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101-613: Since the 1802 expedition of Matthew Flinders is the earliest proven European presence in the vicinity, writer Kenneth McIntyre has suggested the keys may have originated with some earlier European explorers of the region, possibly the Portuguese . McIntyre has connected the discovery of the Geelong Keys with the presence of the so-called Mahogany Ship , further west on Victoria's Shipwreck Coast , claiming that it could be another possible relic of early Portuguese exploration. The editor of

202-472: A 334-ton sloop, and promoted to commander the following month. Investigator set sail for New Holland on 18 July 1801. Attached to the expedition were the botanist Robert Brown , botanical artist Ferdinand Bauer , landscape artist William Westall , gardener Peter Good , geological assistant John Allen, and John Crosley as astronomer. Vallance et al. comment that compared to the Baudin expedition this

303-681: A Desart; no Fresh-water Rivers have been found, but some Salt-water Rivers, as also no Fourfooted Beasts , except one as great as a Dog, with long Ears, living in the Water as well as on the Land. Black Swans , Parrots , and many Sea-Cows were found there; as also a Lake, whose Water seemed to be Red, because of the Redness of the Bottom of it: and round along the Shore there was some Salt. Our People had seen but Twelve of

404-521: A blockade of the island, and in June 1810 Flinders was paroled . Travelling via the Cape of Good Hope on Olympia , which was taking despatches back to Britain, he received a promotion to post-captain , before continuing to England. Flinders had been confined for the first few months of his captivity, but he was later afforded greater freedom to move around the island and access his papers. In November 1804 he sent

505-509: A fertile appearance". After scaling the You Yangs to the northwest of Port Phillip on 1 May, he left a scroll of paper with the ship's name on it and deposited it in a small pile of stones at the top of the peak. With stores running low, Flinders proceeded to Sydney , arriving on 9 May 1802. Flinders spent 12 weeks and 2 days in Sydney resupplying and enlisting further crew for the continuation of

606-442: A few days on the southeast coast of New Holland before he is chased away by the natives. The American author Edgar Allan Poe used the name New Holland to refer to Australia in his prize-winning 1833 short story " MS. Found in a Bottle ": the hulk flew at a rate defying computation ... and we must have run down the coast of New Holland. In 1851, Herman Melville wrote, in a chapter of his novel Moby-Dick entitled "Does

707-670: A former burial ground near London's Euston railway station for the High Speed 2 rail project, announced in January 2019 that his remains had been identified. On 13 July 2024, he was reburied in Donington, Lincolnshire , the village of his birth. Matthew Flinders was born in Donington, Lincolnshire, the son of Matthew Flinders, a surgeon, and his wife Susannah ( née Ward). He was educated at Cowley's Charity School , Donington, from 1780 and then at

808-464: A fountain and an annual Poppykettle Festival celebrate the mythical landing of the "hairy Peruvians". Matthew Flinders Captain Matthew Flinders (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814) was a Royal Navy officer, navigator and cartographer who led the first inshore circumnavigation of mainland Australia , then called New Holland . He is also credited as being the first person to utilise

909-560: A map that Flinders had constructed from all the information he had accumulated while he was in Australian waters and finished while he was detained by the French in Mauritius . Flinders explained in his letter to Banks: The propriety of the name Australia or Terra Australis, which I have applied to the whole body of what has generally been called New Holland, must be submitted to the approbation of

1010-554: A microfiche copy of Flinders Y46/1. In 2001–2002 the Mitchell Library Sydney displayed Y46/1 at their "Matthew Flinders – The Ultimate Voyage" exhibition. Paul Brunton called Y46/1 "the memorial of the great naval explorer Matthew Flinders". The first hard-copy of Y46/1 and its cartouche was retrieved from the UK Hydrographic Office ( Taunton, Somerset ) by historian Bill Fairbanks in 2004. On 2 April 2004, copies of

1111-644: A midshipman aboard HMS  Reliance in 1795. This vessel was headed to New South Wales carrying the recently appointed governor of that British colony, Captain John Hunter . On this voyage Flinders became friends with the ship's surgeon George Bass who was three years his senior and had been born at Aswarby , just 11 miles (18 km) from Donington. HMS Reliance arrived in Port Jackson in September 1795, and Bass and Flinders soon organised an expedition in

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1212-573: A month exploring the area. The local Aboriginal people initially indicated that Flinders' group should "return from whence they came", but relations improved to the point where one resident participated in musket-drill with the ship's marines . In nearby Oyster Harbour , Flinders found a copper plate that Captain Christopher Dixson, on Elligood , had left the year before. While approaching Port Lincoln , which Flinders named after his home county of Lincolnshire , eight of his crew were lost when

