Misplaced Pages

#10989

64-629: Ganjam is a town and a notified area council in Ganjam district in the state of Odisha , India. Brahmapur , one of the major city of Odisha is situated in this district. Ganjam is located at 19°23′N 85°04′E  /  19.38°N 85.07°E  / 19.38; 85.07 in the Ganjam district of Odisha with an elevation of 3 metres (9 feet). Ganjam's mineral-rich coast line extends over 60 km. It provides opportunities for fishing and port facility at Gopalpur for international trade. The rivers like Rushikulya , Dhanei, Bahuda, Ghoda Hada are

128-615: A fort there for him as well as his French people. The presence of the French people is proved by two tombs erected in the cemetery close to Potagarh in honour of two souls of French origin. in 1765, the Northern Circars were granted to English by an imperial farman. French power ended and Edward Costford was appointed as the British Resident of Ganjam in 1766 and took direct charge of Ganjam in 1768. He constructed there another fort. The fort

192-531: A kingdom in the region of Bengal which proved a potential threat to Mukunda Deva. The fall of the Gajapatis meant the weakening of the centralised authority in the region and the subsequent fragmentation and independence of the tributary and feudal states. Kaundinya I , who became the co-founder of the Funan kingdom (centered in modern Cambodia ) after he married the local Nāga princess Soma also has his origins from

256-573: A place in Balasore district of Odisha. Balasore is north of Baitarani river and borders Bengal. This also confirms Kalinga extending north of Baitarani River . In the ancient Indian literature, the Kalinga region is associated with the Mahendragiri mountain located in the Ganjam district of Odisha , near its border with Andhra Pradesh . At times, the southern border of Kalinga extended further up to

320-550: A river which is north of Mahanadi and borders Odisha and Jharkhand at one point and falls into Bay of Bengal in Bhadrak district of Odisha, passing through Kalinga, nullifies this claim. It looks like Prof. Majumdar has focused Gupta period when Kalinga indeed had shrunk till Mahanadi in north. Some Jain chronicles while describing about Jain Tirthankara Pasvanath notes, when he came to Kalinga to preach Jainism, he took rest in

384-572: A ship excavated at Tante, near Yangon is thought to have belonged to Kalingan traders. Place names and similarities in architecture also indicate close contacts across the Gulf of Bengal. As per Maldivian history, the first kingdom Dheeva Maari was established before 3rd century BCE by Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya of the Solar dynasty, an exiled prince and son of King Brahmaadittiya of the Kalinga Kingdom and laid

448-519: A wide range of forest products and unique lifestyle to wild life. Bhairabi, which consists of 108 temples, is a place of worship and destination for tourists. Taptapani, which consist of a hot sulphur spring that is 56 km from Berhampur, near Ganjam, is also a tourist destination. Tara Tarini Temple sits on Taratarini Hill near Angu. Solaghar, Raipur is also a destination for tourists. Twin Goddess Tara and Tarini are worshipped there. Rushikulya flows at

512-444: Is 54%. Total Child Population (Age between 0–6 years)are 420158. Sex ratio is 983 and density of the overall population is 429 (persons per km). The town has own international reputation for its cottage industries and handicrafts. The main crafts are brass, appliqué, bamboo craft, stone carving, wood carving, terracotta, textile toys etc. and thousands of artisans are operating individually and through co-operative societies. Cultivation

576-573: Is believed to be Badanadi or Bara river in Southern Ganjam(literally meaning "big river", same as Mahanadi , Badanadi or Badanai was also locally called Mahanadi until 20th century ) in the north to Godavari in south along the east coast, since all the inscriptions by them and the localities mentioned in them were within these two rivers. Like the Matharas, the Pitrbhaktas and subsequently

640-942: Is described as " Calingae " in Megasthenes ' Indica (3rd century BCE): The Prinas and the Cainas (a tributary of the Ganges ) are both navigable rivers. The tribes which dwell by the Ganges are the Calingae, nearest the sea, and higher up the Mandei, also the Malli, among whom is Mount Mallus, the boundary of all that region being the Ganges. The royal city of the Calingae is called Parthalis. Over their king 60,000 foot-soldiers, 1,000 horsemen, 700 elephants keep watch and ward in "procinct of war." Ashoka invaded Kalinga in 261 BCE and re-annexed into Magadha Empire. After

