General Artigas is a town in the Itapúa Department of Paraguay .
71-556: It is named after the Uruguayan national hero, José Gervasio Artigas , who spent his last 30 years exiled in Paraguay (1820-1850). General Artigas is twinned with: This Paraguay location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jos%C3%A9 Gervasio Artigas José Gervasio Artigas Arnal ( Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse xeɾˈβa.sjo aɾˈti.ɣas aɾˈnal] ; June 19, 1764 – September 23, 1850)
142-660: A guerrilla war against the British. The British tried to capture Buenos Aires a second time. They were defeated by the local troops and returned Montevideo to Spanish control as part of the terms of capitulation. Artigas was promoted to captain in 1809. The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the outbreak of the Peninsular War (from 1807 to 1814) in Spain, along with the capture of King Ferdinand VII , generated political turbulence all across
213-491: A Junta in the city. Álzaga set off a mutiny to do the same in Buenos Aires, but the forces under the command of Cornelio Saavedra defeated it and kept Liniers in power. Álzaga was jailed and the military bodies that took part in the mutiny were dissolved, which left only military bodies loyal to the criollos. The Junta of Seville appointed a new viceroy, Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros . Some Criollos proposed Liniers to resist
284-407: A few schooners, which joined a French privateer corvette. Landing on August 4, Liniers and his men rushed across the marshes to Buenos Aires. The city was recovered after fierce street fighting that ended with the storming of the cathedral, which had been fortified by the British. British General William Carr Beresford capitulated and offered his sword; true to Liniers's vow, British colours (those of
355-575: A province. Artigas was driven into Paraguay , where he lived in exile until his death in 1850. His remains were re-interred at the Central Cemetery of Montevideo in 1855, and in 1977 they were transferred to the Artigas Mausoleum . Artigas was born in Montevideo on June 19, 1764. His grandparents were from Zaragoza , Buenos Aires and Tenerife ( Canary Islands ). His grandparents fought in
426-511: A rebellion at the Banda Oriental . This was the last time Artigas saw the city of Buenos Aires. The alliance between Artigas and the Argentines sustained initial successes, particularly in the late 1810 to mid-1811. Montevideo had financial problems, however, and the measures taken by Elío to maintain the royalist armies were highly unpopular in the countryside. This allowed Artigas to channel
497-780: A renewal of the Bourbon Family Compact . The San Vicente was part of the Spanish-French naval squadron fighting against the Royal Navy in South America. Liniers distinguished himself during the American Revolution. In 1780, with a few sloops, he captured a three-masted ship of 24 guns. In 1782, he distinguished himself particularly in the siege of Port Mahon : under fire, he moved to where two British ships had collided, which were laden with arms and ammunition. He captured
568-512: A source of criticism. As an example, his relation with Ana Périchon "la pericona" was severely pointed out, forcing him to lock her at her home and later to deport her to colonial Brazil. In the same spirit, his French birth became highly controversial when France invaded Spain, and started the Peninsular War , which included the removal of the Spanish king and queen by the French occupying forces. Despite
639-462: A street of Buenos Aires named after him, after the triumph against the British invasions. However, after the counterrevolution and the new number of heroes of the Argentine War of Independence , most names of such streets were modified in 1822, during the government of Martín Rodríguez . The former Liniers street consisted of the modern Defensa and Reconquista streets. The higher recognition to
710-407: A strong friendship with Fernando Otorgues , who would work with him in later years. At the age of 12, he moved to the countryside and worked on his family's farms. His contact with the customs and perspectives of gauchos and Indians made a great impression on him. Once he had come of age, he distanced himself from his parents and became involved in cattle smuggling. This made him a wanted man among