1313-561: A point 2 miles (3.2 km) west of that ( 27°15′46″S 153°04′45″E  /  27.2628°S 153.0792°E  / -27.2628; 153.0792  ( Clontarf Point ) ) as "Redcliffe" (on account of its red cliffs). That point is now known as Clontarf Point , while the name "Redcliffe" is used by the town of Redcliffe to the north. He landed on Coochiemudlo Island ( 27°34′13″S 153°19′59″E  /  27.5703°S 153.3331°E  / -27.5703; 153.3331  ( Coochiemudlo Island ) ) on 19 July while he

1414-404: A reproduction of the portfolio. Flinders' map of Terra Australis or Australia (so the two parts of the double name of his 1804 manuscript reversed) was first published in January 1814 and the remaining maps were published before his atlas and book. Flinders died, aged 40, on 19 July 1814 from kidney disease , at his London home at 14 London Street, later renamed Maple Street and now the site of

1515-473: A small open boat named Tom Thumb , in which they sailed with a boy, William Martin, to Botany Bay and up the Georges River . In March 1796, the two explorers, again with William Martin, set out on another voyage in a larger boat, dubbed Tom Thumb II . They sailed south from Port Jackson but were soon forced to beach at Red Point (Port Kembla) . There, they accepted the help of two Aboriginal men who piloted

1616-522: A strait be found, pass through it, and return by the south end of Van Diemen's Land ". Flinders and Bass had, in the months previously, both made separate journeys exploring the region but neither were conclusive as to the existence of a strait. Flinders, with Bass and several crewmen, sailed the Norfolk along the uncharted northern and western coasts of Van Diemen's Land, rounded Cape Pillar and returned to Furneaux's Islands. By doing so, Flinders had completed

1717-501: A supply [of meat], I named this southern land Kangaroo Island ." The seals on the island proved less docile, with a crew member receiving a severe bite from one. On 8 April 1802, while sailing east, Flinders sighted Géographe , a French corvette commanded by the explorer Nicolas Baudin , who was on a similar expedition for his government. Both men of science, Flinders and Baudin exchanged details of their discoveries, despite believing that their countries were at war. Flinders named

1818-484: Is a historical European name for mainland Australia , which was discovered by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon aboard Duyfken in 1606. The name was first applied to Australia in 1644 by the Dutch seafarer Abel Tasman , and for a time came to be applied in most European maps to the vaunted "Southern land" or Terra Australis even after its coastline was finally explored. The continent of Antarctica , later named in

1919-440: Is necessary, however, to geographical precision that the whole of this great body of land should be distinguished by one general term, and under the circumstances of the discovery of the different parts, the original Terra Australis has been judged the most proper. Of this term, therefore, we shall hereafter make use when speaking of New Holland and New South Wales in a collective sense; and when using it in an extensive signification,

2020-610: Is on board the Investigator, and that you have some thought of carrying her to sea with you. This I was very sorry to hear, and if that is the case I beg to give you my advice by no means to adventure to measures so contrary to the regulations and the discipline of the Navy; for I am convinced by language I have heard, that their Lordships will, if they hear of her being in New South Wales, immediately order you to be superseded, whatever may be

2121-526: Is requisite that the whole body should have one general name, since it is now known (if there is no great error in the Dutch part) that it is certainly all one land, so I judge, that one less exceptionable to all parties and on all accounts cannot be found than that now applied. His suggestion was initially rejected, but the new name was approved by the British government in 1824. The western boundary of New South Wales

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2222-481: The BT Tower . This was on the day after the book and atlas was published; Flinders never saw the completed work (as he was unconscious by that time), but his wife arranged the volumes on his bed covers so that he could touch them. On 23 July, he was interred in the burial ground of St James's Church, Piccadilly , which was located some distance from the church, beside Hampstead Road , Camden , London. The burial ground

2323-539: The Dutch West Indies . New Holland continued to be used semi-officially and in popular usage as the name for the whole land mass until at least the mid-1850s. The name New Holland was first applied to the western and northern coast of Australia in 1644 by the Dutch seafarer Abel Tasman , best known for his discovery of Tasmania (called by him Van Diemen's Land ). The English Captain William Dampier used

2424-522: The Geelong Advertiser at the time, James Harrison , noted that metal objects were often embedded in new diggings to detect the leaching of payable metal. For instance, a copper oxide coating on the keys would suggest the presence of copper. Ronald Gunn, a friend of La Trobe, told the Royal Society of Victoria in September 1849 that he had gone to Geelong to investigate the discovery. On questioning

2525-622: The Great Barrier Reef , approximately 700 miles (1,100 km) north of Sydney. Flinders navigated the ship's cutter across open sea back to Sydney, and arranged for the rescue of the remaining marooned crew. Flinders then took command of the 29-ton schooner HMS  Cumberland in order to return to England, but the poor condition of the vessel forced him to put in at French-controlled Isle de France (now known as Mauritius ) for repairs on 17 December 1803, just three months after Baudin had died there. War with France had broken out again