704-414: Is located 8 km from Chatrapur . The fort of Potagarh was the first Collectorate complex of Ganjam. Later on it was shifted to Berhampur in 1815 and subsequently to Chhatrapur in 1835, where it is still is. Potagarh or the "buried fort" is named as such since it is buried. It is situated at present near a village named Ganjam on the mouth of the river Rushikulya. The fort is in ruins and still it stands as

SECTION 10

#1732845308011

768-441: Is one of the major occupation in the town, which has engaged approximately 75% of the total workers. Livestock, forestry, fishing, mining, construction, trading and transport are few of the work-related categories being the source of income for another 25% of the workers. The major crops grown in the district are paddy, groundnut, cotton, sugarcane and green vegetables. The district has a prosperous live stock population and potentially

832-479: Is spread in a vast area close to the river in star-shape. Inside the compound there are three residential buildings of three different architectural designs, most probably assigned to the Mahammadans, French and British. The first one probably of Mahammadan or Kutabshahi origin is completely in ruined state. The other two are also not in so good condition. Besides, two magazine houses are there. Two passages are there in

896-640: Is the still current term Keling or Kling , used in parts of Southeast Asia to denote a person of the Indian subcontinent or Indian diaspora and at present having some derogatory and pejorative connotations, especially in Malaysia. The 16th-century Portuguese traveller Castanheda wrote of the Keling community in Melaka who lived in the northern part of the city of Malacca (Melaka). The merchants were known as Quelins (Kling,

960-509: Is very rich in inland and brackish water fisheries. The Chilika coastal area and extended sea shore are the source of rich marine products which serves for the production of like shells and salt. Located at 19°13′N 85°29′E  /  19.22°N 85.49°E  / 19.22; 85.49 , the Ganjam Fort (also called Potagarh Fort) is the main spot for tourists in Ganjam. This star fort

1024-564: Is wrong. In the south it was bounded by the country of the Āndhras, although its southern border varied often and reached Elamanchili and Cheepurupalli in the Visakhapatnam district or even Piṣṭapura or Pithapuram to the north-east of the Godāvarī river, although it did not reach the river itself, which was in Āndhra territory. On the west, Kaliṅga had established its suzerainty over the tribes in inland hills so that its authority reached till

1088-531: The Mahāgovinda Suttanta , the king Sattabhu of Kaliṅga was a contemporary of Reṇu of Videha and Dhataraṭṭha or Dhṛtarāṣṭra of Kāsī . Kaliṅga was mentioned by both Pāṇini and Baudhāyana , with the latter considering it as an part of Bharata Khanda . According to Mahabharata and some Puranas , the prince 'Kalinga' founded the Kalinga kingdom , in the current day region of coastal Odisha , including

1152-754: The Amarakaṇṭaka range. The name of the region is derived from a tribe of the same name. According to the legendary text Mahabharata , the progenitors of the Kalingas and of their neighbouring tribes were brothers. These neighbours included the Angas , the Vangas , the Pundras , and the Suhmas . The Kalingas occupied the extensive territory stretching from river Baitarani in Odisha to

1216-565: The Krishna River . The Kalinga region encompass the whole of present-day Odisha : the north-eastern part of Odisha was included in the distinct Utkala region. Utkala gradually lost its identity, and came to be considered as a part of Kalinga. In the Adiparva of Mahabharata it is mentioned that Arjuna moved to Kalinga crossing Ganga. Interestingly, it distinguishes Kalinga from Mahendragiri . That means only north of Mahendragiri till Ganga river

1280-564: The Srivijaya Kingdom in Sumatra. Burma went by the name of Kalinga-rattha (likely observed in the old Indo-Chinese records for Pegu) and there is evidence of very early merchant settlements and Buddhist missions in the southern Mon regions and by the 2nd century CE, the rule of Kalinga migrants centered around Kale, the Arakan River valley and Pegu, around the Gulf of Martaban. The remains of

1344-607: The Varahanandi in the Visakhapatnam district . Its capital in the ancient times was the city of Dantakura or Dantapura (now Dantavaktra fort near Chicacole in the Srikakulam district , washed by the river Languliya or Langulini ). The kingdom of Kaliṅga was already existent at the time of the Brahmana texts, which mention its king Karaṇḍu as a contemporary of Nagnajit of Gāndhāra and of Bhīma of Vidarbha . According to

