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Grand chancellor (China)

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The grand chancellor ( Chinese : 宰相 ; pinyin : Zǎixiàng , among other titles), also translated as counselor-in-chief , chancellor , chief councillor , chief minister , imperial chancellor , lieutenant chancellor and prime minister , was the highest-ranking executive official in the imperial Chinese government . The term was known by many different names throughout Chinese history, and the exact extent of the powers associated with the position fluctuated greatly, even during a particular dynasty .

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66-482: Professor Zhu Zongbin of Peking University outlined the role of "grand chancellor" as one with the power to oversee all jurisdictional matters, the right to decide and to draft edicts with other ministers, and the position of chief advisor to the emperor . This extended even to the ability to criticize the emperor's edicts and decisions. Thus, the grand chancellor served as the emperor's chief of staff and main political advisor, often exercising power second only to

132-474: A crown princely title, is not automatically hereditary. It generally requires a specific conferral by the sovereign, which may be withheld. Current and past titles in this category include: Currently, the following monarchies use the term "crown prince" (or "crown princess") for the heirs apparent to their thrones: In addition, the following heirs apparent to deposed monarchies continue to use their former titles by international courtesy: In Islamic tradition,

198-517: A department to a school. Yang Fuqing, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, served as the honorary president. In 2022, Peking University and Lancet established a commission on healthy aging in China . The Commission's purpose is to re-focus the debate on aging not just on the risks of China's aging population but on opportunities by "unleashing the intellectual and vocational capacities of

264-410: A descendant of a deceased older child who, by "right of representation", inherits the same place in the line of succession that would be held by the ancestor if he or she were still living (for example, Carl Gustaf, Duke of Jämtland was the crown prince of Sweden from 1950 to 1973, as the senior grandson by male primogeniture of King Gustaf VI Adolf , although the former Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland

330-671: A partnership with the Freie Universität Berlin since 1981 and the Higher School of Economics since 2015, and in 2019, became a partner of Washington University in St. Louis through the McDonnell International Scholars Academy . On the 121st founding anniversary, Peking University unveiled the "Global Excellence Strategy", an international blueprint aiming to enhance Peking University's global presence during

396-415: A title below that of king/queen or emperor/empress (such as grand duke or prince ), although it is sometimes used as a synonym for heir apparent. In Europe, where primogeniture governed succession to all monarchies except those of the papacy and Andorra , the eldest son or (more recently) eldest child of the current monarch fills the role of crown prince or princess, depending upon whether females of

462-773: Is a satellite campus of Peking University located in Shenzhen , Guangdong. It was founded in September, 2001 in collaboration with the Shenzhen Municipal Government and is located in University Town of Shenzhen along with satellite campuses of Tsinghua University and Harbin Institute of Technology. Dr. Wen Hai, a renowned economist in China and the vice-president of Peking University is the present chancellor of PKU Shenzhen. The school houses seven research departments as well as

528-769: Is affiliated with and funded by the Ministry of Education of China . The university is part of Project 211 , Project 985 , and the Double First-Class Construction . It is also a member in the C9 League . Established as the Imperial University of Peking in 1898 by a royal charter from the Guangxu Emperor , it is the second oldest university in China after Tianjin University (established in 1895). In May 1912,

594-665: Is on Xueyuan Road where the country's most distinguished colleges are, and is a fitting site for academics and research. During the Third Front construction, Peking University opened a branch in Hanzhong , Shaanxi. In 2001, Peking University's Shenzhen campus, the Shenzhen Graduate School , opened its doors. The campus is located in the northwest part of Shenzhen City. Peking University consists of 30 schools and 12 departments, with 125 majors for undergraduates, 2 majors for

660-633: The Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archaeology. Notable items in these museums include funerary objects that were excavated in Beijing and date back thousands of years from the graves of royals of the Warring States period . There are ritual pottery vessels as well as elaborate pieces of jewelry on display. There are also human bones set up in the traditional burial style of that period. Beyond its main campus, Peking University Health Science Center (PKUHSC)

726-563: The Beijing International MBA at Peking University (BiMBA), which is ranked among the top six MBA programs by Quacquarelli Symonds in its TopMBA ranking of the best MBA programs in Asia Pacific for the year 2014–2015. BiMBA has also been ranked as the second most valuable full-time MBA in China by Forbes (after CEIBS ) and among Asia's best business schools by Bloomberg Business . Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School