781-717: A strong influence on Artigas. Other Hispanic independence leaders, however, were more influenced by the French Revolution and the authors of France. Some historians such as Eugenio Petit Muñoz and Ariosto González, have shown that some paragraphs of the Artiguist documents were taken directly from "The Independence of the Mainland Justified by Thomas Paine, Thirty Years Ago" published by Paine in Philadelphia in 1811 and translated immediately into Spanish, and "Concise History of
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#1732851516554852-660: A volunteer in the campaigns against the Moors in Algiers . He benefited from the third Pacte de Famille (1761), which allowed Frenchmen to take part in Spanish military campaigns with equal rights and requirements as the Spaniards. At the campaign's conclusion, Liniers took an exam as a Midshipman in Cádiz , to serve as a volunteer for the Spanish Crown. In 1775 he earned the rank of Ensign in
923-773: Is a street named in honor of Jose Artigas in New Delhi , India . There is a bust of Artigas and an abstract sculpture representing his flag in Avenida do Uruguai, Lisbon, Portugal. There is an order of Merit, the Order of Military Merit of the Companions of Artigas , founded in 1980. There is one in Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States, April 19, 2013. Santiago de Liniers Santiago Antonio María de Liniers y Bremond, 1st Count of Buenos Aires , KOM , OM (July 25, 1753 – August 26, 1810 )
994-772: Is inspired by the Flag of Artigas. Additionally, an extinct giant rodent genus , whose fossils were first found in San José Department , was named Josephoartigasia after José Artigas. There is also a monument and square dedicated to Artigas in Rome, in the Villa Borghese park, Italy . There is a monument in honor of José Artigas in Bucharest , Romania . There is a monument in honor of José Artigas in Sofia , Bulgaria . Jose Artigas Marg
1065-584: Is known as the Oriental exodus . The Supreme Director Gervasio Antonio de Posadas offered a reward of $ 6.000 for the capture of Artigas, dead or alive. The only consequence of this action was increased resentment of the Orientals towards Buenos Aires. Several royalist leaders, such as Vigodet or Pezuela, sought an alliance with Artigas against Buenos Aires, but he rejected them: " I may not be sold, nor do I want more reward for my efforts than to see my nation free from
1136-668: The Carlotist project, which tried to crown Charlotte of Spain , sister of Ferdinand, as Regent of the Spanish territories in the Americas, under a Constitutional monarchy . The project did not achieve success. The news of the creation of the Junta of Seville was seen by both criollos and peninsulars as a chance to create similar governments locally, but they had different perspectives on the political line such governments should have. Javier de Elío , governor of Montevideo and allied with Álzaga, created
1207-1199: The Colorado or the Blanco party, while being reviled by the other side. As such, Artigas has been the namesake of numerous places, vessels, etc. throughout Uruguayan history , particularly during periods of peace and reunification between the parties. Artigas's birthday (19 June) is celebrated as a national holiday in Uruguay. Statues of José Artigas stand on Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C.; on 6th Avenue in Spring Street Park , New York; in Plaza Artigas Salto, Uruguay ; in Caracas , Venezuela ; in Athens , Greece ; in Mexico City ; in Newark, New Jersey ; in Quito, Ecuador as well as in
1278-471: The Eastern Province (with tacit complicity from Buenos Aires), with the intention of destroying Artigas and his revolution. The Portuguese forces, led by Carlos Frederico Lecor , captured Artigas and his deputies and occupied Montevideo on 20 January 1817, but the struggle continued for three years in the countryside. Infuriated by Buenos Aires's passivity, Artigas declared war on Buenos Aires while he
1349-620: The French Royal Navy , and Henriette Thérèse de Brémond d'Ars (1725–1770). The Liniers family had been part of the French nobility since the 11th century . One of their ancestors, Guillaume de Liniers, was killed at the Battle of Poitiers , during the Hundred Years' War . Eight other members were professed knights of the Order of Saint John . In 1765, when Jacques was 12 years old, he entered
1420-706: The May Revolution took place, Liniers decided to come out of his retirement and organized a monarchist uprising in Córdoba . Liniers was forced to flee, but was eventually captured and executed without trial. Santiago de Liniers y Bremond, Chevalier of the Order of Saint John , Caballero of the Order of Montesa , and Captain in the Spanish Royal Navy was born in Niort , Poitou , France , as Jacques, 4th son of Jacques Joseph Louis, comte de Liniers (1723–1785) and Captain in
