74-506: Active Defunct Publications Works Galleanisti (Italian for Galleanists ) are followers or supporters of the insurrectionary anarchist Luigi Galleani , who operated most notably in the United States following his immigration to the country. The vast majority of Galleanisti or Galleanists were similarly poor and working-class Italian immigrants or Italian Americans , especially anarchists and those involved in
148-422: A criticism of technology and called for the destruction of civilisation, in arguments that were an early precursor to anarcho-primitivism . Man! and L'Adunata dei refrattari continued to act as the main expressions of insurrectionary anarchism throughout the 1930s, but failed to revive it as a popular tendency. Before long, Man! came under increasing police repression, culminating with Graham's arrest and
222-441: A Black Hand letter on which were drawn a black hand and dagger, demanding $ 2,000. He decided to pay, "and, when this fact became public knowledge, was rewarded for his capitulation with 'a stack of threatening letters a foot high,' including another from the same gang for $ 15,000." He reported the incident to the police who arranged for him to drop off the money at a prearranged spot, then arrested two Italian businessmen who retrieved
296-540: A bomb at the home of Judge von Moschzisker, who in 1908 had sentenced four Italian anarchists to long prison terms. On February 27, 1919, Galleani spoke to an anarchist gathering in Taunton, Massachusetts . The next night four Galleanists who had attended the rally attempted to place a bomb at the American Woolen Co. mill in nearby Franklin , whose workers were on strike. The bomb exploded prematurely, killing all four of
370-675: A church basement. The blast killed nine policemen and a female civilian, one of the worst incidents of terrorist violence in the United States up to that time. The bomb appeared to have been directed at Reverend August Giuliana, who had recently led a street revival meeting opposed by local anarchists. In late 1917 and early 1918, bombings occurred in New York City , San Francisco , Washington, D.C. , Boston , and Milwaukee that were later attributed to Galleanists, but no criminal prosecutions followed. In February 1918, U.S. authorities raided
444-578: A conspiratorial basis until they could again agitate in the open. During the late 1920s, Graham moved to San Francisco , where he became involved with insurrectionary anarchists around the Galleanist newspaper L'Emancipazione . As the Great Depression limited their capacity, the paper shifted to publications in the English language and invited Graham to be its editor. In January 1933, the group established
518-614: A criminal enterprise composed of Italians, mainly Neapolitan and Sicilian immigrants. However, many Sicilians disputed its existence and objected to the associated negative ethnic stereotype, but this was not the only viewpoint among Italian-Americans. Il Telegrafo: The Evening Telegraph , a newspaper for the Italian American community in New York City, printed an editorial on 13 March 1909 in response to Joseph Petrosino 's assassination, which read in part, "The assassination of Petrosino
592-710: A false name and refused to cooperate with the police; she was imprisoned for fourteen months before being released. While in prison, Antolini met the noted anarchist Emma Goldman , with whom she became friends. On December 30, 1918, the Philadelphia homes of the President of the Chamber of Commerce , the Acting Superintendent of Police , William B. Mills, and Judge Robert von Moschzisker were heavily damaged by explosive bombs filled with metal slugs, an act later attributed to
666-410: A flyer accompanying the bombs to the print shop where Andrea Salsedo , a typesetter , and Roberto Elia, a compositor , were arrested. Salsedo was questioned intensively (some say tortured) by federal agents. After providing some information, he was said to have become increasingly distraught. He died after jumping or being pushed by his compatriot Elia out of the window in the 14th-story room where he
740-410: A flyer that read: War, Class war, and you were the first to wage it under the cover of the powerful institutions you call order, in the darkness of your laws. There will have to be bloodshed; we will not dodge; there will have to be murder: we will kill, because it is necessary; there will have to be destruction; we will destroy to rid the world of your tyrannical institutions. Police eventually traced
814-452: A form of emotional release, and participating in action as a source of joy . Militants of the FAI, such as Alfredo Cospito , described their attack against an Italian executive as a moment where they "fully enjoyed my life". Insurrectionists can also see violence as a method of self- empowerment and even, in existential terms, as a means to achieve enlightenment. Insurrectionary anarchism shares