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792-589: The Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and 25 members of the World Academy of Sciences . Following China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War , intellectuals - including Kang Youwei , Liang Qichao , and Yan Fu - called for reforms to the country's education system. In June 1896, Minister Li Duanfen proposed to create a university in the capital. On 11 June 1898,

858-626: The Eastern Han dynasty , the chancellor post was replaced by the Three Excellencies : Grand Commandant (太尉), Minister over the Masses (司徒) and Minister of Works (司空). In 190, Dong Zhuo claimed the title "Chancellor of State" (相國) under the powerless Emperor Xian of Han , placing himself above the Three Excellencies. After Dong Zhuo's death in 192, the post was vacant until Cao Cao restored

924-593: The Grand Secretariat assumed the de facto powers of the chancellery after the reign of the Hongwu Emperor . The Qing dynasty bureaucratic hierarchy did not contain a chancellor position. Instead, the duties normally assumed by a chancellor were entrusted to a series of formal and informal institutions, the most prominent of which was the Grand Council . Occasionally, one minister may held enough power in

990-518: The Guangxu Emperor , as part of the Hundred Days' Reform , authorised the creation of the Imperial University of Peking ( Chinese : 京師大學堂 ; pinyin : Jīngshī Dàxuétáng ; lit. 'Capital Grand Study Hall'). The Imperial University was formally established on 3 July 1898 when the emperor approved the royal charter written by Liang. Minister Sun Jianai was charged with

1056-1260: The Medal of the Republic , Zhong Nanshan , and chief economist of the World Bank, Justin Yifu Lin . Notable alumni in the humanities and arts include author Lu Xun , philosopher and essayist Hu Shih , polymath Lin Yutang , philosopher Liang Shuming , Qing-dynasty educator Gu Hongming , anthropologist Fei Xiaotong , translator Li Bulou , computer scientist Wang Xuan , and author Jin Yong . Notable international alumni include emeritus professor and linguist Michael Halliday , author Julia Ebner , and philosopher Professor Li Chenyang . Notable alumni in business include co-founder and CEO of Baidu , billionaire Robin Li , and cryptocurrency entrepreneur Justin Sun . Other notable alumni include chess grandmaster , four-time Women's World Chess Champion, and Rhodes Scholar Hou Yifan . Peking University has benefited from

1122-601: The Peking University HSBC Business School and Peking University School of Transnational Law . On August 29, 2016, Peking University signed a strategic agreement with the Shenzhen Municipal Government to further develop its Shenzhen Graduate School, the university plans build a brand new campus near the existed graduate school and open undergraduate programs. Every year, there are approximately 7,000 international students studying at Peking University. Peking University offers dual degree programs at

1188-657: The Tang dynasty , the government was divided into three departments : the Department of State Affairs (尚書省), the Secretariat (中書省), and the Chancellery (門下省). The head of each department was generally referred to as the chancellor . In the Song dynasty , the post of chancellor was also known as the "Tongpingzhangshi" (同平章事), in accordance with late-Tang terminology, while the vice-chancellor

1254-534: The United Front Work Department , Shi Taifeng , former Governor of the Central Bank of China, Yi Gang , former Interpol -president, Meng Hongwei , and former minister of commerce and Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing , Bo Xilai . Notable alumni in the sciences include Nobel laureate Tu Youyou , who for her work in discovering artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin used to treat malaria ,

1320-606: The University of Tokyo . PKU also has a longstanding relationship with Stanford University which operates a joint research center and base for Stanford students and scholars at the Stanford Center at Peking University, located in the Lee Jung Sen Building. The Peking University HSBC Business School has joint degree programs with University of Hong Kong and Chinese University of Hong Kong . The university has maintained

1386-528: The bachelor's , master's , and doctoral levels with the renowned Waseda University (早稲田大学) in Northeast Asia . It is one of the most engaged partners with Waseda, having established a strong cooperative relationship of the highest level. This partnership began with an academic agreement in 1982, enhancing dual degree programs and joint research initiatives since 2003. Under the PKU-Waseda project, each year,