SECTION 20

#1732845308011

1408-498: The eastern coastal region between Ganges and the Godavari rivers. However, its exact boundaries have fluctuated at various times in the history. According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga janapada originally comprised the area covered by the Puri and Ganjam districts. Confirming the existence till the river Ganga DK Ganguly used references from accounts of Pliny and

1472-452: The "supreme Lord of Kalinga". Kharavela was the greatest ruler of empire who ruled during the second or first century BCE and the primary source for his reign is sourced from the rock-cut Hathigumpha inscription . The inscription describes yearly records of his reign and also credits him with public infrastructure projects, welfare activities, patronage of the arts, and many military victories and also patronising religions such as Jainism while

1536-519: The 1977 general elections and earlier as Bhanjanagar (Lok Sabha constituency) seat in 1962, 1967 and 1971 general elections. Kalinga (historical region) Kalinga is a historical region of India . It is generally defined as the eastern coastal region between the Ganges and the Godavari rivers, although its boundaries have fluctuated with the territory of its rulers. The core territory of Kalinga now encompasses all of Odisha and some part of northern Andhra Pradesh . At its widest extent,

1600-541: The 7th century, the Shailodbhavas ruled parts of eastern India and their core territory was known as Kongoda-mandala, and included parts of the present-day Ganjam, Khordha and Puri districts. King Madhavaraja II claimed the title Sakala-Kalingadhipati ("the lord of the entire Kalinga"). During the 8th–10th centuries, the Bhauma-Kara dynasty ruled the region, although they called their kingdom "Tosala" (derived from Tosali,

1664-759: The Bhauma-Karas. Thus they called themselves the lord of Kalinga, Kosala , and Utkala. They also introduced a new style of art and architecture in Odisha. During the 11th–15th century, the Eastern Gangas became the dominant power in the region, and bore the title Kalingadhipati . After succeeding the Somavanshis, they assumed various titles viz. Trikalingadhipathi or Sakala Kalingadhipathi (Lord of three Kalinga or all three Kalingas namely Kalinga proper (South), Utkala (North), and Dakshina Kosala (West)). Their capital

1728-503: The Kalinga region also included parts of present-day Chhattisgarh , extending up to Amarkantak in the west. In the ancient period it extended until the bank of the Ganges river. The Kalingas have been mentioned as a major tribe in the legendary text Mahabharata . In the 3rd century BCE, the region came under Mauryan control as a result of the Kalinga War . It was subsequently ruled by several regional dynasties whose rulers bore

1792-538: The Kutabsahi rule in 17th century Ganjam was extended from Chilika to Chicacole and designated as Chicacole Circar which was the northernmost Circar of the Northern Circars and was controlled from Golconda. In 1641 a Faujdar named Mahammed Khan was appointed in Srikakulam for the first time by Abdul Kutab Shah, the ruler of Golconda. He constructed some fine mosques at Srikakulam and Icchapuram. The old Kalinga Dandapat (Ganjam)

1856-514: The Mahabharata. He wrote " Pliny has evidently made an unnecessary duplication. Unfortunately the identification of these tribes and their location are rendered difficult by the nature of the description which appears to be erroneous and confusing. Pliny was guided by his notion about the existence of more than one Kalinga settlement from which the Indian writers are also not completely free. But

1920-500: The Nandas , Kalingas broke away from the empire of Magadha in 322 BCE. The Hathigumpha inscription suggests that a king named Nandaraja had excavated an aqueduct there in the past. Assuming that Nandaraja refers to a king of the Nanda dynasty , it appears that the Kalinga region was annexed by the Nandas at some point. It appears to have become independent again after the fall of the Nandas. It

1984-689: The North Sircars. The Mahabharata also mentions one 'Srutayudha' as the king of the Kalinga kingdom, who joined the Kaurava camp. In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, 'Sattabhu', have been mentioned. This dynasty is mentioned in Chullakalinga Jataka and Kalingabodhi Jataka . The last ruler of First Kalinga dynasty is said to have broken away from the Danda kingdom along with

Ganjam - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-572: The US state of Connecticut . This gives it a ranking of 83rd in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 430 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,100/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.37%. Ganjam has a sex ratio of 983 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 71.88%. 21.76% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 19.50% and 3.37% of

2112-430: The W.W.Hunter having towers in the star angles except in the east front where there is a large gateway, the walls neither under 18 nor above 22 feet in height and a ditch running in three sides in many parts with deep water and in the fourth side defended by a thick wood which runs to 150 yards from the walls". Potagarh tells many stories of horror relating to the wrath of the fort-goddess on the ancient village of Ganjam and