2626-510: The Great Barrier Reef . For Flinders, the collection of reefs served as a barrier to safe navigation, calling them Barrier Reefs in his 1814 book. The Lady Nelson was deemed too unseaworthy to continue, and Captain Murray sailed her back to Sydney with his crew and Nanbaree, who wanted to return home. Flinders exited the reefs near to the Whitsunday Islands and sailed Investigator north to

2727-700: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the First French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars . Flinders wrote a detailed journal of this intense battle including how Captain Pasley "lost his leg by an 18-pound shot, which came through the barricading of the quarter-deck." Both Pasley and Flinders survived, with Flinders deciding to pursue a preference for exploratory rather than military naval commissions. Flinders' desire for adventure led him to enlist as

2828-759: The Natives , all as black as Pitch , and stark naked, so terrified, that it was impossible to bring them to Conversation, or a Meeting: They lodge themselves as the Hottentots , in Pavilions of Small Branches of Trees. By Night our People saw Fires all over the Country; but when they drew near, the Natives were fled. The Coast is very low, but the Country far from the Sea is high. Upon the Island near

2929-710: The Porpoise , arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and imprisonment of the commander during six years and a half in that island . Original copies of the Atlas to Flinders' Voyage to Terra Australis are held at the Mitchell Library in Sydney as a portfolio that accompanied the book and included engravings of 16 maps, four plates of views and ten plates of Australian flora. The book was republished in three volumes in 1964, accompanied by

3030-650: The South Australian Maritime Museum in Port Adelaide and at the National Museum of Australia in Canberra . Arriving in Sydney on 9 June 1803, Investigator was judged to be unseaworthy and condemned. Unable to find another vessel suitable to continue his exploration, Flinders set sail for Britain as a passenger aboard HMS  Porpoise . However, the ship was wrecked on Wreck Reefs , part of

3131-521: The Torres Strait . On 29 October, they arrived at Murray Island in the east of this strait, where they traded iron for shell necklaces with the local people . The expedition entered the Gulf of Carpentaria on 4 November and charted the coast to Arnhem Land . At Blue Mud Bay the crew, while collecting timber, had a skirmish with local Aboriginal men. One of the crew received four spear wounds while two of

Geelong Keys - Misplaced Pages Continue

3232-553: The emu , Dromaius novaehollandiae . Dutch politician and cartographer Nicolaes Witsen describes the south west Australian coast in a detailed description in a letter titled "Some late observations of New Holland" written to English naturalist Martin Lister , dated from 3 October 1698: On this Voyage nothing hath been discovered which can be any way serviceable to the Company. The Soil of this Country hath been found very barren , and as

3333-399: The 1890s, was still in largely speculative form; it resumed the name Terra Australis (sometimes suffixed Non Cognita , lit.   ' unknown ' ). Its existence had been speculated on in some maps since the 5th century, under the theory of "balancing hemispheres". Lieutenant James Cook , captain of HMS Endeavour , claimed the eastern portion of the Australian continent for

3434-506: The Aboriginal men were shot dead. At nearby Caledon Bay , Flinders took a 14-year-old boy named Woga captive in order to coerce the local people to return a stolen axe. Although the axe was not returned, Flinders released the boy who had spent a day tied to a tree. On 17 February 1803, near Cape Wilberforce, the expedition encountered a Makassan trepanging fleet captained by a man called Pobasso , from whom Flinders obtained information about

3535-642: The Admiralty and the learned in geography. It seems to me an inconsistent thing that captain Cooks New South Wales should be absorbed in the New Holland of the Dutch, and therefore I have reverted to the original name Terra Australis or the Great South Land, by which it was distinguished even by the Dutch during the 17th century; for it appears that it was not until some time after Tasman's second voyage that

3636-611: The British Crown in 1770, naming it New South Wales . The British settlement of Sydney as a colony in 1788 prompted Britain to formally claim the east coast as New South Wales, leading to a search for a new collective name. New Holland was never settled by the Dutch people, whose colonial forces and buoyant population had a settled preference for the Dutch Cape Colony , Dutch Guyana , the Dutch East Indies , Dutch Ceylon and

3737-611: The Church of St Mary and the Holy Rood in Donington. On 17 October 2019 HS2 Ltd announced that Flinders' remains could be reinterred in the church in Donington, where he was baptised. Permission was given by the Diocese of Lincoln for reburial in the north aisle. His remains were reburied there on 13 July 2024. The coffin used for his reburial is a replica of the one he was originally buried in. Based on historical and archaeological evidence, it

