50-583: Dakshina Kosala ( IAST : Dakṣiṇa Kosala, "southern Kosala ") is a historical region of central India. It was located in what is now Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh along with parts of Western Odisha . At its greatest extent, it may have also included a part of the Vidarbha region in present-day Maharashtra . Its capitals at various times included Bhadravati , Sirpur (ancient Shripura), Tuman (ancient Tummana), and Ratanpur (ancient Ratnapura). Dakshina Kosala ("South Kosala"), sometimes simply called Kosala,
100-463: A calendar era . The only ancient inscription found in this region that appears to be dated in a calendar era is the Arang copper-plate inscription of Bhimasena II of Sura family . However, it is not connected to any other records from the area, and therefore, is not much useful for reconstructing the region's chronology. The Pāṇḍavas of Mekala are known from two Malhar inscriptions issued by king Śūrabala,
150-423: A socle plinth that supports a pedestal, and two rows of sculptures on the wall. The temple layout plan is in a star shape known as stellate (meaning: shaped like a star, having points, or rays radiating from a center) with six "offsets". The temple rises to five floors, which is considered an unusual feature. The temple faces west and is in rundown condition. In the past, a mandapa (an outdoor pavilion) and
200-453: A devotee of Shiva ( parama-māheśvara ), and also patronized the Buddhists . The Chinese traveler Xuanzang visited the region during his reign, and described his kingdom ("Kiao-sa-lo" or Kosala) as follows: The capital is about 40 li round; the soil is rich and fertile, and yields abundant crops. [...] The population is very dense. The men are tall and black complexioned. The disposition of
250-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have
300-459: A legend, god Krishna appeared disguised as a Brahmin before King Murddhawaja (Mordhwaj) of the Haihaya dynasty . The pious king offered him whatever dakshina he wanted. The disguised Brahmin asked for one half of the king's body. The king immediately ordered that he be sawed off, and one half given as dakshina. As he was about to be cut in half, a tear drop fell from one of the eyes. The Brahmin asked
350-707: A modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on
400-405: A porch probably existed as part of the temple. The temple has three free standing large images of Jain tirthankaras deified in the garbha griha or sanctum sanctorum. These are carved ornately in black stone and highly polished. The three tirthankaras are Ajitanatha , Neminath and Shreyanasanatha . The central figure is adorned with the symbol of a wheel holding two deer in the left hand, and
450-529: Is 36 kilometres (22 mi) from Raipur on National Highway 53 (N.H.53), a four lane expressway to Durg passing through Arang. It is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Mahasamund city. There is also a four lane road from Arang to Tumgaon. The nearest airport is the Raipur Airport situated near Mana Camp, which is 23.8 kilometres (14.8 mi) away from Arang. Arang Is located beside National Highway 53 that connects Kolkata to Mumbai . According to
500-637: Is a block and a Nagar Palika in Raipur District in the state of Chhattisgarh , India. It is situated near the eastern limits of Raipur City and close to Mahasamund City. Arang is an ancient town, which was ruled by the Haihayas Rajput dynasty. It is famous for its many Jain and Hindu temples which belong to the 11th and 12th centuries; these are the Mand Deval Jain temple, the Mahamaya temple,
550-435: Is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called a macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto ,
SECTION 10
#1732852739948600-654: Is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to
650-585: Is hard to distinguish it from Uttara Kosala ("North Kosala") in present-day Uttar Pradesh . Epigraphic evidence suggests that the area bounded by the Shahdol , Raipur , Bilaspur , Anuppur Sambalpur districts was definitely a part of the Dakshina Kosala region. The inscriptions found in these districts record grants of villages located in the Kosala country, and the rulers mentioned in these inscriptions are given
700-562: Is identified as near Malhar in the present-day Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh state. As part of his military campaigns, Sahadeva targeted the kingdoms in the regions south of the Indo-Gangetic Plain . Vanquishing the invincible Bhismaka, Sahadeva then defeated the king of Kosala in battle and the ruler of the territories lying on the banks of the Venwa, as well as the Kantarakas and
750-574: Is inferred that they were vassals of the Gupta Empire . Archaeological finds in Arang also included few Jain images made of gem stones, which are now preserved in the Digambar Jain temple at Raipur. Another historical legend attributed to Arang in particular, and Chhattisgarh in general, relates to the princess Chandini and her lover Lorik. This legend is in the form of folk-poetry which is widely sung in
800-753: The ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for the romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H
850-457: The Köppen-Geiger classification , Arang has a Temperate or subtropical hot-summer climate with nomenclature as Cwa . The average annual rainfall is 589 millimetres (23.2 in) with July and August recording the maximum. The average temperature is 22.2 °C (72.0 °F) with a maximum of 40.9 °C (105.6 °F) and a minimum of 3 °C (37 °F). June is the hottest month of
900-500: The Ramayana was written. This work mentions that after Rama , the kingdom was divided among his two sons, Lava and Kusha . North Kosala went to Lava as his share with Shravasti Nagari as his capital while Kusha received South Kosala. He established his new capital, Kushasthalipura on the riverKushavrate near the Vindhya mountain range, which divides north and south India. Kushasthalipura