2176-648: The above account of Pliny is important for it shows that Kalinga extended in the north-east up to the Ganges. That the territory of the Kalingas stretched onwards from the Ganges seems to be corroborated by the following passages of the Trithyatra section of the Vanaparvam." Scholars like RC Majumdar mentions Kalinga was from Mahanadi to Godavari. However the simple mention of Ganga as the northern boundary of Kalinga by Pliny as stated above and Mahabharata talking about Baitarani,

2240-560: The ancient Kalinga region. According to scholar R. C. Majumdar , the 8th century CE Shailendra dynasty of Java likely originated from Kalinga and the dynasty was also powerful in Cambodia and Champa(Annam) region. The Shailendras are considered to have been a thalassocracy and ruled vast swathes of maritime Southeast Asia and the dynasty appeared to be the ruling family of both the Mataram Kingdom of Central Java, for some period and

2304-523: The ancient capital of Kalinga). The Somavamshis ruled parts of present-day Odisha in eastern India between the 9th and the 12th centuries with their capitals included Yayatinagara and Abhinava-Yayatinagara (modern Jajpur). They ruled the Dakshina Kosala region claiming the title Kosalendra ("lord of Kosala"), following which they conquered the Kalinga and the Utkala regions in present-day Odisha, succeeding

2368-698: The capital ( Gauda ), and built the Sun Temple at Konark to commemorate his victory. Narasimhadeva I was also the first king to use the title of Gajapati or Lord of war elephants or King with an army of elephants among the Odishan kings in the 1246 CE inscription at the Kapilash Temple . With the death of Narasimha in 1264, the Eastern Gangas began to decline and were succeeded by the Suryavamsi Gajapatis in 1434. The last Eastern Ganga ruler Bhanudeva IV

2432-502: The early Eastern Gangas continued to use the title of Kalingādhipati ruling over the same region. The Vigrahas of South Toshali whose territory comprised the region south of Mahanadi also claimed to rule over Kalinga-rashtra ("Kalinga kingdom"). The Vigrahas were ousted by Mudgalas of North Toshali or Utkala by 603-4 CE who themselves were invaded by Shashanka . The Shailodbhavas who emerged as Maha-Samanta of Shashanka declared themselves independent after 620 CE and acquired

2496-407: The eastern side of the compound wall opening to the river. One was probably used as a secret passage to escape into the sea and the other for the queen to go to the river to take bath. The compound wall is about 8' thick with a moat encircling it. The fort has two nicely designed doors, one is in the front side the other one is in the back side, close to the river. The fort of Potagarh is described by

2560-457: The escape of the king through the secret passage into the Bay of Bengal by a boat at the time of attack. The fort Potagarh is an archaeological asset of the state and deserves preservation. Maximum summer temperature is 37°C; minimum winter temperature is 16°C. The mean daily temperature varies from 33°C to 38°C. May is the hottest month; December is the coldest. The average annual rainfall is 1250 mm and

2624-661: The final battle near the Dhauli hills , the capital Tosali fell to the Mauryas where the headquarters of the Mauryan province of Kalinga was also located. Kalinga broke away from the Mauryan empire during the rule of Dasharatha in 224 BCE. After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the region came under the control of the Mahameghavahana family, whose king Kharavela described himself as

Ganjam - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-598: The following table. The Urban Local Bodies are • Municipal Corporation : Brahmapur • Municipality  : Hinjilicut , Asika , Chhatrapur , Bhanjanagar • Notified Area Council's  : Surada , Belaguntha , Buguda , Polasara , Gopalpur , Ganjam , Rambha , Kabisuryanagar , Khallikot , Purusottampur , Kodala , Digapahandi , Chikiti , Sheragada , Kukudakhandi etc. • Small Urban Area's : Dharakot , Sanakhemundi (Patapur) B.D.Pur , Jagannath Prasad , Badagada , Balipadar , Babanpur, Mundamarai , Patrapur , Humma. An important contributor to

2752-580: The foot of the Taratarini Hill. The temple of the Goddess Mahuri Kalua is near a picnic spot by the same name located at the center of the town. It has a railway station, Ganjam railway station , located along the Howrah–Chennai main line . As of 2001 India census , Ganjam had a population of 3529031. Ganjam has an average literacy rate of 63% while male literacy is 70%, and female literacy

