148-581: The Frick Art Research Library (formerly known as the Frick Art Reference Library) is the art library of The Frick Collection , located in New York City. The library, founded in 1920 by Helen Clay Frick, offers access to materials on the study of art to students, scholars, and the public. Its collection encompasses art from the fourth to the mid-twentieth century. It serves the greater art and art history research community—in person and online—and
296-825: A WARC file . A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards. Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive. As of March 2014 , Archive-It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U.S. states and 16 countries that have captured more than 7.4 billion URLs for more than 2,444 public collections. Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions, museums, law libraries, and cultural organizations, including
444-576: A free and open Internet . Its mission is committing to provide "universal access to all knowledge". The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers , which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. Its web archive , the Wayback Machine , contains hundreds of billions of web captures. The Archive also oversees numerous book digitization projects , collectively one of
592-502: A 19th-century terracotta bust by Joseph Chinard , a marble bust by Houdon; a bust by Massimiliano Soldani Benzi , and a clock. Acquisitions since the 2010s have included 131 Meissen porcelains , as well as 28 objects from collector Alexis Gregory (including rare clocks and enamels). The Frick Collection has historically hosted temporary exhibitions less frequently than similar museums. It initially focused almost exclusively on its permanent collection, with one temporary exhibit
740-448: A French noblewoman, Monet's Vétheuil in Winter , and a Paul Cézanne landscape. This was followed in the 1950s by three Italian Renaissance paintings, David's portrait of Antonio Bartolomeo Bruni , and Jan van Eyck 's Virgin and Child, with Saints and Donor . The collection had only one 17th-century French work until the 1960s, when the museum obtained Claude Lorrain 's painting of
888-512: A Man , Vermeer's Mistress and Maid , and a Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington . In the half-century after Frick died, thirty objects were added to the original collection. After Frick's death but before the opening of the current museum, the Frick estate's trustees bought the Portrait of Comtesse d'Haussonville by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres , as well as a painting by Duccio and
1036-558: A backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump . Beginning in 2017, OCLC and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's records of digitized books available in WorldCat . Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency, which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani and Andrew McClintock, helps connect artists with the Archive's over 48 petabytes of digitized materials. Over
1184-465: A comparison with the 2023 British Library cyberattack , which affected the UK Web Archive . Beginning October 9, 2024, the Internet Archive's team, including archivist Jason Scott and security researcher Scott Helme, confirmed DDoS attacks, site defacement, and a data breach. The purported hacktivist group SN_BLACKMETA again claimed responsibility. A pop-up on the defaced site claimed that there
1332-550: A database. As of September 5, 2024 , the Internet Archive held over 866 billion web pages, more than 42.5 million print materials, 13 million videos, 3 million TV news, 1.2 million software programs, 14 million audio files, 5 million images, and 272,660 concerts in its Wayback Machine. Created in early 2006, Archive-It is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives. Archive-It allows
1480-476: A decorative-arts conservation program, and the number of annual visitors nearly doubled under his tenure. The museum's collection remained largely unchanged over the next several years, as Helen Frick opposed any expansions, saying that her father would not have wanted items to be added. Helen resigned from the museum's board of trustees in 1961, when the board finally voted to accept Rockefeller's gift. Assistant director Harry D. M. Grier replaced Biebel, becoming
1628-550: A description and tags which make them more searchable. Some file types can be previewed directly on the site, where as others have to be downloaded in order to be opened. If multiple multimedia files exist in an item, the website generates a playlist for video or audio files, or a slide show for pictures. If an item contains at least one video or picture, the Archive generates a preview thumbnail that can be seen on collection pages and in searches. Items can contain mixed data such as music files with an album cover picture, in which case
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#17328524578871776-426: A donation of 250,000 books from Trent University in 2018, and the entire collection of Marygrove College 's library after it closed in 2020. All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is lent to patrons worldwide one at a time under the controlled digital lending (CDL) theory of
1924-590: A guidebook on the collection, its history, and the Frick House. The Frick launched its Diptych series in 2017; the series consists of short books with essays that relate to paintings from the museum's collection. The museum is ordinarily located at the Henry Clay Frick House at 1 East 70th Street, which is part of Fifth Avenue's Museum Mile . The house spans an entire blockfront on Fifth Avenue between 70th and 71st Streets. The original structure from 1914
2072-721: A historical overview of St. Francis in the Desert . After some works from the Mauritshuis in The Hague were displayed at the Frick in 2013, the Frick displayed several paintings at the Mauritshuis in 2015, marking the first time that the Frick lent paintings to a European museum. During the mid- and late 2010s, the subjects of the Frick's exhibits included paintings from the Scottish National Gallery 's collection, paintings from
2220-598: A million photocopies of artwork, including objects that are not in the museum's collection. The Frick has been part of the New York Art Resources Consortium (NYARC), which also includes the Museum of Modern Art and Brooklyn Museum , since 2007. NYARC operates Arcade, an online catalog that combines the collections of the three museums' libraries. The Center for the History of Collecting, also founded in 2007,
2368-500: A mobile app in 2014, allowing visitors to bookmark artworks in the museum's collection. After the Frick closed for renovation, museum officials launched several digital programs, including drawing classes and discussions about artwork. Every year since 2000, the Frick hosts the Young Fellows Ball, a springtime gala for philanthropists who are largely under age 40. The museum also started hosting an annual Garden Party in 2008;
2516-486: A month in the middle of the year. Artworks were arranged based on how they blended in with the house's ambiance, rather than being arranged by year. Within a year of the museum's opening, demand had declined enough that officials decided to scale down, and then eliminate, its timed-entry ticketing system. The ropes throughout the house were taken down, and visitors were allowed to visit the Frick House's rooms in any order. Museum officials also presented lectures five days
2664-506: A neighboring townhouse at 9 East 70th Street in 1940 and used that building as storage space. Museum officials constructed a vault in 1941 to protect the artwork from air raids . During World War II, the museum continued to host visitors, but some rooms were closed, and more than five dozen paintings and all of the sculptures were moved into storage. Museum officials took these pieces out of storage in May 1945 and restored them; other artworks in
