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53-436: Frederiksberg Gardens was established by King Frederik IV in connection with the construction of Frederiksberg Palace as his new summer retreat on high grounds atop Valby Hill. Work on the project began in the last half of the 1690s with inspiration from Italy and France which Frederick, at that time still Crown Prince, had visited on several occasions. He commissioned the eminent Swedish architect Nicodemus Tessin to draw

106-410: A "witch"-burning bonfire at the lakeside in front of the palace. Frederick IV of Denmark Frederick IV ( Danish : Frederik ; 11 October 1671 – 12 October 1730) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1699 until his death. Frederick was the son of Christian V of Denmark-Norway and his wife Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel . Frederick was born on 11 October 1671 at Copenhagen Castle as

159-500: A haven for dowerless damsels of the nobility). During the King's last years he had dropsy (oedema), and was also affected by the consequences of an accident in an explosion in a cannon foundry in Copenhagen. He also had private sorrows that inclined him toward Pietism , a form of faith that would rise to prevalence during the reign of his son. During his last years, Frederick IV asked for

212-559: A law that forced peasants to remain in their home regions, by which the peasantry were subjected to both the local nobility and the army. After the Great Northern War , trade and culture flowered. The first Danish theatre, Lille Grønnegade Theatre , was created and the great dramatist Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754) began his career. He established the College of Missions which funded the missionary Hans Egede (1686–1758) in taking forward

265-401: A new marriage, this time declaring her queen consort (the first wife of a hereditary Danish king to bear that title who was not of royal blood by birth). It was undoubtedly a relief to regularise a relationship they both saw as sinful. Of the nine children born to him of these three wives, only two of them survived to adulthood: the future Christian VI and Princess Charlotte-Amalia, both from

318-434: A pheasantry which raised pheasants for the royal household. When the park was redesigned around 1800, there were plans to tear down the house but instead it was turned into a residence for the king's private secretary, P.C. Jessen, who had already used it during summer since 1798. The building was adapted in 1828 by Jørgen Hansen Koch . It served as summer residence for Adam Oehlenschläger and his family from 1842 to 1850. It

371-530: A proposal and the final plan was subsequently made by Hans Heinrich Scheel, a captain in the Corps of Royal Engineers. The plan involved a parterre with a complex system of cascades on the sloping terrain in front of the new palace. It was fed by a complicated but inefficient system of pumps which never came to work properly. In the end, Johan Cornelius Krieger , who was at the time also working on an extension and adaption of Fredensborg Palace , north of Copenhagen,

424-457: A royal mistress. Frederick had seen Anne Sophie at a masquerade ball at Koldinghus , where the royal family resided during the plague that devastated Copenhagen. A secret marriage was held at Skanderborg on 26 June 1712. At that time he accorded her the title "Duchess of Schleswig" (derived from one of his own subsidiary titles). Three weeks after Queen Louise's death in Copenhagen on 4 April 1721, he legalised his relationship with Anna Sophie by

477-557: A sofa, chairs and console tables which the royalties could use for drinking tea. From 1874 to 1970, the temple was used as entrance to the Zoo that was built in 1859, and the décor changed. The temple is occasionally open for the public and has been used for art exhibitions. Like the Apis Temple, the Swiss Cottage lies in the part of the park that was incorporated when the park was redesigned in

530-528: A summer palace on Solbjerg , as the hill in Valby was then known, the future site of Frederiksberg Palace . The one-storey building, probably designed by Ernst Brandenburger , was completed in 1703. Frederick was allowed to choose his future wife from a number of Protestant royal daughters in northern Germany. In 1695, he visited the court of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow in Güstrow . But his visit there

583-487: Is celebrated as a key moment in the King's visit. The winter of 1708–09 was unusually cold, so much so that the lagoon surrounding Venice froze over. Venetians were able to walk from the city to the mainland, and it became a popular joke that the King of Denmark had brought the cold weather with him. Frederick IV's time in Italy was not confined to Venice. He also made a visit to the dowager grand-princess Violante Beatrice at

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636-524: Is depicted on the frontispice . The temple front consists of 10 columns of which 8 are recycled from a rebuilding of Moltke's Palace while the last 2 columns are replicas. Decorations include the Ox Cranium Frieze and the Bull Relief, both carved in sandstone. On the inside, the temple consists of a barrel vaulted room with two windows which originally had stained glass. The room was furnished with