2816-570: The foundation of the Adeetta dynasty (Aditta Vansa). Kalinga was believed to be briefly annexed by Nanda ruler Mahapadma Nanda between 345 to 340 BCE. The Nanda empire appears to have stretched from present-day Punjab in the west to Odisha (Kalinga) in the east. Nandas control of Kalinga region is corroborated by the Hathigumpha inscription of the later king Kharavela (c. 2nd or 1st century BCE). When Chandragupta Maurya rebelled against

2880-552: The foundation of the Adeetta dynasty. In the Philippines according to Eric Casino, a king of Butuan was called Kiling; Casino posited that the king was not of Visayan origin but was rather of Indian origin, basing solely on the likelihood that the name Kiling was the same as the Malay term Keling (albeit this term is pronounced with a schwa) which refers to Indians. Derived from Kalinga

2944-582: The foundation of the Bhoi dynasty. They could only control the Odisha coast, the interior regions fell under the Garhjat Kings . Mukunda Deva who traced his descent from the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi rebelled and killed the last two successors of the Bhoi dynasty and declared himself an independent ruler in 1559 on Northern Odisha coast over the Bhoi dynasty's territories but Sulaiman Khan Karrani formed

3008-411: The history of Ganjam, Northern Circars, French Government, Madras Presidency, Bengal Presidency and the history of the East India Company as a whole. It is said that the construction of Potagarh fort was commenced in 1768 by Edward Costford, the first Resident of Ganjam. But the star-shaped design of the fort and a very old Masjeed standing near it attest more of its Mahammadan origin than British. During

3072-414: The inscription also describes him as a devotee of all religions. Kalinga came under Gupta suzerainty in the 4th century CE. After the Gupta withdrawal, it was ruled by several minor dynasties, whose rulers bore the title Kalingadhipati ("Lord of Kalinga"). These included the Matharas , Pitrbhaktas , Vasishthas and Nalas . They were followed by the Shailodbhavas and the early Eastern Gangas . In

3136-400: The kings of Asmaka and Vidarbha as its feudal states, and established rule of Second Kalinga dynasty. This was probably another dynasty or late rulers of Second Kalinga dynasty, which is mentioned in Dāṭhavaṃsa . His son, prince 'Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya' was exiled and as per Maldivian history , established the first kingdom the Kingdom of Dheeva Maari  [ bn ] and laid

3200-408: The local economy is production of extracts from Ganjam Kewda Rooh , which are used in perfumery. Since Ganjam is a coastal district, it is well equipped with Port facilities. Port at Gopalpur and nearby industries cater economic activities of the district and Odisha state. According to the 2011 census Ganjam district has a population of 3,529,031, roughly equal to the nation of Lithuania or

3264-436: The mute witness to many rulers, who have used it as their administrative Headquarters to rule over this region named in different periods as Kalinga, Dandapat, Ganjam, Chichacole Circar etc. It is not a single fort, rather a cluster of forts erected by different governments, the remnants of which tell the stories of their administrative procedures. Thus the history of Potagarh is the history of the Ganjam Collectorate that involves

SECTION 50

#1732845308011

3328-407: The name 'Ganjam'. During the 7th century, the region was known as Kangoda or Kongoda . Some scholars believe the word evolved from this ancient name while others suggest the name of the region likely derives from the Persian word "Ganj", meaning 'granary' or 'market' thus signifying the importance of historical ports and being the respective center of trade and commerce. Ganjam district is one of

3392-404: The oldest administrative units of Odisha. It was part of Madras presidency during British rule. The 23 Tahasils in Ganjam district under three sub-divisions are listed in the following table. The 22 Blocks in Ganjam district under three sub-divisions are listed in the following table. There are 39 Police Stations under the two Police Districts in Ganjam Administrative district are listed in

3456-764: The population respectively. Languages of Ganjam district (2011) At the time of the 2011 Census of India , 91.29% of the population in the district spoke Odia , 7.17% Telugu , 0.44% Kui and 0.42% Sora as their first language. The following is the Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Ganjam and the elected members of the area Since 2008, Ganjam district is represented in Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency) and Aska (Lok Sabha constituency) . Berhampur seat earlier Ganjam (Lok Sabha constituency) exist in 1952 and 1957 general elections as two seat constituency and Chatarpur (Lok Sabha constituency) exist in 1962, 1967 and 1971 general elections and later Berhanpur seat exist since 1977 general elections. The Aska seat existed since