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#1732845631952888-463: A letter to a victim threatening bodily harm, kidnapping, arson, or murder. The letter demanded a specified amount of money to be delivered to a specific place. It was decorated with threatening symbols such as a smoking gun, hangman's noose, skull, or knife dripping with blood or piercing a human heart, and was frequently signed with a hand, "held up in the universal gesture of warning", imprinted or drawn in thick black ink. Author Mike Dash states "it
962-702: A long-term strategy for the movement. Insurrectionary anarchism generally upholds core anarchist principles, such as anti-authoritarianism , anti-capitalism , anti-clericalism , anti-imperialism , anti-militarism and anti-statism . It has also historically combined with other causes, including radical environmentalism , national liberation struggles and the prison abolition movement . Insurrectionary anarchists generally undertake two basic types of direct action: vandalism of low-profile targets, such as infrastructure or buildings; and violent attacks, often using letter bombs , against political or military targets. Insurrectionary anarchists often see direct action as
1036-581: A network of Galleanist cells , usually consisting of close-knit individuals. Following the American entry into World War I and the ensuing political repression that followed, the Galleanists initiated a violent campaign in opposition to the American government. After some Italian anarchists were killed by police for tearing down an American flag , the Galleanists carried a reprisal attack, which itself triggered
1110-420: A package bomb at the door of Attorney General Palmer's home. Though not injured, Palmer and his family were shaken by the blast and their house was largely destroyed. The blast hurled several neighbors from their beds. Either Valdinoci tripped over his bomb or it went off prematurely as he was placing it on Palmer's porch. The police collected his remains over a two-block area. All of the bombs were accompanied by
1184-416: A previous target of a Galleanist mail bomb, were attacked. None of the officials was killed, but the explosions killed William Boehner, a 70-year-old night watchman , who had stopped to investigate the package left on Judge Nott's doorstep, as well as one of the most wanted Galleanists – Carlo Valdinoci , a former editor of Cronaca Sovversiva , and a close associate of Galleani, who blew himself up as he laid
1258-579: A programme for attacks against the state and capitalism . The insurrectionist organisational model has been compared to that of " leaderless resistance ", which encourages the independent action of small groups and lone wolves, without an overarching centralised hierarchy. This model minimises risks of espionage and internal debate , while also fostering a degree of ideological pluralism , so long as it doesn't distract from direct action. This model has been noted both for its capacity to resist infiltration, but also for its tendencies towards isolation, and
1332-551: A refusal to negotiate or compromise with class enemies. Associated closely with the Italian anarchist movement , the theory of insurrectionary anarchism has historically been linked with a number of high-profile assassinations , as well as the bombing campaigns of the Galleanisti and Informal Anarchist Federation (FAI). Among the earliest inspirations for insurrectionary anarchism was Max Stirner 's 1845 book The Ego and Its Own ,
1406-637: A series of taunts for the police, then fled to the East Coast. He survived in abject poverty, hidden in the homes of other Galleanists, until his death in 1932. On December 6, 1916, the Galleanist Alfonso Fagotti was arrested for stabbing a policeman during a riot in Boston's North Square . The next day Galleanists exploded a bomb at the Salutation Street station of the Boston harbor police. Fagotti
1480-402: A tract that upheld a kind of proto- individualist anarchism . Stirner distinguished between " revolution " and " insurrection ", defining the aims of "revolution" to be a new arrangement of society by a state , while he considered the aims of an "insurrection" to be the rejection of such arrangements and the free self-organisation of individuals. During the 1870s, the idea of " propaganda of
1554-485: A wave of arrests against insurrectionary anarchists, including one of the attackers Alfredo Cospito , which briefly put the FAI into an "operational stasis" before they resumed parcel bomb attacks the following year. Over a decade of active operations, the FAI claimed 50 violent attacks, having caused 10 injuries and no deaths. Since the dissolution of the Red Brigades , insurrectionary anarchists have been considered by
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#17328456319521628-542: A wave of arrests against insurrectionists. When one of the Italian insurrectionists was threatened with deportation, the Galleanists responded with a bombing campaign , sending letter bombs to industrialists, politicians and lawyers. None of the bombs hit their targets, instead injuring a housekeeper and accidentally killing one of the insurrectionist conspirators. Although the conspirators themselves were never caught, Galleani and other Italian insurrectionists were deported and