950-436: The 11th century where three huge images of Digambara tirthankaras are deified in the sanctum sanctorum ; these are carved in black stone and polished. Economic activity in the town is mostly related to small scale industries of rice and pulse mills, and many types of forest products. Religious tourism is receiving attention. The name Arang is formed of two words "ara" meaning " saw " and "anga" meaning "body". According to
1000-446: The 19th century Alexander Cunningham , the founder of Archaeological Survey of India , mentioned Dakshina Kosala as a synonym of Mahakoshal (or Maha-Kosala), without mentioning any source for this claim. However, none of the ancient texts or inscriptions support the claim that Dakshina Kosala and Mahakoshal refer to the same geographical unit. The ancient Sanskrit texts frequently mention Dakshina Kosala, but do not mention Mahakoshal as
1050-919: The Mand deval temple, the Mahamaya temple, the Danteshwari temple, the Chandi Maheshwari temple, the Panchmukhi Mahadev temple, and the Panchmukhi Hanuman temple. Of these, the Mand Dewal temple and Bagh Deval temple are particularly ancient and well-known. Bhand Dewal temple, a Jain temple dated to the late eleventh century, is in the Mahakosala area of Arang. It is built in the Bhumija style of architecture. The plinth of this temple has detailed ornamentation. It has
SECTION 20
#17328527399481100-742: The Megha dynasty. As a result, South Kosala during the fourth century AD, came under the overlordship of the Gupta Empire . After the fall of the imperial Guptas , the Dakshina Kosala region was ruled by a number of small dynasties, including the Rajarsitulyakula , Panduvamshis of Mekala (Pāṇḍavas of Mekala), the Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala (Pāṇḍuvaṃśīs of Śripura), and the Sharabhapuriyas . The chronology of these dynasties not very clear, because their inscriptions are dated in regnal years instead of
1150-624: The Panchmukhi temple and the Hanuman temple. Due to the Archaeological finds of a copper plate inscription dated to the Gupta Empire , known as the Arang Plate of Bhimasena II of the clan of Rajarsitulya , has established the town's ancient history as a Hindu and Jain religious centre, which was then under the rule of Hindu kings . The Mand Deval Jain temple is the most ancient of these temples dated to
1200-640: The Sharabhapuriyas. The Sharabhapuriyas initially ruled as Gupta vassals, and may have fought with the Nalas of Pushkari . They laid foundation of the distinct Dakshina Kosala style of art and architecture. The Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala seem to have been related to the Panduvamshis of Mekala, and initially served as feudatories to the Sharabhapuriyas. The early kings of the dynasty were Vaishnavites , but its last known king Mahāśivagupta Bālārjuna called himself
1250-576: The area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or Gentium , both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the GNU FreeFont or SIL Open Font License , respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. Arang Arang , also known as "The town of temples" of Chhattisgarh,
1300-525: The centre of Hindu and Jain religious faiths. Arang also finds mention in the Hindu epic Mahabharata . An archaeological antiquary in the form a copper plate inscription dated to the Gupta period , known as the Arang Plate of Bhimasena II of the clan of Rajarsitulya was unearthed at Arang. It attests to the reign of this dynasty over Chhattisgarh, particularly of Bhimasena II and five rulers who preceded him. It
1350-460: The chiefs of the Mekala region were subordinate to the rulers of the Kosala proper. In the south, the Dakshina Kosala region, at its greatest extent, appears to have included a part of present-day Vidarbha region of Maharashtra . The legend of king Nala states that he reached the capital of Kosala: the description of the route of his march suggests that this capital was present-day Bhadravati . In
1400-526: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in
1450-525: The diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which the convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and
1500-423: The king if the tear drop reflected his regret in accepting his request. The king replied no, adding that the half of the body which he did not ask for weeps as it too would like to be a part of the dakshina. Krishna then revealed himself and blessed the king for his devotion. Arang was ruled in ancient times by the Haihayas Rajput dynasty. Archaeological finds establishes that the town had an ancient history as
1550-644: The kings of the eastern Kosalas. In the first century BC, Mahameghavahana, a king of Chedi conquered Kosala. It was conquered by Gautamiputra Satakarni of Satavahana dynasty in the early part of the 2nd century AD and remained a part of the Satavahana kingdom until the second half of the second century AD. During the second and third centuries AD the Megha dynasty or Meghavahanas regained their suzerainty over South Kosala. Samudragupta during his daksinapatha expedition, defeated Mahendra of Kosala who probably belonged to
Dakshina Kosala - Misplaced Pages Continue
1600-448: The last member of the dynasty. The king claimed descent from the legendary hero Pāṇḍu of the lunar dynasty (somavaṃśa). The Amarāryakulas (Amarārya family) are known from the Malhar inscription of Vyaghraraja. D. C. Sircar believes this family to be same as the Sharabhapuriyas, Ajaya Mitra Shastri believes it to an independent dynasty, while Hans T. Bakker believes it to be a vassal of