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1452-672: The dynasty enjoy personal succession rights . Male precedence has been abolished in Belgium , Denmark , Luxembourg , Norway , Sweden and the Netherlands , as well as in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms pursuant to the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 . The eldest living child of a monarch is sometimes not the heir apparent or crown prince, because that position can be held by

1518-725: The government of the Republic of China ordered the Imperial University of Peking to be renamed Peking University. Peking University merged with Yenching University after the nationwide restructuring of schools and departments in 1952. In April 2000, the former Beijing Medical University merged into the Peking University. Peking University has six faculties, namely Humanities, Social Sciences, Economics and Management, Science, Information Technology and Engineering, as well as Health Science. It consists of 55 schools and departments, 60 research entities, and ten affiliated hospitals. By 2017, Peking University's staff include 76 academicians of

1584-528: The spouse of a crown prince. She would be styled crown princess, not in her own right but by courtesy . Many European countries have now abolished male primogeniture; a notable exception is Spain. Today, in monarchies lower than royal rank the term "crown prince" is used in English (e.g. Crown Prince of Umm al-Quwain ). The term crown prince is not used in European monarchies if the hereditary sovereign holds

1650-561: The " Fourth Industrial Revolution ". The "Global Excellence Strategy" aims to strengthen international cooperation, overcome development barriers, gather global resources, and stimulate collegial relationships. The Global Excellence Strategy is based upon the English word "CLOUDS", representing the "cloud era" of the "Fourth Industrial Revolution". Each letter stands for a corresponding word, namely creativity, leadership , openness , uniqueness , diversity and shaping. Peking University has participated in many joint art-research projects, such as

1716-446: The "Double First-class" construction alliance in mathematics. On April 2, 2021, Peking University Nanchang Innovation Research Institute was inaugurated. On July 15, 2021, Peking University School of Integrated Circuits was inaugurated. On September 6, 2021, the new Changping campus of Peking University was officially opened, welcoming the first batch of teachers and students. On September 30, Peking University Lanyuan Centre

1782-861: The Center for the Art of East Asia (CAEA) with the University of Chicago , and Department of Digital Art and Design with UNESCO . Notable alumni include the current chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the third-ranking member of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee Zhao Leji . Other alumni in politics include former premier of China Li Keqiang , former vice premier of China Hu Chunhua , current minister of Education, Chen Baosheng ; current minister of Natural resources, Wang Guanghua ; current Head of

1848-534: The China and Asia-Pacific Studies major at Cornell, which requires students to spend a semester studying at Peking University while working at internships. In 2006, PKU launched a joint undergraduate program with Yale University in which students will spend a semester overseas, living and studying together with the host institute's students. PKU's School of International Studies also launched joint degree programs with London School of Economics , Paris School of International Affairs , Seoul National University , and

1914-611: The Confucian thought of governance and the relation of "lord and subject" (君臣). "Grand chancellor" can denote several positions. During the Six Dynasties period , the term denoted a number of power-holders serving as chief administrators, including zhongshun jian (Inspector General of the Secretariat), zhongshu ling (President of the Secretariat), shizhong ( Palace Attendant ), shangshu ling and puye (president and vice-president of

1980-506: The Department of State Affairs). In the Spring and Autumn period , Guan Zhong was the first chancellor in China, who became chancellor under the state of Qi in 685 BCE. In Qin , during the Warring States period , the chancellor was officially established as "the head of all civil service officials." There were sometimes two chancellors, differentiated as being "of the left" (senior) and "of

2046-719: The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, the Mongols continued the use of a title Chingsang , from Chengxiang (丞相) for various high leaders, such as Pulad, the Yuan ambassador to the Ilkhan and for the deputy of the Western Mongol leader, the taishi . The title was also used in the Ilkhanate, for the vizier Buqa . Note: after the death of Hu Weiyong, the title of grand chancellor was abolished. The office of

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2112-603: The Peking-Waseda partnership, is rare on a global scale. The dormitories for international students at the main campus are located at Shaoyuan Garden (勺园) and Zhongguanyuan Global Village (中关新园). Its international students are made up of students from most countries in the world including most of Western Europe, North America, and South America, Asia, Australia and many countries in Africa. In 2005, Peking University and Cornell University signed an agreement formally establishing