1702-464: Is a revolutionary theory and tendency within the anarchist movement that emphasizes insurrection as a revolutionary practice. It is critical of formal organizations such as labor unions and federations that are based on a political program and periodic congresses. Instead, insurrectionary anarchists advocate informal organization and small affinity group based organization. Insurrectionary anarchists put value in attack, permanent class conflict and
1776-711: Is an evil day for the Italians of America, and none of us can any longer deny that there is a Black Hand Society in the United States." The roots of the Black Hand can be traced to the Kingdom of Naples as early as the 1750s. The English language term typically refers to the organization established by Italian immigrants in the United States during the 1850s and 60s. Some of the immigrants formed criminal syndicates, living alongside each other and largely victimizing fellow immigrants. By 1900, Black Hand operations were firmly established in
1850-820: The Bresci Circle in honor of Gaetano Bresci , the anarchist assassin of Umberto I of Italy . By 1914, almost 600 members met regularly at a rundown house in East Harlem . A plot to bomb the Rockefellers increased police interest in the group. Several months after the 1914 Ludlow Massacre that had incensed Galleanisti, a group of anarchists carried a bomb to the Tarrytown estate of the Ludlow coal mine owner, John D. Rockefeller , in July 1914. They miscalculated, both in failing to trigger
1924-688: The Cold War drew to a close, he called for insurrectionary anarchists to coordinate themselves into an informal "Anti-Authoritarian Insurrectionist International" in order to build contact and exchange ideas, but this project was stillborn. During the 1980s, Italian insurrectionary anarchists began carrying out small acts of vandalism against "soft targets" such as telecommunications and electricity infrastructure . These were usually carried out by small informal groups, largely distributed throughout Northern and Central Italy , that focused on localised social conflicts. These attacks escalated into violence during
1998-523: The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) during the 1912 Lawrence textile strike , following which they entered into a fierce polemic. However, outside observers paid little attention to the differences between the anarchist factions, who were generally viewed as part of the same "amorphous inscrutable threat". Galleani advocated for propaganda of the deed , which was taken up throughout North America by
2072-497: The Years of Lead , when the country was marked by instances of left-wing and right-wing terrorism . In 1977, Alfredo Bonanno published his book Armed Joy , which espoused a critique of work , emphasised the feeling of joy and advocated for the use of revolutionary violence. Although Bonanno was imprisoned for the book's publication and the Italian state ordered all copies be destroyed, he continued to pen insurrectionist manifestos. As
2146-556: The anti-globalization movement , as well as by the Sardinian nationalist Costantino Cavalleri and the American individualist Wolfi Landstreicher. In the United States, insurrectionary anarchism had largely been sidelined until the establishment of Up Against the Wall Motherfucker , which promoted the use of violent direct action in solidarity with the King assassination riots . During
2220-529: The labor movement . Galleanists remain the primary suspects in a campaign of bombings between 1914 and 1920 in the United States. Galleani and his group promoted radical anarchism by speeches, newsletters, labor agitation, political protests, secret meetings, and, above all, direct action, often referred to as propaganda of the deed . Many used bombs and other violent means to promote their political position, practices that Galleani actively encouraged but in which he apparently did not participate, except for writing
2294-588: The 1890s, killing French President Sadi Carnot , Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo , Austrian Empress Elisabeth Wittelsbach and Italian King Umberto Savoy . Meanwhile, the question of organisation had divided the Italian anarchist movement into the syndicalists, who advocated for organisation within the labour movement, and the insurrectionists, who emphasised violent and illegal forms of self-organised direct action. The insurrectionary anarchists rejected all forms of formal organisation, including anarchist federations and trade unions, and criticised
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2368-600: The Anarchist Exclusion Act, a law that expanded the list of activities that defined someone as an anarchist and justified deportation . In turn, Galleani and his followers distributed a flyer in February 1919 that said: "Deportation will not stop the storm from reaching these shores. The storm is within and very soon will leap and crash and annihilate you in blood and fire... We will dynamite you!" A series of bombings of prominent businessmen and officials followed, including