689-577: The Gregorian calendar in Denmark-Norway in 1700, but the astronomer 's observations and calculations were among the treasures lost to the fire. Frederik IV, having twice visited Italy, had two pleasure palaces built in the Italian baroque style: Frederiksberg Palace was extended during his reign, when it was converted into a three-storey H-shaped building, completed in 1709 by Johan Conrad Ernst , giving

742-598: The House of Oldenburg perceived their interests to be injured, and Frederick found himself embroiled in complicated lawsuits and petitions to the Holy Roman Emperor . Also offended by the Countess's elevation were Frederick's younger unmarried siblings, Princess Sophia Hedwig (1677–1735) and Prince Charles (1680–1729), who withdrew from Copenhagen to their own rival court at the handsomely re-modelled Vemmetofte Cloister (later

795-873: The Santa Fe Group and East Asiatic Company ( Danish : Det Østasiatiske Kompagni or ØK ) is a multinational holding and investment company, based in Copenhagen , Denmark. Originally founded by Hans Niels Andersen in 1887. It owned 5 subsidiary companies: Russian East Asiatic based in Saint Petersburg, Siam Steam Navigation based in Bangkok, Est Asiatique Francais based in Paris, Swedish East Asiatic based in Gothenburg, and D/S A/S Orient based in Copenhagen. The East Asiatic Company ( Danish : Det Østasiatiske Kompagni or ØK )

848-477: The state arsenal of Venice was marked by a prestigious gift from the republic: two large bronze cannons and a bronze mortar . One of the highlights of his stay was a grand regatta on the Grand Canal held in his honour, which was immortalized in a painting by Luca Carlevarijs . In the painting, Frederick IV is depicted in a gondola with eight rowers, accompanied by a cavalier, enjoying the spectacle. This event

901-571: The 1950s and 1960s before discontinuing its entire passenger fleet's operations in 1969. Their last ship, Fionia , was sold to Swiss buyers and renamed MCS Schaul a. In April 2015, the company rebranded itself as the Santa Fe Group, and changed its listing on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange to the ticker reference SFG. From 2016 to 2019, the group's share lost 94% of its value, and its revenue shrunk 23% year-on-year. In September 2019,

954-525: The Danish crown prince and princess aboard followed by a visit to London where the ship created great interest with visits by Winston Churchill , admirals and influential shipping figures who then remained aboard for a voyage to Antwerp. A third contracted ship, MS Jutlandia , was built in Scotland by Barclay, Curle & Company and became the second large motorship in commercial service with any company. By 1935

1007-423: The Danish landscape architect Stig L. Andersson , designed the new Elephant House for the adjacent Copenhagen Zoo , it was done as an extension of Frederiksberg Gardens. A three-metre high wall that once separated the two has been replaced by a simple fence, so that visitors to the public park can now watch the elephants , while affording the elephants distant views as well. The enclosure steps up slowly away from

1060-482: The King's life was spent in strife with kinsmen. Two of his first cousins, Charles XII of Sweden and Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (the three men were the grandsons of Frederick III of Denmark ), had waged war upon his father jointly. Initially defeated by the Swedes and forced to recognise the independence of Holstein-Gottorp, Frederick finally drove the next duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke Charles Frederick (who

1113-591: The Oriental Hotel in Bangkok with Captain Peter Andersen in 1884. They would go out renovating the premise after borrowing 40,000 Danish Crowns from the Borneo Company. Being one of the only hotels in Bangkok at the time, the hotel attracted sailors and officers from foreign boats who were staying in the city. Andersen managed to secure funding from Isak Glueckstadt. Isak was the financier and manager director of

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1166-457: The Romantic style. Designed by Abildgaard and built between 1800 and 1801, the contains a hall, a cabinet and some smaller rooms in which the royal family could take coffee after dinner or a stroll in the garden. In 1894, the house was converted into a residence for the castle gardener, and the interior was radically altered. The style has little to do with Switzerland but the name bears testament to