2812-404: A position he would hold for thirty-five years. As part of a master plan in 1967, the Frick's trustees drew up plans for an annex at 7 and 9 East 70th Street. By the early 1970s, the museum recorded about 800 daily visitors and employed 75 staff members. The next year, the museum began asking visitors to pay an optional admission fee due to rising taxes and expenses. After Grier was killed in
2960-482: A set of porcelains. Toward the end of Frick's life, he focused on porcelains, sculptures, and furniture. Although Frick made over a thousand acquisitions over his lifetime, he resold most of the things he bought. The original collection contained 635 pieces of art or decorations when Frick died. When the museum opened, it displayed 136 or about 200 paintings in addition to porcelains, enamels, and bronzes. There were also 80 sculptures on display. Helen Clay Frick and
3108-806: A subscription-based service of the Internet Archive. The NYARC consortium's web archiving program preserves at-risk websites across 10 public collections, such as those of New York City-based galleries, artists, auction houses, catalogues raisonnés, and art restitution research initiatives. The Frick Art Research Library/NYARC is also a founding member of the Collaborative ART Archive (CARTA). As of 2024, CARTA archives over 1,000 websites across 8 public collections related to art history and contemporary art practice. The library’s Digital Art History program encourages exploration of new, interdisciplinary, and computational approaches to art historical research, creates tools, and publishes databases. Among its resources
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#17328524578873256-567: A traffic accident in 1972, Everett Fahy was appointed as the museum's fourth director in 1973. The museum announced plans to construct an annex at 5–9 East 70th Street. After the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) expressed concerns over the fact that the expansion would require the demolition of the Widener House at 5 East 70th Street, the museum announced a plan for a "temporary garden" on
3404-401: A two-week loan of e-books in its controlled digital lending program for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners from six countries after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a free and open-source software project, with its source code freely available on GitHub . The Open Library faces objections from some authors and
3552-458: A week during the late 1930s, and they started hosting afternoon concert series in November 1938; these concerts and lectures continued throughout Clapp's tenure at the museum. Clapp also obtained fresh flowers each day and placed them in the first-floor galleries for esthetic purposes. Three magnolia trees were planted on the grounds in 1939. To expand their land holdings, museum officials bought
3700-529: A year during the 1960s. Since 1972, the Frick has sometimes hosted small exhibitions on narrowly defined topics; in some cases, exhibitions have consisted of a single painting. By the 2010s, the museum hosted five exhibits a year on average, and exhibitions were scheduled several years in advance. Temporary exhibitions in the 1970s included an exhibit in honor of the museum's late director Harry D. M. Grier, bronzes by Severo Calzetta da Ravenna , and drawings by Fragonard. Topics of temporary exhibitions during
3848-575: Is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit operating in the United States. In 2019, it had an annual budget of $ 37 million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation . The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching $ 6 million in donations. It uses Ubuntu as its choice of operating system for
3996-595: Is a map search interface. The library freely shares its datasets on GitHub . Its public programs, including lectures and symposia, are archived online. More Digital Art History projects and resources, such as mapping the Photoarchive’s photography campaigns, are listed on the library’s Digital Initiatives page. The Frick Photoarchive is a founding member of PHAROS, the International Consortium of Photo Archives. The position of chief librarian has been known as
4144-678: Is a member of the New York Art Resources Consortium (which also includes the libraries of the Brooklyn Museum and the Museum of Modern Art ). Helen Clay Frick founded the Frick Art Reference Library—renamed in 2024 to the Frick Art Research Library—in 1920 as a memorial to her father, Henry Clay Frick , who had died in 1919. Its first home was the bowling alley of the Henry Clay Frick House ;
4292-560: Is also part of the library. The Frick is a member of the International Consortium of Photo Archives (PHAROS), which operates a database of digitized artworks from the collections of 14 art museums. Internet Archive The Internet Archive is an American non-profit organization founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle that runs a digital library website, archive.org. It provides free access to collections of digitized media including websites , software applications , music , audiovisual , and print materials. The Archive also advocates
4440-413: Is also prohibited from selling items in its collection and seldom acquires new works. Some of the works are normally not visible to the public but can be displayed as necessary. The Frick has sometimes borrowed paintings for long periods, including a portrait of Cosimo de' Medici that was displayed in the museum from 1970 to 1989. Purchases of new art were funded by the museum's endowment until 2016, when
4588-498: Is another project of the Internet Archive. The project seeks to include a web page for every book ever published: it holds 25 million catalog records of editions. It also seeks to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public domain books (out of the more than five million from the main texts collection ), as well as in-print and in-copyright books, many of which are fully readable, downloadable and full-text searchable ; it offers
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4736-518: Is back to normal: 1,500 requests per second". On October 20, threat actors stole unrotated API tokens and breached Internet Archive on its Zendesk email support platform; they also claimed responsibility for the other breaches yet stated that SN_BLACKMETA was behind just the DDoS attacks. On October 21, Internet Archive went back online in a read-only manner. On October 22, all Internet Archive services temporarily went offline, but later that same day, only
4884-477: Is housed at a 13-story building at 10 East 71st Street (next to the original mansion). Prior to the library building's opening, the basement bowling alley was used as storage space for the library's collection. The library has always been open to the public, except during World War II, when it was closed for six months, and during the COVID-19 pandemic and 2020 renovation, when it was shuttered while being moved to
5032-690: Is located at the Henry Clay Frick House , a Beaux-Arts mansion designed for Henry Clay Frick. The Frick also houses the Frick Art Research Library , an art history research center established by Frick's daughter Helen Clay Frick in 1920, which contains sales catalogs, books, periodicals, and photographs. The museum dates to 1920, when the trustees of Frick's estate formed the Frick Collection Inc. to care for his art collection, which he had bequeathed for public use. After Frick's wife Adelaide Frick died in 1931, John Russell Pope converted
5180-495: Is scheduled to reopen in April 2025. The Frick has about 1,500 pieces in its collection as of 2021. Artists with works in the collection include Bellini , Fragonard , Gainsborough , Goya , Holbein , Rembrandt , Titian , Turner , Velázquez , Vermeer , and Whistler . The museum has gradually acquired additional pieces over the years to supplement the paintings in Frick's original collection. In addition to its permanent collection,
5328-688: Is the ARt Image Exploration Space (ARIES), an open-source, cloud-based browser application that allows users to create data visualizations and compare and manipulate digital images. ARIES was developed with New York University’s Tandon School of Engineering and the Universidade Federal Fluminense , Brazil. The Montias Database of Seventeenth Century Dutch Inventories contains information on nearly 1,300 inventories of goods and over 51,000 works of art owned in Amsterdam during