2178-635: The country's largest institution of higher learning, with 14 departments and an enrollment of more than 2,000 students. President Cai, inspired by the German model of academic freedom, introduced faculty governance and democratic management to the university. Cai recruited an intellectually diverse faculty that included some of the most prominent figures in the progressive New Culture Movement , including Hu Shih , Liu Bannong , Ma Yinchu , Li Dazhao , Chen Duxiu , Lu Xun and Liang Shuming . Meanwhile, leading conservatives Gu Hongming and Huang Kan also taught at

2244-417: The emperor. In practice, the grand chancellor was often a trusted executive aide to the emperor, but during political turmoil or power struggles between the two roles the grand chancellor could also be the emperor's primary political competitor and opponent. This balance of power means that the relation between grand chancellor (and the scholar-officials they represent) and emperor holds great significance in

2310-560: The establishment of the Ming dynasty , the post became the head of the Zhongshu Sheng again. The post was abolished after the execution of Hu Weiyong , who was accused of treason (though his conviction is still strongly disputed in present times because of a lack of evidence to prove his guilt). Still, appointments of the people who held the highest post in the government were called "appointment of prime minister" (拜相) until 1644. During and after

2376-506: The government that he comes to be identified, figuratively, as the "chancellor". In 1911, the Qing court adopted reforms which, amongst other changes, established the position of prime minister . This position existed for less than a year before the Qing government was overthrown. Peking University Peking University ( PKU ) is a public university in Haidian , Beijing , China. It

2442-455: The heir presumptive to the crown may hold a different title from an heir apparent : hereditary prince (German: Erbprinz , French: prince héréditaire ). It is also the title borne by the heir apparent of Liechtenstein , as well as the heir apparent or presumptive of Monaco . In Luxembourg , the heir apparent bears the title of hereditary grand duke ( German : Erbgroßherzog , Luxembourgish : ierfgroussherzog ); along with hereditary prince, it

2508-441: The implementation. IUP served as the country's foremost institute for higher learning, but also as its highest educational authority. William Alexander Parsons Martin was appointed as the first president. Most of the reforms were abolished when the conservative Empress Dowager Cixi seized power on 21 September. The university survived with altered objectives and reduced scope. It opened on 31 December with 160 students, instead of

2574-670: The older population and the whole of Chinese society." In June 2022, the International University Sports Federation (FISU) released the first series of "Healthy Campus" list. Peking University, as the only Chinese university that has obtained platinum certification from the International University Sports Federation, participated in 4 projects and became the only representative from China among 130 projects worldwide. American architect and art historian Talbot Hamlin designed some of

2640-487: The planned 500. Following the Xinhai Revolution , the Imperial University of Peking was renamed "Government University of Peking" in 1912 and then "National University of Peking" in 1919 ( simplified Chinese : 国立北京大学 ; traditional Chinese : 國立北京大學 ; pinyin : Guólì Běijīng Dàxué ). The noted scholar Cai Yuanpei was appointed president on January 4, 1917, and helped transform Peking University into

2706-476: The position as "imperial chancellor" (丞相) and abolished the Three Excellencies in 208. From then until March 15, 220, the power of chancellor was greater than that of the emperor. Later this often happened when a dynasty became weak, usually some decades before the fall of a dynasty. During the Sui dynasty , the executive officials of the three highest departments of the empire were called "chancellors" (真宰相) together. In

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2772-644: The position of heir apparent (e.g. Prince of Wales in the United Kingdom , Prince of Asturias in the Kingdom of Spain and formerly the Dauphin in France ). In these monarchies, the term crown prince may be used less often than the substantive title (or never). Until the late twentieth century, no modern monarchy adopted a system whereby females would be guaranteed to succeed to the throne (i.e. absolute primogeniture ). A crown princess would therefore be more likely to refer to

2838-687: The protest on May 4, students, workers and merchants from nearly all China's major cities went on strike and boycotted Japanese goods in China. The Beiyang government eventually agreed to release the arrested students and fired the three officials under intense public pressure, China's representatives in Paris refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles. During the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign of 1973 to 1976, critique groups formed at Peking University and Tsinghua University disseminated commentaries under