1491-456: The Panteón de Marinos Ilustres of the island of San Fernando , Cádiz . At this time, Liniers's descendants received the hereditary title of "Conde de la Lealtad" (Count of Loyalty). His house at Alta Gracia was abandoned after his death, and bought in 1820 by José Manuel Solares. His family kept it for a long time, until it was expropriated in 1969 and turned into a museum in 1977. It was declared
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#17328515165541562-643: The Spanish Empire . The absence of the king from the throne (replaced by the French Joseph Bonaparte ) and the new ideas of the Enlightenment sparked the Spanish-American wars of independence , between patriots (who wanted to establish republics or constitutional monarchies) and royalists (who wanted to keep an absolute monarchy). Artigas, who thought that the gauchos were not treated well, supported
1633-630: The War of the Spanish Succession and moved to the Americas to escape from poverty, settling in Buenos Aires in 1716. Artigas was the son of Martín José Artigas and Francisca Antonia Arnal, who came from a wealthy family. His parents enrolled him in the Colegio de San Bernardino , to pursue religious studies, but Artigas refused to submit to the school's strict discipline. Before he left the school, he developed
1704-500: The battle of Trafalgar . France attacked Britain economically by imposing the Continental System , locking the continent to British trade. Needing new markets, Britain invaded Buenos Aires and Montevideo , two Spanish colonies in South America (Spain was allied to France in the war). Home Riggs Popham attempted to invade Buenos Aires, without official orders. June 23, 1806, a British expeditionary force of 1,700 men landed on
1775-471: The Argentine people issued from the formation of criollo armies, and thought that Spanish influence was in danger. On the opposite side, criollo people who were asking for more independence, had some difficulty understanding the perfect sense of loyalty of a navy officer issued from old French nobility who intended to respect his oath to the king of Spain. In this context, every action coming from Liniers became
1846-516: The Argentine secretary of war, wrote at the Operations plan that Artigas would be a decisive ally against the royalists in Montevideo, and called him for an interview. However, by the time Artigas arrived in Buenos Aires, Moreno had already left the government. He was still welcomed, but received little help. He was promoted to colonel and received some weapons, money and 150 men, very little to organize
1917-538: The French authors of the Enlightenment as Jean-Jacques Rousseau . Some books Artigas read in his teens include Paine's Common Sense and Rousseau's The Social Contract. The first "Caudillo" or Founding Father of the La Plata territory seems to be inspired more in the British enlightenment than from the French. The ideology of Artigas is partially taken from U.S. legal texts. The American political liberalism exerted
1988-516: The Highlanders regiment and Green St. Helena) were transferred to the church of the convent of the Dominicans, where they are still held. After the victory, the society stayed on military alert, suspecting that the British might counterattack. The Buenos Aires Cabildo called an open cabildo to discuss the next steps, including the actions to take regarding viceroy Sobremonte. They decided to prevent
2059-604: The Montevidean naval blockade of Buenos Aires. Fearing a complete defeat, Buenos Aires signed a truce with Elío, recognizing him as the ruler of the Banda Oriental and half of Entre Ríos. Artigas felt the truce to be treasonous. He broke relations with the city, and lifted the blockade over Montevideo. Artigas left the Banda Oriental and moved to Salto Chico , in Entre Ríos. All his supporters moved with him. This massive departure
2130-510: The Portuguese. Without resources and men, Artigas withdrew to Paraguay in September 1820. In Paraguay, Dr. Francia , the dictator, banished him to Candelaria. He then disappeared from the political life of the region. (B. Nahum). After a long exile, he died in Paraguay on September 23rd in 1850, at age 86. It is said that Artigas, feeling himself to be near death, asked for a horse and died in
2201-809: The Spanish Navy. In 1776, under the orders of Pedro de Cevallos , Liniers sailed to the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and took part on the occupation of Santa Catarina Island in Portuguese Brazil and the attack on Colonia del Sacramento (modern day Uruguay ). In 1779, Liniers was an officer on the San Vicente . Spain joined the Franco-American alliance in the American Revolutionary War as