5476-492: Is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it had added BitTorrent to its file download options for more than 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files. This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive, as files are served from two Archive data centers, in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve
5624-541: The ARChive of Contemporary Music . A project to preserve recordings of amateur radio transmissions, with funding from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications foundation. The Live Music Archive sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as
5772-810: The Andrew W. Mellon Chief Librarian since 1990. There have been seven chief librarians of the Frick Art Research Library: Frick Collection The Frick Collection (colloquially known as the Frick ) is an art museum on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City , New York , U.S. It was established in 1935 to preserve the art collection of the industrialist Henry Clay Frick . The collection consists of 14th- to 19th-century European paintings, as well as other pieces of European fine and decorative art. It
5920-551: The Arcadia Fund . A year later, the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called "Unlocking University Press Books". The Library of Congress created numerous Handle System identifiers that pointed to free digitized books in the Internet Archive. The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on
6068-554: The Coronation of the Virgin by Paolo Veneziano . The Giuseppe Bastiani painting Adoration of Magi was acquired in 1935. Works by Cimabue, Duccio, della Francesca, and Filippo Lippi entered the museum's collection for the first time between 1924 and 1950. Shortly after the museum opened, it acquired items such as a Renaissance-era panel by della Francesca, a portrait that Boucher painted of his wife, Jacques-Louis David 's painting of
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6216-606: The Electronic Literature Organization , North Carolina State Archives and Library, Stanford University , Columbia University , American University in Cairo , Georgetown Law Library, and many others. In September 2020, Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve open access academic journals, called Internet Archive Scholar . Its full-text search index includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in
6364-455: The Google Cache yet. During the week of May 27, 2024, the Internet Archive suffered a series of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks that made its services unavailable intermittently, sometimes for hours at a time, over a period of several days. The attack was claimed on May 28 by a hacker group called SN_BLACKMETA , with possible links to Anonymous Sudan . The incident drew
6512-571: The Grateful Dead , and more recently, The Smashing Pumpkins . Also, Jordan Zevon has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father Warren Zevon 's concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs. The Great 78 Project aims to digitize 250,000 78 rpm singles (500,000 songs) from the period between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions. It has been developed in collaboration with
6660-665: The Museo dell'Opera del Duomo in Florence, works by Andrea del Sarto , objects by Pierre Gouthière , and canvases by J. M. W. Turner . When the Frick moved to 945 Madison Avenue in the early 2020s, its exhibits included a showcase of Barkley Hendricks paintings (the museum's first exhibit of a black artist's art) and a pair of paintings by Giovanni Bellini and Giorgio da Castelfranco . The museum hosts special events, such as academic symposiums , concerts, and classes. The educational programs are led by Rika Burnham , who became head of
6808-550: The Rijksmuseum , eighteenth- and nineteenth-century drawings from the Stanford Museum , a single Claude Monet painting, drawings by German artists, and drawings by French artists. In 1999, several items in the permanent collection were taken out of storage specifically to complement an exhibition of Ingres's Portrait of Comtesse d'Haussonville . In the early 2000s, the topics of the Frick's exhibitions included drawings in
6956-648: The Sermon on the Mount ; the museum also obtained della Francesca's Crucifixion during that decade. The Frick did not acquire anything between c. 1968 and 1991, when the museum obtained its first Jean-Antoine Watteau painting, Portal of Valenciennes . The museum's other acquisitions in the 1990s and 2000s included one of Corot's oil sketches, two of Jean-Baptiste Greuze 's portraits, and Gabriel de Saint-Aubin 's The Private Academy . After former director Ryskamp died in 2010, he bequeathed some of his collection to
7104-630: The Society of Authors , who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws, and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project. Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications (text items). Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include
7252-605: The United States Federal Courts ' PACER electronic document system via the RECAP web browser plugin. These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013. The Archive's BookReader web app , built into its website, has features such as single-page, two-page, and thumbnail modes; fullscreen mode; page zooming of high-resolution images; and flip page animation. In October 2024,
7400-608: The first-sale doctrine . On June 1, 2020, four large publishing houses – Hachette Book Group , Penguin Random House , HarperCollins , and John Wiley – filed a lawsuit against the Internet Archive before the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York , claiming that the Internet Archive's practice of controlled digital lending constituted copyright infringement . On March 25, 2023,
7548-444: The public domain . The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never complained, while libraries "grumbled". According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's "genius" to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people. In addition to books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from
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#17328524578877696-422: The 1980s included busts by Houdon, French clocks, terracotta sculptures by Clodion , drawings by Ingres, Henry Clay Frick's earliest acquisitions, and Old Master paintings. Especially in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the museum has hosted temporary exhibitions about singular artworks or artists. Among the items exhibited in the 1990s were works by French painter Nicolas Lancret , watercolors from
7844-496: The 1990s, the library had an estimated 235,000 volumes, which grew to 280,000 by the late 2000s. The collections of the library focus on art of the Western tradition from the fourth century to the mid-twentieth century, and chiefly include information about paintings, drawings, sculpture, prints, and illuminated manuscripts. Archival materials supplement its research collections. The Frick Art Research Library Photoarchive contains over
7992-505: The 70th Street lots, which the LPC approved. The original annex was canceled that November, and Frick officials subsequently decided to build a one-story wing on the Widener House's site. The annex had been proposed because, at the time, the mansion could accommodate only 250 people at once. Under Fahy's tenure, the museum began hosting more temporary exhibits, which it had seldom held before Fahy took over. The Frick began charging admission for
8140-557: The Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the information access needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) format. According to its website: Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage. Without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form. The Archive's mission