3838-513: The Dutch, and therefore I have reverted to the original name Terra Australis or the Great South Land, by which it was distinguished even by the Dutch during the 17th century; for it appears that it was not until some time after Tasman's second voyage that the name New Holland was first applied, and then it was long before it displaced T’Zuydt Landt in the charts, and could not extend to what was not yet known to have existence; New South Wales, therefore, ought to remain distinct from New Holland; but as it

3939-472: The Fowls were not to be found. There was great Store of Oysters, Lobsters, and Crabs; and also strange sorts of Fish. There were also Millions of Flies, very much troubling Men. They saw a great many Footsteps of Men and Children, but all of an ordinary bigness. The Coast is very foul and full of Rocks. In Gulliver's Travels (1726) by Jonathan Swift , the title character, travelling from Houyhnhnms Land, spends

4040-518: The French anywhere he was to land troops, to signify to them that "the whole of New Holland is subject to His Britannic Majesty's Government." In 1828 a further settlement was made, this time on the Swan River, and the name Swan River Colony was soon the term used to refer to the whole western part of the continent. The name New Holland was still invoked as the name for the whole continent when Charles Fremantle on 9 May 1829 took formal possession in

4141-736: The Reverend John Shinglar's Grammar School at Horbling in Lincolnshire. In his own words, he was "induced to go to sea against the wishes of my friends from reading Robinson Crusoe ", and in 1789, at the age of fifteen, he joined the Royal Navy . Under the patronage of Captain Thomas Pasley , Flinders was initially assigned to HMS  Alert as a servant, but was soon transferred as an able-seaman to HMS  Scipio , and then in July 1790

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4242-518: The Southern Continent , published in John Campbell's editions of John Harris's Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca, or Voyages and Travels (1744–48, and 1764). Banks said in the draft: It was not until after Tasman's second voyage, in 1644, that the general name Terra Australis, or Great South Land, was made to give place to the new term of New Holland; and it was then applied only to

4343-561: The Whale's Magnitude Diminish? – Will He Perish?": ... may the great whale outlast all hunting, since he has a pasture to expatiate in, which is precisely twice as large as all Asia, both Americas, Europe and Africa, New Holland, and all the Isles of the sea combined. In 1854, another American writer, Henry David Thoreau , used the term New Holland (referring to the territory of the "wild" indigenous Australians ) in his book Walden; or, Life in

4444-495: The adjacent isles, including that of Van Diemen, must be understood to be comprehended. Although Thévenot said that he had taken his chart from the one inlaid into the floor of the Amsterdam Town Hall, in fact it appears to be an almost exact copy of that of Joan Blaeu in his Archipelagus Orientalis sive Asiaticus published in 1659. It seems to have been Thévenot who introduced a differentiation between Nova Hollandia to

4545-541: The attention of many of the scientists of the day, in particular the influential Sir Joseph Banks , to whom Flinders dedicated his Observations on the Coasts of Van Diemen's Land, on Bass's Strait, etc. . Banks used his influence with Earl Spencer to convince the Admiralty of the importance of an expedition to chart the coastline of New Holland. As a result, in January 1801, Flinders was given command of HMS  Investigator ,

4646-430: The bay in which they met Encounter Bay . Proceeding along the coast, Flinders explored Port Phillip (the site of the future city of Melbourne ), which, unknown to him, had been explored only ten weeks earlier by John Murray aboard HMS  Lady Nelson . Flinders scaled Arthur's Seat , the highest point near the shores of the southernmost parts of the bay, and wrote that the land had "a pleasing and, in many parts,

4747-431: The boat to the entrance of Lake Illawarra , where they were able to dry their gunpowder and obtain supplies of water from another group of Aboriginal people. During the return to Sydney, they had to seek shelter at Wattamolla and also explored some of Port Hacking (Deeban) . In 1798, Flinders, by then a lieutenant , was given command of the sloop Norfolk with orders "to sail beyond Furneaux's Islands , and, should

4848-558: The breadfruit plants, and then returned to England, with Flinders disembarking in London in August 1793 after more than two years at sea. In September 1793, Flinders re-joined HMS  Bellerophon under the command of Captain Pasley. In 1794, Flinders served on this vessel during the battle known as the Glorious First of June , the first and largest fleet action of the naval conflict between

4949-514: The chart were presented by three of Matthew Flinders's descendants to the Governor of New South Wales, in London, to be presented in turn to the people of Australia through their parliaments by 14 November, the 200th anniversary of the chart leaving Mauritius. This celebration marked the first time the naming of Australia was formally recognised. Flinders was not the first to use the word "Australia" , nor

5050-523: The circumnavigation of Van Diemen's Land and confirmed the presence of a strait between it and the mainland. The passage was named Bass Strait after his close friend, and the largest island in the strait would later be named Flinders Island in his honour. During the voyage, Flinders and Bass rowed the ship's dinghy for some miles up the River Derwent , where they had their only encounter with Aboriginal Tasmanians . In 1799, Flinders' request to explore