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2272-402: The Spanish rule ". Despite the deep disputes, Artigas was still eager to return to good terms with Buenos Aires, but only if the city accepted a national organization based on federalist principles. Posadas sent two more armies to capture and execute Artigas, but they mutinied and joined the Orientals. When the Artiguist influence expanded to Corrientes, Posadas sought to negotiate by accepting
2343-704: The United States" by John McCulloch. Artigas had both books. The first of the works cited contained a large appendix of documents with the United States Declaration of Independence , the Federal Constitution of 1787 and the State Constitutions of Massachusetts , New Jersey , Pennsylvania and Virginia . Artigas has become a national hero in Uruguay. This is significant as, since independence, many Uruguayan figures have been heroes of either
2414-467: The age of 33, with the rank of lieutenant. The attack finally came in 1806, when William Beresford invaded Buenos Aires, in the first British invasion of the River Plate . Although Artigas's unit was tasked with patrolling the frontier with Brazil, he requested to take part in the military expedition that Santiago de Liniers launched from Montevideo to drive the British out of Buenos Aires. His request
2485-451: The autonomy of the provinces. Artigas accepted the terms, but clarified that such autonomy must not be understood as national independence. He did not want to secede the Banda Oriental from the United provinces, but to organize them as a confederation. Posadas, who supported the authority of Buenos Aires as the head of a centralized state, delayed the approval of the treaty. Buenos Aires renewed
2556-424: The city supplied and enabled them to endure the blockade. On the verge of defeat, Elío allied himself with Brazilian forces, requesting their intervention in the conflict . Dom Diogo de Sousa entered the Banda Oriental, leading an army of five thousand men. This added to the Argentinian defeat of Manuel Belgrano at the Paraguay campaign , the defeat of Juan José Castelli at the First Upper Peru campaign and
2627-550: The clear statements by Liniers of remaining loyal to the Spanish Empire and his refusal to accept Joseph Bonaparte as king, his political enemies created rumours that he was plotting to accept Bonaparte. They also promoted in the Río de la Plata the xenophobia that was taking place in Spain against the French, as an indirect means to attack Liniers and lower his prestige. The arrival of Sassenay, an agent of Napoleon seeking recognition for Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain, boosted rumors and controversy. The criollo peoples promoted
2698-468: The command of the Río de la Plata in 1788 to organize a flotilla of gunships. Liniers took with him his son Luis and his first wife, Juana de Menviel, whom he had married in Málaga . She died two years later in 1790. Liniers married again, this time in Buenos Aires, to María Martina Sarratea, daughter of one of the richest merchants of Buenos Aires. The Napoleonic Wars expanded to South America. Britain gained naval supremacy over France with its victory at
2769-445: The counterrevolution, which he refused in the name of honor and respect to his word. The Córdoba Cabildo gave recognition instead to the Regency Council of Cádiz, and Cisneros secretly gave authorization to Liniers to raise the viceroyalty against the Junta. Liniers wrote to other Royalist leaders, trying to organize the forces to fight against Buenos Aires. The Junta decided that, among the many enemies that could threaten it, Córdoba
2840-400: The heroes of the War of Independence stayed, but Liniers got renewed recognition with time. The Buenos Aires neighborhood of Liniers is named after him, as well as the Santiago de Liniers municipality in the Misiones Province . In 1861, Queen Isabella II of Spain formally requested Liniers's body from the Argentine Government. The remains were brought back to Spain and solemnly buried in
2911-458: The horses were trained to ignore the noise of cannon shots. A new British task force, much larger than the first one, arrived the next year. It was led by Samuel Auchmuty , later replaced by John Whitelocke . This time they attacked Montevideo, which fell under their domination. The Real Audiencia of Buenos Aires decided to depose Sobremonte from his role as viceroy, confirmed Liniers as commander-in-chief, and appointed him as interim viceroy. It