8288-513: The Archive's collection; the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download. Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by Aaron Swartz , who, with a "bunch of friends", downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to
8436-709: The Committee on the Protection of Cultural Treasures in War Areas—a branch of the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives Section unit, popularly known as the Monuments Men—headquartered at the library and prepared maps indicating historical sites and monuments for Allied troops to avoid during air strikes. The maps and documents were later used to help restitution efforts. The Frick Art Reference Library formally merged with
8584-577: The Fragonard and Boucher rooms in the 1980s. Charles Ryskamp , the former director of the Pierpont Morgan Library , was appointed as the Frick's fifth director in December 1986 after Fahy's resignation, though he did not assume that position for another six months. Under Ryskamp's directorship, some of the paintings were rearranged or brought out of storage. By the 1990s, the art reference library
8732-535: The Frick Art Reference Library, was organized at the mansion after Frick's death, and a dedicated library building opened the next year. During the 1920s, the library added thousands of volumes and photographs to its holdings. Over the years, four additional trustees had to be appointed after their predecessors died. After Adelaide Frick's death in October 1931, the trustees were finally allowed to open
8880-541: The Frick Collection have included Ian Bostridge , Matthias Goerne , Guarneri String Quartet , Wanda Landowska , Gregor Piatigorsky , Artur Schnabel , and Kiri Te Kanawa . The concerts were broadcast on radio starting in 1939, first on the Municipal Broadcasting System , then on American Public Radio and WNYC . Although visitors originally could listen to the concerts free of charge (even after
9028-513: The Frick Collection in 1984. From 2007 to 2021, the Center for the History of Collecting aimed to support the study of the formation of American and European public and private art collections from the Renaissance and colonial periods to the present day. It hosted lectures and symposia, offered fellowships, and awarded a biennial book prize. It created the online publication The Archives Directory for
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#17328524578879176-508: The Frick Collection was a public museum. When the rebuilt library opened in January 1935, it had 200,000 photographs, 18,000 catalogs of art sales, and 45,000 books. The museum itself had a soft opening on December 11, 1935; the preview was noteworthy enough that the names of 700 visitors were published in that day's New York Herald Tribune . The Frick Collection officially opened to the public five days later on December 16. When it opened,
9324-485: The Frick House into a museum, which opened on December 16, 1935. The museum acquired additional works of art over the years, and it expanded the house in 1977 to accommodate increasing visitation. Following fundraising campaigns in the 2000s, a further expansion was announced in the 2010s. From 2021 until March 2024, during the renovation of the Frick House, the Frick Madison operated at 945 Madison Avenue . The Frick House
9472-454: The Frick House while Frick decided whether to buy them. A bust of Henry Clay Frick by Malvina Hoffman was gifted to the museum when it opened in 1935. Other acquisitions of sculpture in the mid-20th century included a Diana bust by Jean-Antoine Houdon , a 15th-century bronze figure of an angel, and a pair of 15th-century Italian marble busts. In the 1990s and 2000s, the Frick received Winthrop Edey 's collection of timekeeping pieces,
9620-493: The Frick House's courtyard. It was relatively low-profile compared to others in New York City, only sporadically expanding its collection and hosting small temporary exhibitions. After Helen Frick died in 1984, the museum took over responsibility for the Frick Art Research Library; initially, the library had no endowment as Helen had not provided anything for the library in her will. Ceiling lights were installed in
9768-535: The Frick House's ornate decoration; the paintings were also grouped according to their age and region of origin. The Frick Madison also included a café. The museum had raised $ 242 million for its capital campaign by the end of 2023. Wardropper announced in January 2024 that he would resign the following year, after the Frick House's renovation was complete. The Frick Madison closed on March 3, 2024. The Henry Clay Frick House and Frick Art Research Library were originally expected to reopen in late 2024, but this
9916-820: The Frick House. Henry Clay Frick was a coke and steel magnate. As early as 1870, he had hung pictures throughout his house in Broadford, Pennsylvania . Frick acquired the first painting in his permanent collection, Luis Jiménez's In the Louvre, in 1880, after moving to Pittsburgh . He did not begin buying paintings in large numbers until the mid-1890s, and he began devoting significant amounts of time to his collection. This made Frick one of several prominent American businessmen who also collected art, along with figures such as Henry Havemeyer and J. P. Morgan . In explaining why he collected art, Frick said, "I can make money... I cannot make pictures." He curated his collection with
10064-680: The Frick House. A group named Friends of the Fellows of the Frick Collection was formed to raise interest in the museum. Colin Bailey was appointed as chief curator in 2000 after Munhall resigned. During the late 1990s, the Helen Clay Frick Foundation proposed moving its archives in Pittsburgh to the Frick Collection's archives, prompting an intra-family debate over whether the collections should be merged. The foundation's collection ultimately
10212-411: The Frick Madison. The library is typically open free of charge to "any adult with a serious interest in art". In the late 20th century, the library served 6,000 people a year on average, most of whom made advance reservations or requests. Helen Frick acted as director for six decades, during which time its collection expanded to include 50,000 sales catalogs, 400,000 photographs, and 150,000 books. By
10360-486: The Frick announced in June 2015 that it would draw up new designs. To attract younger visitors, the museum began hosting free events in the mid-2010s, such as First Fridays. The Frick hired Annabelle Selldorf to design a revised expansion plan for the museum, which was announced in April 2018; the LPC approved Selldorf's plans that June. The Frick then sought to relocate to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum temporarily, but
10508-495: The Frick increased during the decade. Further restorations of the museum's galleries took place through the late 2000s to attract visitors. Poulet announced her retirement in September 2010, and Ian Wardropper was hired as the museum's director in 2011. A sculpture gallery, designed by Davis Brody Bond , opened at the Frick House in December 2011, becoming the first new gallery at the museum in three decades. Bailey resigned as
10656-437: The Frick's classification as a charity, the museum had to raise a third of its budget from donations. The Frick created programs to attract major donors and art collectors, and it began charging admission fees for concerts in 2005. During the 2000s decade, the Frick did not acquire many additional items. In contrast to larger museums, it generally hosted small, detailed exhibits, though the number of short-term exhibitions at
10804-638: The Frick's first Meissen porcelain show, pieces from the Norton Simon Museum 's collection, and a single painting by Parmigianino. The Frick hosted various exhibits in honor of its 75th anniversary in 2010, including an exhibition on its own founding. Other early-2010s exhibits included works from the Dulwich Picture Gallery , works from the Courtauld Gallery , Picasso drawings, Renoir paintings, Piero della Francesca panels, and