5151-573: The coast have been seen Rats as great as Cats, in an innumerable Quantity; all which had a kind of Bag or Purse hanging from the Throat upon the Brest downwards. There were found many well-smelling Trees, and out of their Wood is to be drawn Oyl smelling as a Rose, but for the rest they were small and miserable Trees . There were also found some Birds nests of prodigious greatness, so that Six Men could not, by stretching out their Arms, encompass One of them; but

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5252-603: The coast north of Port Jackson was granted and, once more, the sloop Norfolk was assigned to him. Bass had returned to Britain by that time and, in his place, Flinders recruited his brother Samuel Flinders and was also accompanied on the voyage by a Kuringgai man named Bungaree . They departed on 8 July 1799 and arrived in Moreton Bay six days later. Flinders rowed ashore at Woody Point ( 27°15′48″S 153°06′14″E  /  27.2632°S 153.1039°E  / -27.2632; 153.1039  ( Woody Point ) ) and named

5353-417: The coast of New Holland, led by Nicolas Baudin . The Baudin expedition was intended to be a voyage of discovery that would further scientific knowledge and perhaps eclipse the achievements of James Cook . Many Western Australian places still have French names today from Baudin's expedition: for example, Peron Peninsula , Depuch Island , Boullanger Island and Faure Island . After British colonisation,

5454-498: The coast of what would later be called Queensland . They soon anchored at Sandy Cape where, with Bungaree acting as a mediator, they feasted on porpoise blubber with a group of Batjala people. In early August, Flinders sailed into a bay he named Port Curtis . Here the local people threw stones at them as they attempted to land. Flinders ordered muskets be fired above their heads to disperse them. The expedition continued north but navigation became increasingly difficult as they entered

5555-438: The consequences, and in all likelihood order Mr. Grant to finish the survey. As a result, Ann was obliged to stay in England and would not see her husband for nine years, following his imprisonment on the Isle de France (Mauritius, at the time a French possession) on his return journey. When they finally reunited, Matthew and Ann had one daughter, Anne (1 April 1812 – 1892), who later married William Petrie (1821–1908). In 1853,

5656-408: The depth at which the keys allegedly lay indicated an age closer to 200–300 years. The second pamphlet repudiated this claim and was based on an interview with a limeburner, who said that the keys may have been dropped down a hole to that depth. Research in the 1980s by geologist Edmund Gill , and engineer and historian Peter Alsop , showed the age of the deposit in which the keys were supposedly found

5757-410: The eastern coast of Bruny Island off the south-eastern coast of the island now known as Tasmania . The officers and crew spent over a week in the region obtaining water and lumber, and interacting with local Aboriginal people . It was Flinders' first association with any of the land which is now part of the Commonwealth of Australia . After the expedition arrived in Tahiti in April 1792, obtaining

5858-436: The expedition to the northern coast of Australia. Bungaree , an Aboriginal man who had accompanied him on his earlier coastal survey in 1799, joined the expedition as did another local Aboriginal man named Nanbaree . It was arranged that Captain John Murray and his vessel the Lady Nelson would accompany the Investigator as a supply ship on this voyage. Flinders set sail again on 22 July 1802, heading north and surveying

5959-444: The first Dutch visit in 1606 , there was no lasting attempt at establishment of a permanent settlement. Most of the explorers of this period concluded that the apparent lack of water and fertile soil made the region unsuitable for colonisation. On 22 August 1770, after sailing north along Australia's east coast, James Cook claimed the entire "Eastern coast of New Holland" that he had just explored as British territory. Cook first named

6060-418: The first map of the landmass he had charted (Y46/1) back to England. This was the only map made by Flinders where he used the name "Australia or Terra Australis" for the title instead of New Holland the name of the continent that James Cook had used in 1770 and Abel Tasman had coined a Dutch version of in 1644, and the first known time he used the word Australia. He used the name New Holland on his map only for

6161-399: The geographical importance of this country, and of its situation on the globe: it has antiquity to recommend it; and, having no reference to either of the two claiming nations, appears to be less objectionable than any other which could have been selected. ...with the accompanying note at the bottom of the page: New Holland (Australia) New Holland ( Dutch : Nieuw-Holland )

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6262-594: The governments of New South Wales and Victoria bequeathed a belated pension to her (deceased) mother of £100 per year, to go to surviving issue of the union. This she accepted on behalf of her young son, William Matthew Flinders Petrie , who would go on to become an accomplished archaeologist and Egyptologist . Flinders' map Y46/1 was never "lost". It had been stored and recorded by the UK Hydrographic Office before 1828. Geoffrey C. Ingleton mentioned Y46/1 in his book Matthew Flinders Navigator and Chartmaker on page 438. By 1987 every library in Australia had access to