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2982-457: The left bank of the Río de la Plata and invaded Buenos Aires, which had been abandoned by the Viceroy. Liniers remained in the city in disguise, staying in the Dominican convent. At the altar of the Virgin, he vowed to return with the colours (flags) of the British. He escaped to Montevideo and, with the help of its governor Pascual Ruiz Huidobro , galvanized the people, raising a force of 1,200 volunteers. He embarked with this liberation army on
3053-452: The military academy of the Order of St. John. (As a younger son who was unlikely to inherit the title or the estates, Liniers was sent to their school in order to train for a military career.) After three years, he graduated with the Cross of Chevalier (1768). He was commissioned as a Sub-Lieutenant of Cavalry in the Royal-Piémont Regiment [ fr ] in the French Royal Army . In 1774 Liniers requested dismissal and re-enlisted as
3124-452: The military actions against Montevideo. This time, the naval skills of Argentinian William Brown helped to overcome the strength of the Montevidean navy, leading to the final defeat of the royalist stronghold. Carlos María de Alvear led the capture of Montevideo, and lured Artigas there by promising that he would turn over the city to the Oriental patriots. Alvear attacked them without warning at Las Piedras, but Artigas managed to escape from
3195-458: The morale of the troops rose when Liniers returned alive. The British forced an entry into the city and encountered strong resistance, with many British battalions eventually being overwhelmed, while others tried to resist at strategic points. Whitelocke suggested a truce, which was rejected by Liniers, who also attacked the British ships within cannon range. Whitelocke's defeat was complete, and Liniers demanded that all British forces be removed from
3266-460: The new ideas. Buenos Aires deposed the viceroy in 1810, during the May Revolution , replacing him with the Primera Junta . Spain declared Buenos Aires a rogue city, and appointed Montevideo as the new capital, with Francisco Javier de Elío , who was an experienced hard-line colonialist from Cádiz , as the new viceroy. In February 1811, he declared war on Buenos Aires and this sparked the independence movement of Banda Oriental. Mariano Moreno ,
3337-444: The owners of haciendas and with the government in Montevideo. A reward was put out for his death. Things changed with the opening of the Anglo-Spanish War , and the threat of a British invasion upon the viceroyalty. The viceroy Antonio de Olaguer y Feliú negotiated a pardon with his family, on the condition that he joined the Corps of Blandengues with a hundred men, to form a battalion. Thus, he began his military career in 1797, at
3408-425: The patriots at the Battle of Las Piedras , but they were defeated, and the city was put under siege. José Rondeau , commanding forces from Buenos Aires, joined the siege. Artigas wanted to attack the city right away, but Rondeau thought that there would be less loss of lives by establishing a blockade and waiting for the city to surrender. However, the besiegers did not consider the naval forces of Montevideo, who kept
3479-405: The popular discontent against the colonial authorities. A hundred men met near the Asencio stream and made the cry of Asencio , a pronunciamiento against the viceroy. They captured many villages in the Banda Oriental , such as Mercedes , Santo Domingo , Colla , Maldonado , Paso del Rey , Santa Teresa and San José . They also captured Gualeguay , Gualeguaychú and Arroyo de la China ,
3550-403: The prisoners, aware of their popularity, so he delivered them to Buenos Aires as prisoners instead. The Junta feared the effect that the entry of Liniers into the city might have, so Juan José Castelli was sent, with orders to replace Ocampo and execute the prisoners. The execution took place at Cabeza de Tigre, on the border between Santa Fe and Córdoba. Liniers had been recognized in life with
3621-478: The replacement with the forces under his command. It was considered that only a rightful king could appoint viceroys, and despite the circumstances of his designation Liniers had been confirmed in office by Charles IV; whereas Cisneros, appointed just by the Junta, may have lacked such legitimacy. However, Liniers rejected the proposal, and gave up government without resistance. After leaving government, he retired from politics and moved to Córdoba province, settling in