1219-610: The South of Africa, the Swedish East India Company later began regular trips. The subsidiary Russian American Line began sailing to North America in 1916, continuing until 1917. Another, the Baltic American Line , continued the service under the Danish flag from 1921 to 1930. EAC was also involved in shipping for hire with tramp operations beginning in 1915 under the subsidiary D/S A/S Orient of Copenhagen. In 1905,

1272-707: The baptism of the royal children in Denmark ever since, was used for the first time at his christening. At the age of 18, he was given a seat on the Council of State as the heir apparent to the throne. As Crown Prince, Frederick broadened his education by travelling in Europe, led by his chamberlain Ditlev Wibe . He was particularly impressed by the architecture in Italy and, on his return to Denmark, asked his father for permission to build

1325-572: The colonisation of Greenland . Politically this period was marked by the King's connection to the Reventlows , the Holsteiner relatives of his second queen, and by his growing suspicion of the old nobility. During Frederick's rule Copenhagen was struck by two disasters: the plague of 1711, and the great fire of October 1728 , which destroyed most of the medieval capital. The King had been persuaded by astronomer Ole Rømer (1644–1710) to introduce

1378-693: The company purchased Water Island in the Caribbean from the Danish state, but eventually sold it to the United States in 1944, during the German occupation of Denmark . The company was a pioneer in development of large, commercial motorships with President Andersen placing an order with Burmeister & Wain , headed by the engineer and diesel marine engine pioneer, Ivar Knudsen , for two motorships, MS  Selandia and MS Fionia , to be built by that firm. Selandia began operation in 1912 after maiden voyage with

1431-446: The company was operating twenty-seven motorships, including a new MS  Jutlandia . In these middle years, business grew considerably. The United Baltic Corporation was formed as a partnership with Andrew Weir & Co. in 1919. The early 1920s saw services extend from Copenhagen to South Africa , Cuba, Australia, Mexico and North Pacific ports. New York and, later, Philadelphia , Baltimore or Norfolk, Virginia were among

1484-493: The couple became King and Queen of Denmark-Norway. They were crowned on 15 April 1700 in the chapel of Frederiksborg Palace . Frederick's most important domestic reform was the abolition in 1702 of the so-called vornedskab , a kind of serfdom which had applied to the peasants of Zealand since the Late Middle Ages . His efforts were largely in vain because of the introduction in 1733 of adscription ( stavnsbånd ),

1537-407: The death of Elisabeth, he entered into a romance with her lady-in-waiting Charlotte Helene von Schindel , though he later lost interest in her. In 1711, Frederick fell in love with 19-year-old Countess Anne Sophie Reventlow , daughter of the then Grand-Chancellor Conrad von Reventlow . He carried her off from her home, Clausholm Castle near Randers , after her mother refused to let her daughter be

1590-411: The eldest son of King Christian V and his spouse Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel . His grandfather King Frederick III had died a year and a half before he was born, and as the eldest son of the ruling King he was thus Crown Prince from birth. The newborn prince was baptised the same evening with the name Frederick by the royal confessor Hans Leth. The royal baptismal font , which has been used for

1643-459: The exterior and the interior has rich Chinese-inspired decorations, pictures, characters and other ornaments, and there were bells on the roof. Imitation bamboo was used in the ceilings. The Apis Temple is located on the border to Copenhagen Zoo . It was designed in the style of a Roman temple by the painter Nicolai Abildgaard and built in 1802. It is named for the Egyptian bull-deity Apis which

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1696-597: The first marriage. All the other children died in infancy. The Reventlows took advantage of their kinship to the King. Anna's sister, the salonist Countess Christine Sophie Holstein of Holsteinborg, was nicknamed Madame Chancellor because of her influence. Within a year of making Anna Queen, Frederick also recognized as dynastic the issue of the morganatic marriages of two of her kinsmen, Duke Philip Ernest of Schleswig-Holstein-Glucksburg (1673–1729) and Duke Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Plön-Norburg (1674–1706), to non-royal nobles. The other Schleswig-Holstein dukes of

1749-668: The grand-ducal court of the Medici family in Florence, further cementing his ties with the European nobility. Upon his return journey, Frederick IV conducted political negotiations with Augustus the Strong , Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, as well as with Frederick I of Prussia , regarding the impending war against Sweden. His visit to Venice thus not only contributed to his cultural experience but also had significant political implications. Much of