2442-497: The April 1917 American entry into World War I and Galleani's advice to avoid draft registration . Their motives for emigrating varied from draft evasion to fighting the then-ongoing Mexican Revolution to preparing for an expected revolutionary moment in Italy. Morale quickly waned as they created new identities but struggled to find work, communicate through language barriers, contribute to
2516-526: The Argentine anarchist Severino Di Giovanni , another advocate of revolutionary violence. Di Giovanni would be executed for his crimes and Coacci deported from Argentina. After World War II , Coacci returned and lived there for the rest of his life. Buda returned to Italy shortly after the Wall Street bombing, and lived there until his death in 1963. Insurrectionary anarchist Insurrectionary anarchism
2590-629: The FAI carried out a series of bombing attacks against various officials of the European Union , including the European President Romano Prodi , although none of the letter bombs sent out caused any injuries. A further series of letter bomb attacks were carried out by the FAI in 2010 and 2011, during which a number of people were injured. After a cell of the FAI kneecapped an executive of Ansaldo Nucleare in 2012, fears of anarchist terrorism spread rapidly throughout Italy. This led to
2664-515: The Galleanist group. A woman standing across the street from Superintendent Mills' home was struck above the eye by a metal slug. At each site leaflets were scattered denouncing "the priests, the exploiters, the judges and police, and the soldiers" whose time was coming to an end. In response to the violence and social unrest, in October 1918, Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1918 , also known as
2738-572: The Galleanisti, including Frank Abarno , Gabriella Segata Antolini , Pietro Angelo , Luigi Bacchetti , Mario Buda (also known as "Mike Boda"), Carmine Carbone, Andrea Ciofalo, Ferrucio Coacci , Emilio Coda , Alfredo Conti, Nestor Dondoglio (also known as "Jean Crones"), Roberto Elia , Luigi Falzini, Frank Mandese , Riccardo Orciani , Nicola Recchi , Giuseppe Sberna , Andrea Salsedo , Raffaele Schiavina , Carlo Valdinoci , and, most notably, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti . Carlo Buda,
2812-755: The Immigration Department, the Justice Department arrested thousands in a series of coordinated police actions known as the " Palmer Raids " and deported several hundred of them under the Anarchist Exclusion Act . Following Galleani's deportation and the indictment of Sacco and Vanzetti for murder, more bombings occurred in the U.S. Followers of Galleani, especially Buda, were suspected in the Wall Street bombing of 1920, which killed 38 people and severely wounded 143. Historians believe Buda to be
2886-534: The Italian Black Hand extortion rackets , in which the attacker would write a threat of future violence and place bombs in doorways. These extortionists adapted fireworks , a popular Italian industry, with shrapnel or stolen dynamite from construction jobs. Anarchists, however, lacked the community experience with high explosives and thus overestimated their ability to create working bombs and underestimated their own risk. New York City Galleanisti formed
2960-529: The Italian communities of major US cities, including Philadelphia, Chicago, New Orleans, Scranton, San Francisco, New York, Boston, and Detroit. In 1907, a Black Hand headquarters was discovered in Hillsville, Pennsylvania , a village located a few miles west of New Castle, Pennsylvania . The Black Hand in Hillsville established a school to train members in the use of the stiletto . Another Black Hand headquarters
3034-583: The Italian government to be among the most dangerous domestic terrorists in Italy , second only to Islamic terrorists . The FAI's example was followed on an international scale by a number of other insurrectionary anarchist groups, most notably the Conspiracy of Cells of Fire (CCF) in Greece , who joined together with the FAI to launch what they called the "Black International". Parts of Bonanno's insurrectionary programme have also been taken up by anarchist sections of
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3108-566: The Mexican Revolution, and accept that the Italian revolution would not be forthcoming. Growing increasingly disillusioned, the group split by August, with most traveling north for work and some traveling south for Latin America. Mario Buda is thought to have constructed the large black powder bomb with an acid "delay" detonator that exploded on November 24, 1917 at a Milwaukee police station . Patrolmen had taken it there after its discovery in
3182-436: The agent's successes, such as leading the raid on Cronacca Sovversiva and his arrest of Raffaele Schiavina and Andrea Ciafolo, were well known to Galleanist militants. The Galleanists intended their bombs to be delivered on May Day , the international day of communist, anarchist, and socialist revolutionary solidarity. Only a few of the packages were delivered. Because the plotters had neglected to add sufficient postage, one of