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#17328515165543692-430: The saddle, as a gaucho. His remains were buried and then re-interred at the Panteón Nacional in 1855. On 19 June 1977, his remains were transferred to the Artigas Mausoleum in the centre of the Plaza Independencia . Artigas was a staunch democrat and federalist, opposed to monarchism and centralism . Artiguism has two main sources: the works of American authors such as Thomas Paine (supporters of federalism ) and
3763-431: The ships and conveyed them to the Spanish lines. He was promoted to Frigate Captain . A few months later Liniers took part in a new expedition , this time against the city of Algiers , in North Africa, which was the main base of the Barbary corsairs , with the aim of forcing them to stop piracy and the Barbary slave trade . As the campaign did not go well for the Spanish navy, Madrid tried to negotiate instead. Liniers
3834-417: The territories of Viceroyalty, including the Banda Oriental, in no more than 2 months, as well as an exchange of prisoners. Whitelocke accepted the conditions and surrendered. There was a large number of celebrations after the victory against the British. Liniers was officially appointed as viceroy in May 1808, and awarded the title of "Count of Buenos Aires". However, this victory of the Argentine people which
3905-596: The town centre of Montevideo, Minnesota and in Punta del Este , Uruguay. Asunción, Paraguay has a statue of Artigas in its Plaza Uruguay, and the Calle Sebastián Gaboto was renamed the Avenida Artigas in his honor in 1926. An imposing monument of the Uruguayan caudillo stands in Buenos Aires ' Recoleta district on the Avenida Libertador, the work of Uruguayan sculptor Juan José Zorrilla de San Martín and architect Alejandro Bustillo. A bust of José Gervasio Artigas can be also found at Luis Muñoz Rivera Park in San Juan, Puerto Rico . The Crest of Club Nacional de Football
3976-436: The town of Alta Gracia . However, he came out of his retirement shortly after, when news of the May Revolution arrived to the province. The governor of Córdoba, Juan Antonio Gutiérrez de la Concha, called for a meeting of the social elite of Córdoba, Liniers included, in order to discuss reactions towards the Primera Junta . At this time, Liniers's father-in-law, Martín de Sarratea, wrote a letter to ask him to stay away from
4047-408: The trap. In 1814, Artigas organized the Liga de los Pueblos Libres ( League of the Free Peoples ), of which he was declared Protector. In the following year, he liberated Montevideo from the control of the "Unitarians" from Buenos Aires. In 1815, Artigas attended the Congress of Oriente, a year before the Congress of Tucuman, held in Arrollo de la China (today known as Concepción del Uruguay). It
4118-492: The use of the flag created by Manuel Belgrano (which would later become the flag of the Argentine Republic ), adding a diagonal festoon in red, the color of federalism in Argentina at that time, and changing the Borbonic light blue for Revolutionary dark blue. The continued growth of influence and prestige of the Federal League frightened the governments in Buenos Aires (because of its federalism) and Portugal (because of its republicanism), and in August 1816, Portugal invaded
4189-489: The viceroy from returning to the city, and appoint Liniers, who was regarded as a hero, as commander-in-chief. Sobremonte accepted, and moved to Montevideo. Liniers drafted all the male population capable of bearing arms, including African slaves, into the defense of the city. He arranged for each regiment to vote for its officers. All the lead in the city was confiscated (even pipes and cutlery) to be melted into ordnance. The Cabildo requested other cities to lend gunpowder, and
4260-464: The west of the Uruguay River. Elío sent some soldiers to kill Artigas, but they failed to accomplish their mission. Then, he sent Manuel Villagrán, a relative of Artigas, to offer him a pardon and appoint him general and military leader of the Banda Oriental if he gave up the rebellion. Artigas considered the offer an insult, and sent Villagrán prisoner to Buenos Aires. Montevideo was soon surrounded by Artigas's forces. A Montevidean army tried to stop
4331-417: Was a Spanish military officer and a viceroy of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata . Although born Jacques de Liniers in France, he is more widely known by the Spanish form of his name. He was popularly regarded as the hero of the reconquest of Buenos Aires after the first British invasion of the River Plate . As a result of his success, he was appointed as viceroy, replacing Rafael de Sobremonte . It