2904-543: The pseudonym of "Liang Xiao." The pseudonym sounds like a person's name but is a homophone for "two schools." In October 2015, Peking University alumni Professor Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of artemisinin . Having saved millions of lives, artemisinin has made significant contributions to global health in regard to the fight against malaria . On February 20, 2017,

2970-406: The right" (junior). After emperor Qin Shi Huang ended the Warring States period by establishing the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), the chancellor, together with the imperial secretary, and the grand commandant, were the most important officials in the imperial government, generally referred as the Three Lords . In 1 BC, during the reign of Emperor Ai , the title was changed to da si tu (大司徒). In

3036-425: The second bachelor's degree , 282 programs for Master's degree candidates and 258 programs for doctoral candidates . In addition to basic research , the university also conducts applied research . At present, Peking University has 216 research institutions and research centres, including 2 national engineering research centers, 81 key national disciplines, and 12 national key laboratories. With 8 million holdings,

3102-436: The services of notable academics and staff. These include founder of the People's Republic of China Mao Zedong (who worked as a library staff at the university), educator, politician, and revolutionary Cai Yuanpei (served as Chancellor of Peking University), and others. Crown Prince A crown prince or hereditary prince is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy . The female form of

3168-433: The title, crown princess , is held by a woman who is heir apparent or is married to the heir apparent. Crown prince as a descriptive term has been used throughout history for the prince who is first-in-line to a throne and is expected to succeed (i.e. the heir apparent), barring any unforeseen future event preventing this. In certain monarchies, a more specific substantive title may be accorded and become associated with

3234-432: The top universities in mainland China . In 2015, the Chinese University Alumni Association in partnership with China Education Center considered it first among all Chinese universities . The joint THE-QS World University Rankings 2005 & 2006 ranked Peking University 1st in the Asia & Oceania region and 14th in the world in 2006. In 2014, the U.S. News & World Report ranked Peking University 39th in

3300-710: The university library is the largest of its kind in Asia. Peking University, the Georgia Institute of Technology , and Emory University jointly administer the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering . Over the past century, some Peking University alumni have become presidents of other major Chinese universities, including former Tsinghua President Luo Jialun, Renmin University President Yuan Baohua, Zhejiang University President Qian Sanqiang, Fudan University President Zhang Zhirang, Nankai University President Teng Weizao, Chinese University of Science and Technology President Guan Weiyan and many others. Several rankings have placed Peking University among

3366-547: The university officially signed a contract with the British Open University to establish the Oxford Campus of Peking University HSBC Business School, Peking University Oxford Center and Shenzhen Oxford Innovation Center. On June 29, 2020, the Sino-Russian Mathematics Center was established. The Sino-Russian Mathematics Center is led by Peking University and Moscow State University , and jointly constructed by relevant domestic units and other Russian universities and research institutes such as St. Petersburg University , relying on

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3432-614: The university selects undergraduates to spend their third year studying at Waseda University in Japan , and then they return to Peking University for their fourth year. Simultaneously, Waseda University sends numerous students to Peking University as exchange students. Upon graduation, students receive two bachelor's degrees, one from each university. Additionally, joint master's student training programs and dual doctoral degree programs with Waseda University are also in operation. The comprehensive collaboration of offering dual degrees at all bachelor's , master's , and doctoral levels, as seen in

3498-414: The university's buildings constructed during the 1919 to 1922 period. There are several gates that lead into campus — East, West and South gates, with the West Gate being the most well known for the painted murals on its ceiling. Weiming Lake is in the north of the campus and is surrounded by walking paths and small gardens. The university hosts many museums, such as the Museum of University History and

3564-473: The university. A firm supporter for freedom of thought, Cai advocated for educational independence and resigned several times protesting the government 's policy and interference. On May 1, 1919, some students of Peking University learned that the Treaty of Versailles would allow Japan to receive Germany's colonising rights in Shandong province. An assembly at Peking University that included these students and representatives from other universities in Beijing

3630-494: The world based on their publications for the time period 2015–2018. For the high quality of research in natural science and health science, Peking University ranked 6th among the leading institutions, and 4th among the leading universities globally in the Nature Index 2024 Research Leaders by Nature Research . In 2023, it ranked 8th among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings . In November 2024, Clarivate Analytics ranked Peking University 12th in