10952-525: The Frick. The museum's other acquisitions in the 2010s included a self-portrait by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo that had been owned by Henry Clay Frick's grandson . In 2023, the Frick obtained Giovanni Battista Moroni 's painting Portrait of a Lady , the first Renaissance-era portrait of a woman in the collection. The modern-day museum's collection includes numerous works of sculpture and porcelain , in addition to 18th-century French furniture , Limoges enamel , and Oriental rugs . The objects in
11100-573: The Guggenheim was available for only four months. By September 2018, the Frick was negotiating to take over the Whitney Museum 's space at 945 Madison Avenue ; the Frick finalized a two-year lease for that building in 2020. The Frick closed in mid-March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City ; the opening of the temporary location was delayed due to the pandemic. The museum's collection
11248-622: The History of Collecting , which the library continues to edit, augment, and host today. The program’s other publications include six volumes of the Pennsylvania State University Press series The Frick Collection Studies in the History of Art Collecting in America ; two volumes in Brill’s Studies in the History of Collecting & Art Markets ; and three publications with Centro de Estudios Europa Hispánica. From 2020 to 2024,
11396-471: The Internet Archive before the same United States District Court for the Southern District of New York over the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project for $ 621 million in damages from alleged copyright infringement. In September 2024, Google and the Internet Archive signed a partnership to allow people to see previous versions of websites on Google Search that uses the Wayback Machine, without linking
11544-614: The Internet Archive struck a deal with the Leiden University Library to accept the paper copies of 400,000 uncatalogued foreign dissertations held at the Library that were to be pulped – with a view to digitising them and making them accessible online. The collection includes theses by Niels Bohr , Marie Curie , Émile Durkheim , Albert Einstein , Otto Hahn , Carl Jung , J. Robert Oppenheimer , Max Planck , Luigi Pirandello , Gustav Stresemann and Max Weber . The Open Library
11692-473: The Internet Archive was operating 33 scanning centers in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books, in a total collection of 4.4 million books – including material digitized by others and fed into the Internet Archive; at that time, users were performing more than 15 million downloads per month. The material digitized by others includes more than 300,000 books that were contributed to
11840-664: The Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest open access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World Wide Web. In 2021, the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the General Index , a publicly available index to a collection of 107 million academic journal articles . The Archive stores files inside so-called items, which are similar to directories in that they can contain multiple files, but can have additional metadata such as
11988-476: The Library of Congress website as a source of e-books. In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as Creative Commons licenses. Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria. Each of
12136-507: The Marquis Ambrose de Spinola , Rembrandt's An Old Woman Reflecting Over the Lecture , and Gainsborough 's Mall between 1915 and 1916 alone. He also bought four Boucher panels, although he turned down the opportunity to buy additional panels. From 1917 through 1919, Frick obtained several pieces of Boucher tapestry furniture, Van Dyck's Countess of Clanbrazil , Hals's Portrait of
12284-571: The Money Changers from the Temple , Titian's Portrait of a Man in a Red Cap , one of Rembrandt's self-portraits , and della Francesca's St. John the Evangelist . Some of the earliest works in Frick's collection were portraits of his family, created for his Pittsburgh residence. At the beginning of the 20th century, Frick bought works such as Rembrandt's Portrait of a Young Artist (possibly
12432-507: The University of Toronto's Robarts Library , University of Alberta Libraries , University of Ottawa , Library of Congress , Boston Library Consortium member libraries, Boston Public Library , Princeton Theological Seminary Library , and many others. In 2017, the MIT Press authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's backlist , with financial support from
12580-404: The Wayback Machine, Archive-It, and blog.archive.org were resumed. On October 23, archive.org, the Wayback Machine, Archive-It, and the Open Library services all resumed but with some features, such as logging in, still unavailable until the staff announced it back available in the next day or two. On October 25, the login feature is now back available for now and the site is active. The Archive
12728-411: The World Wide Web to be searched and accessed. It can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like or to visit web sites that no longer even exist. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet (owned by Amazon.com ) and the Internet Archive. Hundreds of billions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in
12876-537: The age of 69, bequeathing the house as a public museum for his art collection. His widow Adelaide Howard Childs Frick continued living in the mansion with her daughter Helen ; if Adelaide died or moved away, the house would be converted to a public museum. At the time, the collection alone was worth $ 30 million, and Frick also provided a $ 15 million endowment for the maintenance of the collection. Nine people, including Adelaide, Helen, and Helen's brother Childs , were named as trustees of his estate; Childs served as
13024-528: The board of trustees expanded the collection after his death; in 2006, the New York Times estimated that about 30 percent of the collection had been acquired after Frick died. Nonetheless, until 1948, the museum accepted donations of art only from Frick family members. The museum can lend works acquired after Frick's death, but not works that he owned in his lifetime; this restriction has prevented works from appearing in other museums' exhibitions. The Frick
13172-455: The chief curator in 2013, and Xavier F. Salomon was hired as the chief curator the same year. During the 2010s, the Frick began raising $ 290 million for its renovation. The collection had reached more than 1,100 works by the mid-2010s. In addition, the museum was hosting an average of five temporary exhibits per year. The Frick House's facilities were not adequate for the museum's modern needs. For example, paintings had to be carried into
13320-520: The collection include 18th-century tapestries that belonged to Louis XV and Louis XVI of France. Frick had acquired some objects from the J. P. Morgan estate specifically to complement the visual art in his collection. Some of these acquisitions included 18th-century French sculptures and furniture, a hawthorn beaker, and Chinese porcelains. In one case, Frick paid $ 1.5 million for some of Morgan's 44 enamels and 225 bronzes. He also acquired 40 Limoges enamels from Morgan's collection in 1919, one of
13468-464: The collection of J. P. Morgan and moved the panels to his house's drawing room. At the time of the house's completion, he owned paintings by such artists as El Greco, Goya, Hals, Rembrandt, Romney, Titian, Anthony van Dyck, and Velázquez. In the late 1910s, Frick acquired additional pieces from outside the Morgan collection, such as Hans Holbein 's portrait of Thomas Cromwell , Rubens 's Portrait of
13616-517: The collection of the Albertina museum, paintings from John Hay Whitney 's collection, El Greco paintings, antique clocks, pieces from the Toledo Museum of Art 's collection, a set of Parmigianino paintings, and three consecutive exhibits of antique bronzes. Later in the decade, the temporary exhibitions included portraits by Hans Memling , paintings by Paolo Veronese , a show of French art,