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#17328515165544402-459: Was a soldier and statesman who is regarded as a national hero in Uruguay and the father of Uruguayan nationhood. Born in Montevideo , Artigas enlisted in the Spanish military in 1797 and fought the British in the Anglo-Spanish War . At the outbreak of the Spanish-American wars of independence , Artigas supported the Primera Junta in Buenos Aires against Spain. He defeated the Spanish royalists at Las Piedras and laid siege to Montevideo, but
4473-539: Was an unprecedented action. Once the Banda Oriental had been secured, the British prepared the attack on Buenos Aires. They were aware that the city was prepared for the invasion, but their forces were greater than in the first one, 23 ships and 11,000 soldiers. John Whitelocke , leader of the British forces, moved to Buenos Aires next to the River. Liniers left the city to battle him, being defeated, but managed to retreat and return to Buenos Aires. Álzaga, assuming that Liniers had died, put his defense plans in motion, and
4544-422: Was at this congress that the provinces of the Oriental Province (today the country of Uruguay ), Córdoba , Corrientes , Entre Ríos , Misiones and Santa Fe declared themselves independent from Spain and formed the Liga Federal ("Federal League"). The Liga Federal invited other provinces of the former Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata to join them under a federal system. In this congress, Artigas rectified
4615-419: Was entrusted with this mission. The king of Tripoli was delighted with Liniers, and agreed to free several European prisoners. The Barbary pirates associated with North Africa had long been attacking European shipping in the Mediterranean, and had taken numerous prisoners over the years. The Spanish court rewarded Liniers for this diplomatic success, promoting him to the rank of captain and entrusting him with
4686-417: Was forced to withdraw in the face of Portuguese intervention . Artigas subsequently broke with the centralist government of Buenos Aires and took over Montevideo in 1815. He then oversaw the creation of the Federal League , an alliance of six provinces under a federal style of government. In 1816, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves invaded the Banda Oriental , eventually annexing it as
4757-459: Was granted, and the British were defeated. After the recapture of Buenos Aires, he was tasked with returning to Montevideo and informing the governor Pascual Ruiz Huidobro of the result of the battle. A second British invasion was launched culminating in the Battle of Montevideo , which ended in the fall of Montevideo. Artigas was taken prisoner, but he managed to escape and took refuge in the countryside. He organized groups of gauchos and began
4828-423: Was losing to the Portuguese. His subordinates, members of the Federal League— Francisco Ramírez , governor of Entre Ríos , and Estanislao López , governor of Santa Fe —managed to defeat the centralism of Buenos Aires . But hope for a new nation was short-lived; both commanders entered agreements with Buenos Aires that went against the principles of Artigas. They rebelled against him and left him to be crushed by
4899-408: Was obtained without any military help from Spain led to a new political situation in which some will for independence started to emerge. In this configuration Liniers, who appeared to be a fantastic leader during the emergency crisis, began to be criticized by the different parties including the conservative members of the Cabildo, led by Álzaga. On one side, Spanish leaders criticized the new power of
4970-482: Was the most dangerous, so an army led by Ortiz de Ocampo was sent to fight against it. However, there was no fighting: the counterrevolutionary army was severely damaged by espionage, desertions, and sabotage. The mere proximity of the troops from Buenos Aires caused the complete dispersion of the army gathered by Liniers. Liniers and the other top personnel of the counterrevolution tried to flee in multiple directions, but Ocampo captured them all. Ocampo refused to execute
5041-401: Was unprecedented for a viceroy to be replaced without the King's direct intervention. But he was confirmed in office by Charles IV of Spain . He defended the settlement against a second British invasion and a mutiny that sought to replace him. He was replaced in 1809 by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros , appointed as viceroy by the Junta of Seville , and retired from public activity. But when
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