperor died and was succeeded by his son, the Qianlong Emperor . Shortly before his death, the Yongzheng Emperor established an interim council to assist his son. The Interim Council soon consolidated many of the "Inner Court" agencies of the Yongzheng era, and expanded its power. Three years later, in 1738,

780-484: The ranks of the council. One of the earliest Han Chinese officials to serve in the council was Zhang Tingyu . The chancellery was housed in an insignificant building just west of the gate to the Palace of Heavenly Purity in the Forbidden City . In the early Qing dynasty, political power was held by the Council of Princes and High Officials (議政王大臣會議), which consisted of eight imperial princes who served as imperial advisers at

810-617: The same time. It also included a few Manchu officials. Established in 1637, the council was responsible for deciding major policies of the Qing government. Decisions of the council had precedence over decisions of the Grant Secretariat, the imperial cabinet. Under rules set by Nurhaci , the Council even had the power to depose the Emperor. In 1643, the Shunzhi Emperor expanded the council's composition to Han Chinese officials, with its mandate expanded to all important decisions relating to

840-511: Was built by the Kangxi Emperor in the southwestern corner of the Palace of Heavenly Purity . Members of the Hanlin Academy , selected based on literary merit, were posted to the Study so that the Emperor had easy access to them when he sought counsel or discussion. When posted to the Study, officials were known as "[having] access to the Southern Study" (南書房行走). Because of their proximity to

870-564: Was not an official title. Zhang Tingyu Zhang Tingyu was born in Tongcheng in Anhui province. In 1700, he obtained a jinshi position in the imperial examination and shortly afterwards he was appointed to the Hanlin Academy . He subsequently rose through the ranks in the Qing civil service and served under the Kangxi , Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors. Zhang Tingyu was especially trusted by

900-553: Was worthy of the honour. Zhang then requested the emperor to revoke the honor and to punish him; the Qianlong emperor agreed to the revocation, but did not punish Zhang further. In the seventh lunar month of the same year, Zhang Ruocheng's father-in-law Zhu Quan was implicated in a case, which then implicated Zhang Tingyu. The emperor then decided to punish Zhang by revoking all rewards which had been bestowed upon Zhang by himself, his father and grandfather. Zhang died of illness in 1755, and

#997002