13764-606: The collection was reassessed at $ 13 million in 1921; this figure was repeated in a revised appraisal of Frick's estate that was filed with the New York state government in 1923. Meanwhile, Helen Frick studied plans for the Witt Library in London in the early 1920s, as she wanted to create a library for Frick's personal collection. Helen catalogued most of the collection over the next decade. The Frick Art Research Library , originally named
13912-580: The collection, between about 2006 and 2008, by Microsoft through its Live Search Books project, which also included financial support and scanning equipment directly donated to the Internet Archive. On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending its Live Book Search project and would no longer be scanning books, donating its remaining scanning equipment to its former partners. Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book Search . As of November 2013 , there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in
14060-485: The course of the yearlong residency, visual artists create a body of work which culminates in an exhibition. The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off. Previous artists in residence include Taravat Talepasand , Whitney Lynn , and Jenny Odell . The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations, such as hundreds of thousands of 78 rpm discs from Boston Public Library in 2017,
14208-408: The court found in favor of the publishers. The negotiated judgment of August 11, 2023, barred the Internet Archive from digitally lending books for which electronic copies are on sale. Also on August 11, 2023, the music industry giants Universal Music Group , Sony Music and Concord (together with their respective labels Capitol Records , Arista Records and CMGI Recorded Music Assets) sued
14356-498: The end of the 19th century, and his acquisitions during the 1900s were increasingly composed of Old Master artworks. By the early 1910s, his collection consisted largely of English and Dutch paintings, with scattered French and Spanish paintings; a magazine article from that time described him as having relatively little interest in Italian Renaissance work. The paintings ranged from the 14th to 19th centuries, and many of
14504-506: The estimated $ 600,000 in damage. An overhaul of the site was launched as beta in November 2014, and the legacy layout was removed in March 2016. In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in Canada . The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build
14652-445: The event, which began as a members-only gathering, evolved into an annual fundraiser. In 2016, the Frick introduced First Fridays, in which patrons could visit the museum for free on the first Friday of every month. First Fridays include gallery talks and activities for visitors. The Concerts from the Frick Collection series was launched in 1938 and has continued through the 20th and 21st centuries. Musicians who have performed at
14800-566: The files. On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive's headquarters in San Francisco's Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. According to the Archive, it lost a side-building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers; cameras, lights, and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and "maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable". The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover
14948-693: The first Old Master painting in the collection ), Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot 's Ville d'Avray , Constant Troyon 's A Pasture in Normandy , and Vermeer's Girl Interrupted at Her Music . From 1905 to 1915, Frick also acquired paintings such as Hals's Portrait of a Woman , Velázquez's Portrait of Philip IV in Fraga , Rembrandt's A Dutch Merchant , and Rembrandt's The Polish Rider . After Frick had finished his own mansion, he brought over several paintings of his firstborn daughter Martha, who had died in her childhood. He also obtained 14 Fragonard panels from
15096-466: The first time in 1976. The annex was completed the next year, along with a garden, designed by British landscape architect Russell Page . The Frick renovated the Boucher Room and cleaned and rearranged its paintings during the following decade. By the mid-1980s, the museum displayed 169 works of art, and the galleries occupied 16 rooms. The museum periodically hosted chamber music performances in
15244-580: The general public in 2001, through the Wayback Machine . In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the web archive, beginning with the Prelinger Archives . Now, the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software . It hosts a number of other projects: the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site Open Library . Soon after that,
15392-448: The head of the Frick estate's board of trustees until his death in 1965. Per the terms of Frick's will, the trustees moved to incorporate Frick's art collection in April 1920, submitting articles of incorporation to the New York state government. The Frick Collection Inc. was incorporated that month. The New York and Pennsylvania state governments fought over which government should collect taxes from Frick's estate. Amid this dispute,
15540-495: The help of Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen . When the Frick family moved from Pittsburgh to New York City in 1905, they leased the William H. Vanderbilt House at 640 Fifth Avenue , and Frick expanded his collection during that time. The collection was spread across their homes in New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts. Thomas Hastings of Carrère and Hastings designed Frick's permanent house at 1 East 70th Street , which
15688-472: The house have been modified over the years specifically to accommodate the artwork, including a room for the Fragonard panels. In addition to the artwork and artifacts on display, there are bookcases placed throughout the Frick House's rooms, and some rooms have various other pieces of furniture such as a dining table. The Frick Collection oversees the Frick Art Research Library, which was established in 1920 and opened to researchers in June 1924. The library
15836-426: The house to the public; they announced in January 1933 that the collection would likely open to the public within a year. John Russell Pope was hired to alter and enlarge the house. Frederick Mortimer Clapp , who had joined the Frick Collection as an advisor in 1931, was hired as the museum's first director. Work on the mansion began in December 1933. A new library wing was constructed on 71st Street to replace
15984-444: The house were rearranged and cleaned as well. The Frick acquired another townhouse at 7 East 70th Street in 1947 and replaced it with a service wing. By the late 1940s, the museum had cumulatively spent about $ 2.9 million in acquisitions since Frick's death. When John D. Rockefeller Jr. offered to donate several pieces of artwork in 1948, Helen Frick objected, arguing that the museum only accepted gifts from Frick family members. In
16132-415: The last things he would personally purchase. Outside of the Morgan collection, Frick also bought the bronzes Bust of a Jurist by Danese Cattaneo , Antonio Galli by Federico Brandani , and Duke of Alba by Jacques Jonghelinck . Although Frick had planned a sculpture gallery to his home in the late 1910s, the lack of other statuary caused him to cancel the plan. Duveen displayed numerous marble busts in
16280-408: The lawsuit that followed, a New York Supreme Court judge ruled that the terms of Frick's will did not prevent the museum from accepting external gifts; the court's Appellate Division upheld this ruling. Rockefeller, who had been on the board of trustees, resigned amid the dispute. Clapp resigned in 1951 and was replaced by the museum's assistant director Franklin M. Biebel . Biebel established
16428-418: The library's staff worked in the house's basement. In 1924, the library was relocated from the bowling alley to a one-story building at 6 East 71st Street next to the Frick residence; the new structure was designed by the architecture firm of Carrère and Hastings . The library’s current building, at 10 East 71st Street, was designed by John Russell Pope and opened to the public January 14, 1935. In 1943-1944,