3520-412: The region receives monsoon and torrential rainfall from July to October. Ganjam district Ganjam was a part of ancient Dakshina Kalinga . The Mauryan emperor Ashoka inscribed his message at Jaugada near the banks of the Rushikulya , in the present-day Ganjam district. Scholars thus conclude that a significant part of Ganjam was under the rule of Ashoka. There are multiple theories regarding

3584-452: The source of agriculture and power sectors of the town. Economic wise, Ganjam is a sub industrial town. The Chilika Lake , which attracts tourists, is known for its scenery and a bird sanctuary is situated in the eastern part of district, near the City of Ganjam. Ganjam shares its boundary with Andhra Pradesh . A mix of moist peninsular high and low level Sal forests, tropical moist and dry deciduous and tropical deciduous forest types provide

3648-404: The title Kalingādhipati ("Lord of Kalinga"); these dynasties included Mahameghavahana , Vasishtha , Mathara , Pitrbhakta , Shailodbhava , Somavamshi , and Eastern Ganga . The medieval era rulers to rule over the Kalinga region were the Suryavamsa Gajapatis , Bhoi dynasty , Paralakhemundi Gangas and the zamindaris of Ganjam and Vizagapatam. The Kalinga region is generally defined as

3712-400: The title of Sakala-Kalingādhipati ("Lord of whole of Kalinga"). The Bhauma-Karas took over the Shailodbhava territory and made the Eastern-Gangas their feudatories, and the Somavamshis under Janmejaya made inroads into the Bhauma-Kara kingdom up to coastal Odisha and acquired the title of Trikalingādhipati ("Lord of the three Kalingas"). The Gajapati Empire of Odisha in 15-16th century

3776-468: The widest extent of Kalinga. However, the Eastern Chalukya records suggest that Kalinga and Trikalinga were two distinct regions, with Trikalinga denoting the hilly region to the west of Kalinga. Some scholars have misinterpreted the text of Mahabharata and have said river Vaitarani was the northern border of Kalinga. However the text says river Vaitarani passes through Kalinga and Pandavas came to Kalinga after crossing Ganga. Therefore, this assumption

3840-452: Was considered Kalinga then. Arjuna was moving from north to south in the eastern part of India. Adiparva mentions he moved from Gaya and Ganga then came to Anga, Vanga and Kalinga. In the Gupta period Kalinga was subdivided into smaller countries. After the decline of Guptas, the Matharas were one of the kingdoms who claimed to rule over Kalinga by acquiring the title of Kalingādhipati . The Mathara territory stretched from Mahanadi , which

3904-450: Was dethroned by Kapilendra Deva in 1435. This event marked the foundation of the Gajapati Empire that ruled over the regions of Utkala (North Odisha) and Kalinga (South Odisha, North Andhra Pradesh). Prataparudra Deva was the last great king of the Suryavamsi Gajapatis . After the death of Prataprudra Deva in 1540 his sons Kalua Deva and Khakura Deva were made kings and later assassinated by their minister Govinda Vidyadhara laying

SECTION 60

#1732845308011

3968-501: Was known as Kalinga in some of the contemporary sources. The eastern boundary of Kalinga was formed by the sea (the Bay of Bengal ). Its western boundary is difficult to pinpoint, as it varied with the political power of its rulers. However, the Puranic literature suggests that Kalinga extended up to the Amarakantaka hills in the west. Several ancient inscriptions mention the term " Trikalinga ", which has been interpreted in several ways. According to one theory, Trikalinga refers to

4032-420: Was originally located at Kalinganagara (modern Mukhalingam ), and was later transferred to Kataka (modern Cuttack ) during the reign of Anantavarman Chodaganga in the 12th century. He also built the famous Jagannath Temple at Puri . Following repeated invasions from the northern regions, Narasimhadeva I , the son of Anangabhima Deva III , invaded southern Bengal in 13th cen., defeated its ruler, captured

4096-485: Was then divided into two divisions namely Chicacole (Srikakulam) and Icchapuram. Most probably it was Mahammed Khan who erected a fort at the present site of Potagarh for administration of Icchapuram division. Some scholars are of the opinion that the fort was erected by the Fourth Sultan Ibrahim Kutabshah. In 1753 the Northern Circar was granted to the French and Monsieur De Bussy, the French Commander took control over Ganjam and functioned from Potagarh. He must have erected

#10989