6363-554: The land New Wales , but revised it to New South Wales . With the establishment of a settlement at Sydney in 1788, the British solidified its claim to the eastern part of Australia, now officially called New South Wales . In the commission to Governor Phillip the boundary was defined as the 135th meridian east longitude ( 135° east ) ( map from 25 April 1787 ), taking the line from Melchisédech Thévenot 's chart, Hollandia Nova—Terre Australe , published in Relations de Divers Voyages Curieux (Paris, 1663). The term New Holland

6464-429: The limeburner he found that the keys had not, in fact, been dug out of the shell layer but were found with shells at the bottom of the pit. It was only assumed that they had fallen from the upper layer. In practice they could have fallen from any layer, including the top of the excavation. The keys were the subject of two pamphlets published by the Royal Society of Victoria in the 1870s. The first of these suggested that

6565-478: The mainland); it is now called the Pumicestone Passage . Most of the meetings between the Aboriginal people of Moreton Bay and Flinders were of a friendly nature, but on 15 July at the southern tip of Bribie Island, a spear was thrown which resulted in a local man being wounded by gunfire. Flinders named the place where this occurred Point Skirmish. While anchored in Pumicestone, Flinders ventured several kilometres overland with three crew including Bungaree and climbed

6666-454: The many breadfruit plants to take to Jamaica, they sailed back west. Instead of travelling via Adventure Bay, Bligh navigated to the north of the Australian continent, sailing through the Torres Strait . There, off Zagai Island, they were involved in a naval skirmish with armed local men in a flotilla of sailing canoes, which resulted in the death of several Islanders and one crewman. The expedition arrived in Jamaica in February 1793, offloading

6767-416: The matter to the French government; this was delayed not only by the long voyage but also by the general confusion of war. Eventually, on 11 March 1806, Napoleon gave his approval, but Decaen still refused to allow Flinders' release. By this stage Decaen believed Flinders' knowledge of the island's defences would have encouraged Britain to attempt to capture it. Nevertheless, in June 1809 the Royal Navy began

6868-440: The mountain Beerburrum . They turned back after meeting the steep cliffs of Mount Tibrogargan on about 26 July. Exiting Moreton Bay, Flinders continued north exploring as far as Hervey Bay before returning south. They arrived back in Sydney on 20 August 1799. In March 1800, Flinders rejoined Reliance and returned to Britain. During the voyage, the Antipodes Islands were discovered and charted. Flinders' work had come to

6969-443: The name Australia to describe the entirety of that continent including Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania ), a title he regarded as being "more agreeable to the ear" than previous names such as Terra Australis . Flinders was involved in several voyages of discovery between 1791 and 1803, the most famous of which are the circumnavigation of Australia and an earlier expedition when he and George Bass confirmed that Van Diemen's Land

7070-446: The name New Holland survived for many decades, used in atlases, literature and in common parlance. In the Netherlands, the continent continued to be called Nieuw Holland until about the end of the 19th century. The Dutch name today is Australië . One place where the name persists is in taxonomy . Many Australian species named in previous centuries have the specific name novaehollandiae or novae-hollandiae , for example

7171-455: The name New Holland was retained for several decades and the south polar continent continued to be called Terra Australis , sometimes shortened to Australia . However, in the 19th century, the colonial authorities gradually removed the Dutch name from the island continent and, instead of inventing a new name, they took the name Australia from the south polar continent, leaving a lacuna in continental nomenclature for eighty years. Even so,

7272-568: The name New Holland was first applied, and then it was long before it displaced T’Zuydt Landt in the charts, and could not extend to what was not yet known to have existence; New South Wales, therefore, ought to remain distinct from New Holland; but as it is requisite that the whole body should have one general name, since it is now known (if there is no great error in the Dutch part) that it is certainly all one land, so I judge, that one less exceptionable to all parties and on all accounts cannot be found than that now applied. Flinders continued to promote

7373-577: The name in his account of his two voyages there: the first arriving on 5 January 1688 and staying until 12 March; his second voyage of exploration to the region was made in 1699. Except for giving its name to the land, neither the Netherlands nor the Dutch East India Company claimed any territory in Australia as its own. Although many Dutch expeditions visited the coast during the 200 years after

7474-502: The name of King George IV of "all that part of New Holland which is not included within the territory of New South Wales." In 1832, the territory was officially renamed Western Australia . Even as late as 1837, in official correspondence between the British government in London and New South Wales, the term "New Holland" was still being used to refer to the continent as a whole. From 1800 to 1803, France conducted an expedition to map

7575-434: The new continent 'Australia', as an umbrella term for New Holland and New South Wales – a suggestion taken up later by Governor Macquarie . Flinders' health had suffered, however, and although he returned to Britain in 1810, he did not live to see the success of his widely praised book and atlas, A Voyage to Terra Australis . The location of his grave had been lost by the mid-19th century, but archaeologists, excavating