3256-470: The alias Jean Crones, laced soup with arsenic in an attempt to poison some 100 guests, all figures in industry, business, finance, or law, at a banquet in 1916 to honor Archbishop Mundelein . J.B. Murphy, a doctor among the guests, furnished a hastily prepared emetic that induced vomiting. None of the guests died, though many suffered greatly. Police discovered many vials of poison when they searched Dondoglio's rooms, but never apprehended him. Dondoglio left
3330-441: The anarchist opposition to hierarchical organisation , but goes even further as to oppose any form of organisational structure in general. Instead, insurrectionists emphasise small, informal and temporary forms of organisation, such as affinity groups , that can together undertake direct action . Often formed from pre-existing interpersonal relationships , these groups utilise consensus decision-making to collectively elaborate
3404-490: The bomb-making manual La Salute è in voi! . The Galleanisti were a group of Italian anarchists and radicals in the United States who followed Luigi Galleani and his message of "heroic" violence in the face of capitalist oppression. Galleani was a figurehead in the Italian anarchist movement who, following the violence of the 1913 Paterson silk strike , turned from promoting a general strike to promoting individual acts of violence against capitalist targets. He believed that
3478-495: The bomber, as revenge for the indictment of Sacco and Vanzetti , his friends. Buda possibly had experience with dynamite from work in Michigan. The Wall Street explosion was timed for noon, a busy time of day. An extortionist leaflet found nearby demanded the release of political prisoners . In 1927, more bombings were attributed to Galleanists, especially as several court and prison officials were targeted, including Webster Thayer ,
3552-600: The bombings were used as justification for repression of the 1919 strike wave . During the subsequent political repression , the Italian anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested on charges of armed robbery. The Galleanists responded by carrying out the Wall Street bombing , killing 38 people and making the task of exonerating the pair more difficult. Nevertheless, the Galleanists continued their efforts to aid Sacco and Vanzetti, who they considered to have been framed. In 1922, they began publication of L'Adunata dei refrattari , in which they encouraged their readers to break
3626-547: The brother of Galleanist bombmaker Mario Buda , said of him, "You heard Galleani speak, and you were ready to shoot the first policeman you saw." Galleanists were primary suspects in a campaign of bombings between 1914 and 1920. Instances included mail bombs to business and government officials and the 1920 Wall Street bombing , which killed 38 people. In effect, however, none of the Galleanisti bombs hit their targets: capitalists, police, or judges. Their casualties were themselves and bystanders. Their bombing methods borrowed from
3700-420: The deed " was initially developed by Italian anarchists to mean small direct actions that would inspire others to themselves carry out acts of insurrection. Insurrectionists viewed every riot or rebellion as a kind of "revolutionary gymnastics" which could lead to a generalised social revolution . Driven by this theory, Italian individualist anarchists carried out a series of high-profile assassinations during
3774-433: The development of an unofficial leadership. While informal organisation can allow for a certain amount of flexibility and adaptability, information sharing is also hampered by its compartmentalised structure and the reliance of interpersonal trust can present a barrier to recruitment. Black Hand (extortion) Black Hand ( Italian : Mano Nera ) was a type of Italian extortion racket. Originally developed in
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#17328456319523848-553: The device and since Rockefeller was then out of town. A member of the Circle was arrested and the bomb, which they carried to an East Harlem tenement near the Circle's headquarters, exploded, demolishing half of the building and killing three anarchists. While no group took responsibility for four additional bombings in 1914, the police continued to suspect the Bresci Circle. In October 1914, bombs exploded at St. Patrick's Cathedral and
3922-612: The eighteenth century, Black Hand extortion was exported to the United States in the later nineteenth century with Italian immigrants . Black Hand was a method of extortion practised by Italian immigrant gangsters of the Camorra and the Mafia , especially in the United States in Italian-American ghettos or neighbourhoods. American newspapers in the first half of the twentieth century sometimes made reference to an organized "Black Hand Society",