16576-532: The library, along with the Frick Collection, relocated to Frick Madison (at 945 Madison Avenue) during the renovation of 1 East 70th Street and 10 East 71st Street. The library was renamed Frick Art Research Library in 2024 to better reflect its expanded mission and wealth of digital resources. The library holds a vast array of physical and digital art historical research materials. As of 2024, this includes 300,000 monographs; 3,300 periodical titles; and 100,000 auction catalogs from over 1,000 auction houses, dating from
16724-474: The library’s active digital archive, accessible from anywhere. It includes scanned books, auction catalogs, Photoarchive images, and Archives collections. A portion of digitized materials is also available on Internet Archive . The library formally initiated a collaborative web archiving program in January 2014, as a member of the New York Art Resources Consortium (NYARC). NYARC's web archive collections are developed and maintained in partnership with Archive-It,
16872-552: The main collections includes a "Community" sub-collection (formerly named "Open Source") where general contributions by the public are stored. The Audio Archive includes music, audiobooks , news broadcasts, old time radio shows, podcasts , and a wide variety of other audio files. As of January 2023 , there are more than 15,000,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others. The sound collections are curated by B. George , director of
17020-434: The museum did not charge admission fees, but staff distributed timed-entry tickets to prevent crowding. Although about 600 tickets were distributed daily to people who showed up in person, other visitors had to make reservations several weeks in advance due to high demand. Ropes were placed throughout the house to force visitors to follow a specific path. The galleries were originally closed on holidays, Sundays, and for
17168-400: The museum has hosted small temporary exhibitions on narrowly defined topics, as well as academic symposiums , concerts, and classes. The Frick Collection typically has up to 300,000 visitors annually and has an endowment fund to support its programming. Commentary on the museum over the years has been largely positive, particularly in relation to the works themselves and their juxtaposition with
17316-535: The museum launched a website in the 1990s, and replaced the lighting and hosted additional special exhibitions. Sachs also contemplated expanding the exhibition space, adding a café, and relocating the entrance to the house's garden. In addition, the museum began providing complimentary audio guides for the mansion and artworks and, in the early 21st century, added the Bloomberg Connects smartphone app. Museum officials also began allowing parties to be hosted in
17464-407: The museum started charging an admission fee), a separate admission charge for concerts was instituted in 2005. Prior to the 2020s renovation, the concerts were hosted in the Frick House's music room. The collection is detailed in books such as Masterpieces of the Frick Collection , first published in 1970, and Art in the Frick Collection , first published in 1996. The history of the collection
17612-450: The museum through the house's front door, and portraits had to be placed in storage whenever the Frick hosted a visiting show. The concerts at the museum sometimes sold out as well. In 2014, the museum announced plans for a six-story annex on 70th Street designed by Davis Brody Bond. Russell Page's garden on 70th Street would have been demolished to make way for the annex; this prompted opposition from residents and preservationists, and
17760-459: The museum to start admitting children. Museum officials requested a waiver, saying that they would have to install barriers if children were allowed, and they received such a waiver in 1995. In addition, further lighting upgrades were made in the mid-1990s. Ryskamp announced his retirement in 1997. After Samuel Sachs II was named as the museum's sixth director that May, the trustees tasked him with raising funds. Under Sachs's directorship,
17908-426: The museum's collection have included: Several artists, including Holbein, Vermeer, Rembrandt, Turner, Gainsborough, Van Dyck, Fragonard, and Boucher, painted multiple pieces that are in the collection. Included in the modern collection are Fragonard's The Progress of Love , three Vermeer paintings including Mistress and Maid , two van Ruisdael paintings including Quay at Amsterdam , El Greco's Christ Driving
18056-471: The museum's education department in 2008. The Frick's educational programs include online visits for students at secondary schools and postsecondary institutions, as well as courses where a single piece is discussed at length. The Frick also has partnerships with local educational partnerships such as the Ghetto Film School . Docents began hosting lectures in galleries in 2010, and the museum launched
18204-544: The museum's third director in 1964. By the mid-1960s, the Frick had 160 portraits, 80 sculptures, and various other items in its collection. The Frick was open six days a week (except in August, when it was closed) and was still free to enter. The collection was small compared to that of the Metropolitan Museum of Art , which at the time had 365,000 items. Edgar Munhall was hired as the museum's first chief curator in 1965,
18352-516: The museum's trustees established an acquisitions fund. As of 2021 , the museum has 1,500 pieces in its collection, including both paintings and other objects; it normally displays 470 objects. Prior to the museum's 2021 renovation, the artwork was displayed in 15 galleries. Frick's collection initially consisted of salon pieces and works by Barbizon School artists, and he bought 90 paintings from Charles Carstairs between 1895 and 1900 alone. He had begun to acquire other types of paintings by
18500-399: The online catalog for consultation in the reading room and many items can be photographed or scanned. The library also offers interlibrary loan and document delivery services to registered researchers. Subscription databases are accessible onsite and many e-books are available remotely with a library account. In-person and virtual consultations are also available. Frick Digital Collections is
18648-400: The original library. Other modifications included a new storage vault and renovations of the Frick family's living space. The museum's opening, originally scheduled for 1934, was postponed because of the complexity of the construction project. The Frick estate also sued the city government in 1935 to obtain a property-tax exemption for the museum, and the taxes were waived the next year, as
18796-536: The paintings depicted women. There were some chronological gaps in the original collection: for example, there were no 17th-century French paintings when the museum opened, even as the museum had both older and newer French paintings. When Frick died, he was variously cited as having collected 103, 137, "about 140", or 250 paintings. Some of the original paintings in Frick's personal collection were discovered to be forgeries after his death, while other paintings were found to be misattributed. Artists with works in
18944-530: The picture is used as thumbnail. Staff members of the Internet Archive organize items by placing them into so-called collections, which are pages listing multiple items. The scanning performed by the Internet Archive is financially supported by libraries and foundations. As of November 2008 , when there were approximately 1 million texts, the entire collection was greater than 500 terabytes, which included raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, PDFs , and raw OCR data. As of July 2013 ,
19092-664: The risk of data loss, the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt and a facility in Amsterdam . The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007. The Wayback Machine is a service that allows archives of