7676-588: The other two went to the Melbourne Mechanics' Institute , from which they were lost after the institute went bankrupt. The keys are referred to in the children's books The Voyage of the Poppykettle and The Unchosen Land by Robert Ingpen . In the stories, the keys are used as ballast in a clay-pot ship sailed by migrant Peruvian gnomes . The stories were so popular in Ingpen's hometown, Geelong , that

7777-525: The parts lying westward of a meridian line, passing through Arnhem's Land on the north, and near the Isles St Peter and St Francis on the south: All to the eastward, including the shores of the Gulph of Carpentaria, still remained Terra Australis. This appears from a chart by Thevenot in 1663, which he says "was originally taken from that done in inlaid work upon the pavement of the new Stadt House at Amsterdam". It

7878-409: The previous May, but Flinders hoped his French passport (despite its being issued for Investigator and not Cumberland ) and the scientific nature of his mission would allow him to continue on his way. Despite this, and the knowledge of Baudin's earlier encounter with Flinders, the French governor, Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen , detained Flinders. The relationship between the men soured: Flinders

7979-560: The region. During this part of the voyage, much of the Investigator was discovered to be rotten, and Flinders made the decision to complete the circumnavigation of the continent without any further close surveying of the coast. He sailed to Sydney via Timor and the western and southern coasts of Australia. On the way, Flinders jettisoned two wrought-iron anchors which were found by divers in 1973 at Middle Island , Recherche Archipelago , Western Australia . The anchors are on display at

8080-534: The rules, but the Admiralty learned of his plans and reprimanded him for his bad judgement, and ordered him to remove her from the ship. This is well documented in correspondence between Flinders and his chief benefactor, Sir Joseph Banks , in May 1801: I have but time to tell you that the news of your marriage, which was published in the Lincoln paper, has reached me. The Lords of the Admiralty have heard also that Mrs. Flinders

8181-445: The sailing cutter, in which they were attempting to return to the ship after an expedition to the mainland, capsized. Flinders named nearby Memory Cove in their honour. On 21 March 1802, the expedition reached a large island where many kangaroos were sighted. Flinders and some crew went ashore and found the animals so tame they could walk right up to them. They killed 31 kangaroos with Flinders writing that "in gratitude for so seasonable

8282-404: The term. Flinders explained in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks : The propriety of the name Australia or Terra Australis, which I have applied to the whole body of what has generally been called New Holland, must be submitted to the approbation of the Admiralty and the learned in geography. It seems to me an inconsistent thing that captain Cooks New South Wales should be absorbed in the New Holland of

8383-505: The use of the word until his arrival in London in 1810. Here he found that Banks did not approve of the name and had not unpacked the chart he had sent him, and that "New Holland" and "Terra Australis" were still in general use. As a result, a book by Flinders was published under the title A Voyage to Terra Australis and his published map of 1814 also shows 'Terra Australis' as the first of the two name options, despite his objections. The final proofs were brought to him on his deathbed, but he

8484-442: The west and Terre Australe to the east of the meridian corresponding to 135° East of Greenwich, emphasised by the latitude staff running down that meridian, as there is no such division on Blaeu's map. In his Voyage , Flinders wrote: There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will ever be found in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain descriptive of

8585-601: The western part of the continent. Due to the delay caused by his lengthy confinement, the first published map of the Australian continent was the Freycinet Map of 1811 , a product of the Baudin expedition, issued in 1811. Flinders finally returned to England in October 1810. He was in poor health but immediately resumed work preparing A Voyage to Terra Australis and his atlas of maps for publication. The full title of this book, which

8686-506: Was a 'modest contingent of scientific gentlemen', which reflects 'British parsimony' in scientific endeavour. The future explorer John Franklin , Flinders' cousin by marriage, served as midshipman. Aboard Investigator , Flinders reached and named Cape Leeuwin on 6 December 1801, and proceeded to make a survey along the southern coast of the Australian mainland. The expedition soon anchored in King George Sound and stayed there for

8787-601: Was affronted at his treatment, and Decaen insulted by Flinders' refusal of an invitation to dine with him and his wife. Decaen was suspicious of the alleged scientific mission as the Cumberland carried no scientists and Decaen's search of Flinders' vessel uncovered a trunk full of papers (including despatches from the New South Wales Governor Philip Gidley King ) that were not permitted under his scientific passport. Furthermore, one of King's despatches

8888-408: Was an island. While returning to Britain in 1803, Flinders was arrested by the French at the colony of Isle de France . Although Britain and France were at war, Flinders thought the scientific nature of his work would ensure safe passage, but he remained under arrest for more than six years. In captivity, he recorded details of his voyages for future publication, and put forward his rationale for naming