1650-612: The name of a region. In ancient times Dakshina Kosala (South Kosala) comprised modern Chhattisgarh and the adjoining territory in the State of Orissa up to the boundary of the Katak District. In the Puranas this country is mentioned with Traipura (the tract around Tripuri near Jabalpur), Kalinga (part of the state of Orissa) and Mekala (the region near the source of the Narmada). Besides Bhadravati,
1700-716: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for
1750-507: The original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than a century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast,
1800-402: The other capitals of Dakshina Kosala at various times included Sirpur (ancient Shripura), Tuman (ancient Tummana), and Ratanpur (ancient Ratnapura). Bhadravati may have been the capital of Dakshina Kosala as late as during Xuanzang's time, although Sirpur is another candidate for the contemporary capital of the region. The 601 CE Arang inscription of king Bhimasena II suggests that Shripura
1850-622: The people is hard and violent; they are brave and impetuous. There are both heretics and believers here. They are earnest in study and of a high intelligence. The king is of the Kshattriya race; he greatly honours the law of Buddha, and his virtue and love are far renowned. There are about one hundred saṅghārāmas , and somewhat less than 10,000 priests; they all alike study the teaching of the Great Vehicle . There are about seventy Deva temples, frequented by heretics of different persuasions. Not far to
1900-514: The population reported was 19,091, an increase of 1.3% over the 2001 figure, which gives a density figure of 812.7/km over the Nagar Panchayat area of 23.49 square kilometres (9.07 sq mi). Economic activity is in the form of small scale industries of rice and pulses mills. It is a commercial town where various types of forest products are marketed in Earlier Days. Arang is one of
1950-423: The region bounded by the above-mentioned districts. The Somavamshi inscriptions suggest that other areas of present-day Odisha, bordering Sambalpur, were also part of the Dakshina Kosala. During Xuanzang's period, Kosala appears to have extended from 78th meridian east to the 85th meridian east in the east–west direction. The northern boundary of Kosala was located a little to the south of Amarakantaka , which
2000-464: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in
2050-400: The short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold
Dakshina Kosala - Misplaced Pages Continue
2100-466: The south of the city is an old saṅghārāma, by the side of which is a stūpa that was built by Aśoka-rāja . The Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala may have been related to the later Somavamshi dynasty , who ruled in present-day Odisha . IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST ) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It
2150-525: The state. A memorial statue in their honour exists near Arang. Arang, a prosperous ancient town, known for its many Jain and Hindu temples, is located on the west bank of the Mahanadi River , a Nagar Palika in Raipur District in Chhattisgarh , at 21°12′N 81°58′E / 21.2°N 81.97°E / 21.2; 81.97 . It has an average elevation of 267 metres (876 ft). It
2200-422: The three locations chosen for community development in its Chandkhuri development block. Arang has many Jain and Hindu temples that are dated to the 11th and 12th centuries. Archaeological excavations carried out in the town has confirmed the town's ancient history as a Hindu and Jain religious centre, which prospered under the rule of Hindu kings. The ancient temples in Arang, which are tourist attractions are:
2250-404: The titles indicating their lordship over Dakshina Kosala (such as Kosaladhisha , Kosaladhipati , and Kosala-narendra ). According to the 7th century Chinese traveler Xuanzang , the extent of the contemporary Kosala kingdom was 6,000 li in circuit, that is, around 81,000 square miles in area. This suggests that in the 7th century, the Dakshina Kosala region encompassed an area much larger than
2300-483: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in
2350-418: The year with average temperature of 33.1 °C (91.6 °F) and January recording the lowest. As of 2001 India census , Arang had a population of 16,593. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Arang had an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 60% of the males and 40% of females literate. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. As of 2011,
2400-854: Was a part of the Mekala kingdom. The Puranas , including the Vayu Purana and the Matsya Purana , mention Mekala and Kosala as distinct regions. The ancient epigraphs, such as the Balaghat inscription of the Vakataka king Prithvishena II, also distinguish between these two regions. However, at one place, the Vayu Purana mentions the Mekalas as one of the Pancha Kosalas ("Five Kosalas"), which suggests that at some point,
2450-517: Was established by Ratnadeva, a later descendant of Kalingaraja and a king of the Ratnapura Kalachuri dynasty. In ancient Indian literature as well as the epic Ramayana , Mahabharata & Puranas there are many references to the ancient Kosala Kingdom of northern India. Surya Vanshi Ikshvaku dynasty kings ruled Kosala with Ayodhya as their capital. Sri Ramachandra was a king of that clan, based on whose character and activities,
2500-531: Was the capital of the local Rishitulyakula kings, possibly since the 5th century. In the subsequent period, it served as the capital of the Panduvamshi kings, who are described as the lords of Kosala in their inscriptions. Tummana and Ratnapura became the capitals of Dakshina Kosala centuries later. Tummana was founded by Kalingaraja, a descendant of the Tripuri Kalachuri king Kokalla I (c. 875 CE). Ratnapura
#947052