19240-427: The rooms on the ground floor, while the majority of the rooms on the second and third floors were decorated by Elsie de Wolfe . Charles Carstairs and Joseph Duveen provided the original decorations for the rooms. Inside the house are the museum's galleries (adapted from the old living spaces of the mansion), as well as a courtyard with reflecting pool, the latter of which is based on a Roman atrium. Some parts of
19388-453: The seventeenth century to the present. In addition, the library offers access to electronic resources including art and image databases, e-books, e-journals, and a selection of websites. Around 25% of its collection is made up of “unique items”—items not held by any other library in WorldCat. The Frick Art Periodicals Index, which indexes articles on western European and American art and artists,
19536-568: The seventeenth century. Spanish Artists from the Fourth to the Twentieth Century: A Critical Dictionary , originally a four-volume print publication, provides essential bibliographic information on more than 5,000 Spanish artists. The Archives Directory for the History of Collecting in America is a guide to primary source materials related to dealers, collectors, and galleries active in the United States and where they are located. One of its features
19684-411: The time of Sachs's resignation, the museum recorded 350,000 annual visitors, 20 percent more than in 1997, but it was running at a $ 1 million annual deficit. Annexes to the museum were proposed in 2001, 2005, and 2008, but all of these plans were canceled because it would have required an extended closure of the museum and still would not have provided sufficient space. The art scholar Anne L. Poulet
19832-418: The user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections. In terms of accessibility, the archived web sites are full text searchable within seven days of capture. Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as
19980-672: The website servers. The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco , California. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters were in the Presidio of San Francisco , a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco, a former Christian Science Church . At one time, most of its staff worked in its book-scanning centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide. The Archive also has data centers in three Californian cities: San Francisco, Redwood City , and Richmond . To reduce
20128-477: The website was still mostly offline for "prioritizing keeping data safe at the expense of service availability." On October 11, Kahle said that the data is safe, and will bring the service back to normal "in days, not weeks." On October 13, the Wayback Machine was restored in a read-only format, while archiving web pages was temporarily disabled. On October 14, Brewster Kahle said "[the Wayback Machine] volume
20276-540: The world's largest book digitization efforts. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in May 1996, around the same time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet . The earliest known archived page on the site was saved on May 10, 1996, at 2:42 pm UTC (7:42 am PDT ). By October of that year, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large amounts. The archived content became more easily available to
20424-481: Was a "catastrophic" security breach , stating "Have you ever felt like the Internet Archive runs on sticks and is constantly on the verge of suffering a catastrophic security breach? It just happened. See 31 million of you on HIBP !" It was reported that about 31 million user accounts were affected, and compromised in a file called "ia_users.sql", dated September 28, 2024. The attackers stole users' email addresses and Bcrypt -hashed passwords. As of October 15, 2024,
20572-605: Was also detailed in Henry Clay Frick: An Intimate Portrait , a biography of Frick written by his great-granddaughter Martha Frick Symington Sanger in 1998. Sanger's subsequent book The Henry Clay Frick House: Architecture-Interiors—Landscapes in the Golden Era , published in 2001, described the Frick House and its collection in detail. In 2011, the Frick and the BNP Paribas Foundation published
20720-505: Was completed in 1914. The house had been designed with the collection in mind. James Howard Bridge , Frick's personal assistant, was hired as the house's curator in 1914 and worked at the house for fourteen years. Frick, who was known for being especially particular in his tastes, spent an estimated $ 10 million to acquire pieces during his lifetime. Duveen opened four art-purchasing accounts for Frick, including two accounts specifically for art from Morgan's estate. Frick died in 1919 at
20868-474: Was designed by Thomas Hastings in the Beaux-Arts style. The same style is also used for the 1970s reception wing, designed by Harry Van Dyke, John Barrington Bayley, and G. Frederick Poehler. Both structures have a facade of Indiana Limestone . The house has a lawn that is mostly closed to the public. The interiors were designed by a variety of people. The British decorator Charles Allom furnished most of
21016-539: Was established in 1997 under chief librarian Patricia Barnett. It encompasses the Frick Family Papers, the Frick’s institutional records, and manuscript collections such as photographs of artists and studios, gallery records, and art scholars’ papers. The library is free to use for anyone 13 years of age or older with prior registration. All physical items in the collection can be requested in advance through
21164-432: Was hired in August 2003 as the Frick's first female director, and the museum was reorganized as a tax-exempt public charity shortly after Poulet became the director. Under Poulet's tenure, she replaced lighting in several galleries and rearranged some of the pieces. She also raised $ 55 million for renovations; the museum's facilities had become dated, and the basement exhibition space was no longer sufficient. Because of
21312-484: Was later pushed back to April 2025. In September 2024, the Frick appointed Axel Rüger , the head of the Royal Academy of Arts in London, as the museum's director beginning in 2025. The Frick has a collection of old master paintings and furniture housed in 19 galleries of varying size within the former residence. Frick ultimately acquired a variety of European paintings, Renaissance bronzes, French clocks, and
21460-452: Was low on funds; the library had a $ 25 million endowment by 1993, and the Frick began charging "frequent commercial users" of the library that year. Through the 1990s, the Frick banned all children under the age of 10, as well as unaccompanied minors between ages 10 and 15, and the museum also did not have a café. The New York City government passed a law banning public institutions from discriminating by age in 1993, which would have forced
21608-448: Was moved to 945 Madison Avenue, which reopened as the Frick Madison in March 2021. The Frick Madison housed the museum's old masters collection, including 104 paintings, along with sculptures, vases, and clocks. Most of the 1,500-piece collection of artwork was placed in storage at 945 Madison Avenue, and about 300 works were placed on display. At the Frick Madison, the artwork was exhibited against stark dark gray walls, in contrast to
21756-470: Was split between the two cities in 2001, and most of the objects were sent to New York City. After attendance dropped following the September 11 attacks that year, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation provided $ 270,000, in part to fund extended hours on Fridays. Sachs announced in January 2003 that he would resign as the museum's director in eight months, as the board of trustees had not renewed his contract. At
21904-630: Was started in 1923. The two indices—one in English, French, and Italian; the other in Eastern European languages—are fully digitized and available on EBSCO. The Photoarchive was the library’s founding collection. It holds more than 1.5 million photographic reproductions of works of art from the fourth to the mid-twentieth century. The documentation it offers is continuously updated and records details on each work of art and its history. It contains works of art by over 40,000 artists. The Archives department
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