3996-605: The group; both were bombmakers. Recchi lost his left hand to a premature explosion, but kept making bombs. Postal workers and police also found bombs before they detonated or failed, including many of the 36 mail bombs in 1919. With the public and the press clamoring for action, US Attorney General Palmer and other government officials began a series of investigations. They used warrantless wiretaps , reviews of subscription records to radical publications, and other measures to investigate thousands of anarchists, communists, and other radicals. With evidence in hand and after agreement with
4070-581: The homes of judges, businessmen, a mayor, an immigration inspector, and a church. The new bombs used up to twenty-five pounds of dynamite packed with metal slugs to act as shrapnel , all contained in a cast steel pipe. Among the intended victims were politicians who had endorsed anti-sedition laws and deportation, or judges such as Charles C. Nott , who had sentenced anarchists to long prison terms. The homes of Mayor Harry L. Davis of Cleveland, Judge W.H.S. Thompson, Massachusetts State Representative Leland Powers , and Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer , already
4144-594: The late 1990s, when insurrectionists began carrying out bombings and assaults. The escalation initially caught the Italian authorities off guard, as they were used to these attacks being carried out without casualties. Between the years of 1999 and 2003, four insurrectionist groups carried out a series of more than 20 bombing attacks, following which they merged together into the Informal Anarchist Federation (FAI) in December 2003. To announce their formation,
4218-492: The men. In late April 1919, approximately 36 dynamite package bombs , all with identical packaging and addressed to a cross-section of politicians, justice officials, and businessmen, including John D. Rockefeller , were sent through the mail. An early lead to the identity of the bombers was revealed when one package bomb was found addressed to a Bureau of Investigation (BOI) field agent, Rayme Weston Finch. Finch had been tracking several Galleanists, including Carlo Valdinoci, and
4292-574: The mid-2000s, nihilists that were inspired by the rise of insurrectionism in Europe established Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed (AJODA), which took up the insurrectionist calls to violence and whose members participated in occupation protests . Insurrectionary anarchists went onto play a leading role in the Occupy movement , although they often clashed with activists that promoted civil disobedience and prefigurative politics , and ultimately failed to develop
4366-422: The movement's reformist and activist tendencies for failing to take "immediate action". Although both tendencies advocated for anarchist communism , pro-organisationalists such as Francesco Saverio Merlino and Errico Malatesta considered the insurrectionists to really constitute a tendency of individualist anarchism , due to their belief in individual sovereignty and natural law . Contemporaneous with
4440-588: The newspaper Man! , intended as a means to revive the Galleanism of the previous decade. For Graham and his collaborators, the social revolution was to be built on individuals achieving a form of enlightenment that would break them from "every law, custom and sham creed in which he now finds himself trapped". Like early insurrectionists, Man! rejected syndicalism and the labour movement, which they considered to be inherently authoritarian , and frequently criticised union officials for corruption. Graham also formulated
4514-467: The offices of Cronaca Sovversiva , suppressed publication, and arrested its editors. Although a staff member hid the subscription list, officials gained more than 3,000 names and addresses of subscribers from an issue already prepared for mailing. On January 17, 1918, a 19-year-old Galleanist, Gabriella Segata Antolini , was arrested for transporting a satchel filled with dynamite , which she had received from Carlo Valdinoci. When questioned, Antolini gave
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#17328456319524588-544: The packages was discovered, and its distinctive markings enabled the interception of most of the rest. No one was killed by the mail bombs that were delivered, but a black housekeeper, Ethel Williams, had her hands blown off when she opened a package sent to the home of Senator Thomas W. Hardwick , a sponsor of the Immigration Act of 1918. In June 1919, the Galleanists managed to explode eight large bombs nearly simultaneously in several different U.S. cities. Targets included
4662-406: The pair out of prison and carry out retributive violence against the responsible state officials. This further exacerbated the split between the syndicalists and insurrectionists, as the two factions excluded each other from their own campaigns. Political repression largely drove the insurrectionary anarchist movement underground, with Marcus Graham declaring that they would continue to operate on
4736-474: The police of entrapment , since the undercover agent supplied the bomb materials and laboratory. Their trial revolved around La Salute è in voi and the defendants' right to read any books of any kind, including bomb-making handbooks. They ultimately received sentences for six to twelve years. The case rekindled fear of easily accessible bomb-making instructions and sensationalism around anarchism. One Chicago -based Galleanist, chef Nestor Dondoglio, known by