3696-450: The world for most Highly Cited Researchers . On October 24, 2018, Peking University Library, the largest library among Asian universities, held the opening ceremony of the 120th anniversary at the Yingjie Overseas Exchange Center. The National School of Development (formerly China Center for Economic Research) is ranked amongst the top five most influential think tanks in China. In 1998, Justin Yifu Lin et al. jointly founded

3762-440: The world respectively. Peking University was also ranked 15th in the world and 1st in the Asia-Pacific in The Three University Missions Ranking . The Academic Ranking of World Universities , also known as the "Shanghai Ranking", placed Peking University 24th in the world and 2nd in the Asia-Pacific & China. The U.S. News & World Report ranked Peking University 31st in the world, 4th in Asia and 2nd in China. Peking

3828-421: The world's top 20 universities for academic reputation where, it ranked 16 globally, and top 10 in the world and first in the Asia-Pacific for employer reputation. Since 2017, Peking has been placed among the world's top 20 most reputable universities by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings , where it ranked 11 globally in 2023. The 2020 CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked Peking University at 8th in

3894-460: The world, 2nd in the Asia-Pacific and 1st in China. Peking had topped the newly launched Times Higher Education BRICS & Emerging Economies since its inception in 2014. The 2023 QS Rankings ranked Peking University 12th in the world and first in Asia. As of 2024, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked Peking University 13th in the world, with its teaching and research environment indicators placed at 9th and 7th in

3960-598: Was Gustaf VI Adolf's eldest living son, and Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland his eldest living dynastic son during those years). In some monarchies, those of the Middle East for example, in which primogeniture is not the decisive factor in dynastic succession, a person may not possess the title or status of crown prince by right of birth, but may obtain (and lose) it as a result of an official designation made on some other legal or traditional basis, such as former crown prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan . Compare heir apparent and heir presumptive . In Scandinavian kingdoms,

4026-453: Was also the title borne by the heirs apparent to the thrones of the grand duchies, sovereign duchies and principalities , and of mediatized princely families in the German monarchies abolished in 1918. Many monarchies use or did use substantive titles for their heirs apparent, often of historical origin: Some monarchies have used (although not always de jure ) a territorial title for heirs apparent which, though often perceived as

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4092-533: Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura ; nuclear physicists and contributors to Chinese nuclear weapons program Qian Sanqiang and Deng Jiaxian, and "father of the Chinese hydrogen bomb" physicist Yu Min , nuclear physicist Zhu Guangya , particle physicist and discoverer of the partial conservation of the axial current, Zhou Guangzhao ; mathematician and MacArthur Fellow Yitang Zhang , neurosurgeon Wang Zhongcheng , pulmonologist and recipient of

4158-431: Was known as the jijunsi . Some years later, the post of chancellor was changed to "prime minister" (首相 shou xiang ) and the post of vice-chancellor was changed to "second minister" (次相 ci xiang ). In the late Southern Song dynasty , the system changed back to the Tang naming conventions. During the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty , the chancellor was not the head of the Secretariat, but the Crown Prince (皇太子) was. After

4224-400: Was officially launched. The first dean of Lanyuan Centre is Ke Yang, Professor of Peking University School of Clinical Oncology and a foreign academician of the American Academy of Medical Sciences. In October, Peking University officially announced the establishment of Peking University School of Computer Science, which means the computer major of Peking University was officially upgraded from

4290-594: Was quickly organised. On May 4, students from thirteen universities marched to Tiananmen to protest the terms of Treaty of Versailles , demanded the Beiyang government to refuse to sign the treaty. Demonstrators also demanded the immediate resignation of three officials: Cao Rulin , Minister of the Ministry of Transportation , Zhang Zongxiang, China's Ambassador to Japan and Lu Zongyu, Minister of Currency, who they believed were in cooperation with Japanese. The protest ended up with some protesters being beaten and arrested, and Cao Rulin's house burned by protesters. Following

4356-421: Was ranked 2nd in the Asia-Pacific and the 19th worldwide in 2023 in terms of aggregate performance (THE+ARWU+QS) as reported by the Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities . In the QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2017, an annual ranking of university graduates' employability, Peking University was ranked 11th in the world and 2nd in Asia. In 2019, the QS World University Rankings ranked the university as one of

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