8989-426: Was between 2330 and 2800 years. According to Gill and Alsop, La Trobe's error is quite understandable, given that in 1847 most people thought the earth was only 6000 years old. The keys themselves, and all original drawings of them, have been lost. By the time they were shown to La Trobe, one had been lost by the limeburners' children and one had been given to a passer-by. La Trobe gave one to his friend Ronald Gunn and

9090-405: Was changed to 129° east in 1825 ( 16 July 1825 – map ). In 1826, to pre-empt a French settlement and claim to the territory, because of the importance of the route to New South Wales the British established the settlement of Albany in south-west New Holland. Governor Ralph Darling of New South Wales put Edmund Lockyer in command of the expedition and gave him the order that if he encountered

9191-468: Was first published in London in July 1814, was given, as was common at the time, a synoptic description: A Voyage to Terra Australis: undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted in the years 1801, 1802, and 1803 in His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and subsequently in the armed vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner. With an account of the shipwreck of

9292-580: Was he the first to apply the name specifically to the continent. He owned a copy of Alexander Dalrymple 's 1771 book An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean , and it seems likely he borrowed it from there, but he applied it specifically to the continent, not the whole South Pacific region. In 1804 he wrote to his brother: "I call the whole island Australia, or Terra Australis". Later that year, he wrote to Sir Joseph Banks and mentioned "my general chart of Australia",

9393-399: Was in use from 1790 until 1853. By 1852, the location of the grave had been forgotten due to alterations to the burial ground. In 1878, the cemetery became St James's Gardens, Camden, with only a few gravestones lining the edges of the park. Part of the gardens, located between Hampstead Road and Euston railway station , was built over when Euston station was expanded, and Flinders' grave

9494-535: Was made midshipman on HMS  Bellerophon . In May 1791, on Pasley's recommendation, Flinders joined Captain William Bligh 's expedition on HMS  Providence transporting breadfruit from Tahiti to Jamaica . It was Bligh's second "Breadfruit Voyage", following his ill-fated voyage on HMS Bounty . The expedition sailed via the Cape of Good Hope and, in February 1792, they arrived at Adventure Bay on

9595-493: Was made by one of the archaeologists who excavated his grave in 2019. The church displayed a recently discovered portrait, apparently of Flinders in his last years, attributed to Investigator artist William Westall. On 17 April 1801, Flinders married his longstanding friend Ann Chappelle (1772–1852) and had hoped to take her with him to Port Jackson. However, the Admiralty had strict rules against wives accompanying captains. Flinders brought Ann on board ship and planned to ignore

9696-462: Was more often used to refer only to that part of the continent that had not yet been annexed to New South Wales; namely it referred to the western portion of the continent. In 1804, the British navigator Matthew Flinders proposed the names Terra Australis or Australia for the whole continent, reserving "New Holland" for the western part of the continent. He continued to use Australia in his correspondence, while attempting to gather support for

9797-484: Was proposed to re-bury his remains, at a site to be decided, after they had been examined by osteo-archaeologists . Following the discovery of his grave, the parish church of Donington, Lincolnshire , Flinders' birthplace, saw a surge of visitors. The Matthew Flinders Bring Him Home Group and the Britain–Australia Society , as well as Flinders' direct descendants, campaigned to have his remains interred at

9898-533: Was searching for a river in the southern part of Moreton Bay. In the northern part of Moreton Bay, Flinders explored a narrow waterway ( 27°04′14″S 153°08′34″E  /  27.0705°S 153.1429°E  / -27.0705; 153.1429  ( Entrance to the Pumicestone Passage at Moreton Bay ) ) which he named the Pumice Stone River (presumably unaware it separated Bribie Island and

9999-700: Was specifically to the British Admiralty requesting more troops in case Decaen were to attack Port Jackson. Among the papers seized were the three logs of HMS  Investigator of which only Volume one and Volume two were returned to Flinders; these are now both held by the State Library of New South Wales . The third volume was later deposited in the Admiralty Library and is now held in The National Archives (United Kingdom) . Decaen referred

10100-444: Was thought to possibly lie under a station platform. The Gardens were closed to the public in 2017 for work on the High Speed 2 (HS2) rail project which requires the expansion of Euston station. The grave was located in January 2019 by archaeologists. His coffin was identified by its well-preserved lead coffin plate . Film of the discovery and the exhumation was shown in a documentary on British television in September 2020. It

10201-499: Was unconscious. The book was published on 18 July 1814, but Flinders did not regain consciousness and died the next day, never knowing that his name for the continent would be accepted. Banks wrote a draft of an introduction to Flinders' Voyage , referring to the map published by Melchisédech Thévenot in Relations des Divers Voyages (1663), and made well known to English readers by Emanuel Bowen 's adaptation of it, A Complete Map of

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