4810-682: The priest's house at St. Alphonsus Church . There were also attacks on the Bronx County Courthouse and the Tombs , a Manhattan jail. The newly inaugurated New York City bomb squad sent undercover detectives to infiltrate the group . The plant coordinated a trap for an attempted bombing at St. Patrick's in March 1915 that involved fifty disguised officers and caught Frank Abarno and Carmine Carbone. The anarchists and police differ in their accounts of initial meetings, including Abarno and Carbone accusing
4884-421: The rise of anarcho-syndicalism , insurrectionary anarchism was promoted in the United States by the Italian immigrant Luigi Galleani , through his newspaper Cronaca Sovversiva . Galleani was a staunch anti-organisationalist, opposing anarchist participation in the labour movement, which he felt displayed reformist tendencies and a receptiveness to corruption . This stance brought Galleani into conflict with
4958-633: The spectacle of terrorism would trigger popular revolt. For the part of his followers, Galleani prompted a symbolic war that continued after his deportation and the raid on the offices of his newspaper, Cronaca Sovversiva . The police used La Salute è in voi , Galleani's Italian-language bomb-making handbook, to profile anarchist accused. Historians later used the handbook as proof of Galleanist responsibility for crimes and detectives referenced it as evidence of Galleanist conspiracy. Its invocation represented power through threat of violence. Galleani attracted numerous radical friends and/or followers into
5032-466: The subsequent cessation of publication in 1939. By the 1940s, the insurrectionary anarchist movement was only a marginal force, concentrated around L'Adunata dei refrattari in New York. The periodical slowly declined until the early 1970s, when it was finally succeeded by the anti-authoritarian publication Fifth Estate . Insurrectionary anarchism re-emerged within the Italian anarchist movement during
5106-585: The trial judge in the Sacco-Vanzetti case. and their executioner, Robert Elliott . In 1932, Thayer was a target again; the front of his house was destroyed by a package bomb , and his wife and housekeeper were injured, but he was unscathed. Thayer lived in the Boston University Club until his death, guarded by a private bodyguard and police. After being deported to Italy, Coacci and Recchi quickly departed for Argentina . There Coacci joined forces with
5180-514: Was being held. Although Salsedo had admitted that he was an anarchist and had printed the flyer, no other arrests for the bombings followed. The police lacked evidence and other Galleanists refused to talk. Elia was deported; according to his lawyer, he turned down an offer to remain in the United States if he would deny his connection to the Galleanists, asserting that his refusal to talk "is my only title of honor". After Valdinoci's death, Coacci and Recchi appeared to have taken more prominent roles in
5254-555: Was convicted, imprisoned, and later deported to Italy. Some historians have also suspected the Galleanists of perpetrating the Preparedness Day bombing in San Francisco on July 22, 1916. No known Galleanists were among those indicted for the attack, but the time bomb 's design and construction – a cast steel pipe packed with explosives, a timing mechanism , and metal slugs designed to act as shrapnel and increase casualties –
5328-589: Was later discovered in Boston, Massachusetts . This headquarters, managed by Antonio Mirabito , allegedly operated from New England to as far south as New York City. Police were hopeful that Mirabito's arrest would assist in ending the practice of Black Hand, but it continued in the area for about another decade. More successful immigrants were usually targeted, although as many as 90% of Italian immigrants and workmen in New York and other communities were threatened with extortion. Typical Black Hand tactics involved sending
5402-512: Was this last feature that inspired a journalist writing for The New York Herald to refer to the communications as 'Black Hand' letters – a name that stuck, and indeed, soon became synonymous with crime in Little Italy ." The term "Black Hand" was readily adopted by the American press and generalized to the idea of an organized criminal conspiracy, which came to be known as "The Black Hand Society." Tenor Enrico Caruso received
5476-640: Was typical of later Galleanist bombing campaigns, the work of Mario Buda in particular. Additionally, in an ominous apparent reference to the earlier mass poisoning by the Galleanist Nestor Dondoglio, San Francisco police recovered two unsigned letters urging the head waiter at the St. Francis Hotel to poison soup served to Police Commissioner James Woods, one of the organizers of the Preparedness Day march. About 60 Galleanisti left for Mexico following
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