1802-559: The largest bank in Northern Europe, Landmandsbanken. The company grew from teak tree concessions it had bought in Siam and operated direct lines from Bangkok to Europe. Service which would eventually include both passenger and freight lines between the Danish capital, Bangkok and the far east was the initial objective. Routes to include the Baltic and Black Seas were established when in 1899,

1855-686: The loyalty of his son in order to protect Queen Anna Sophie. Despite the growing weakness, he set in 1730 on a muster travel; he reached Gottorp but had to return, and died in Odense, on the day after his 59th birthday. He was buried in Roskilde Cathedral , the site of the mausoleum of Danish royalty. With his first queen, Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow : With his second wife Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg : With his third wife and second queen, Countess Anne Sophie von Reventlow : East Asiatic Company The EAC Invest A/S , formerly known as

1908-503: The palace a true Italian baroque appearance and Fredensborg Palace , both considered monuments to the conclusion of the Great Northern War. Frederick IV of Denmark holds a memorable place in the social history of the city of Venice due to a remarkable visit he made during the winter of 1708–09. The King stayed in the city with an entourage of at least 80 people, formally incognito under the title "Count of Oldenburg." This disguise

1961-485: The park, rising to the height of the domes . From a distance, these appear to be buried in the ground, surrounded by ferns and trees. Near the north entrance to the park, there is also a Pacifier tree where children who have outgrown the need to use a pacifier leave their pacifiers by hanging them on the branch, sometimes with a letter. Every year on Midsummer Eve , the park is a rallying point for thousands of people who attend community singing, speeches, music and

2014-487: The period's fascination with mountainous regions. The cottage was built next to a small lake and the vegetation around the cottage was adapted, with conifers instead of deciduous trees, to create the right atmosphere of the setting. Close to the Swiss Cottage stands the Pheasantry (Da. Fasangården) which was designed by J.C. Krieger and built in 1723. As the name suggests, the building was originally built in connection with

2067-538: The ports of call added for ships on the north Pacific route in 1940. Connections between Vancouver and the far east were handled by Johnson Walton Steamships Ltd of Vancouver, when they were acquired in 1949. During the Second World War, several of its ships were sunk, mostly torpedoed in the Atlantic by German U-boats. After the war with air travelling becoming increasing popular, the company sold numerous ships in

2120-525: The rest of the buildings in the park it was a feature well known from the English garden. The summerhouse contained a hall, two cabinets, a kitchen and lavatory. The only window in the lavatory was in the shape of a half moon and was made of red glass. The furniture consisted partly of copies of Chinese furniture as well as a set of genuine Chinese bamboo furniture acquired through the Asiatic Company . Both

2173-417: The right-hand side, is used by the park's administration. The Chinese summerhouse was completed in 1803 as a replacement for a pavilion which had stood at the center of the baroque garden but was pulled down in 1799. It was sited on a small artificial island accessible by across a bridge which was built to a matching Chinese design. The summerhouse was built by the court architect Andreas Kirkerup, and like

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2226-500: The romantic landscape garden, the park houses two follies , waterfalls, grottos and other garden features . The main entrance to Frederiksberg Gardens was, in its present form, built in 1755, following the fire two years earlier at the Prince's House, the precursor of Frederiksberg Palace, which used to be located at the site. The gate was designed by Lauritz de Thurah who had become general master builder after Eigtved's death. The vases at

2279-518: The subsidiary Russian American Line Co. of St. Petersburg was formed. Europe-Asia operations widened when the firm, Est Asiatique Francais of Paris , followed in 1902, the new Danish West Indian Company , in 1905 and the Siam Steam Navigation Company , in 1908. The second of these was eventually renamed Thai Navigation Co. after the Thai government took it over in 1941. For trade in

2332-546: The top of the two sandstone pillars were executed by the sculptor Johann Friedrich Hännel. The gate opens to a path which passes between two long, yellow buildings with white details. They are the two surviving wings of the Prince's House. The south wing, located on the left-hand side when entering the park, was converted into an orangery by Nicolai Eigtved in 1744 and is now part of the Royal Danish Horticultural Society's Garden . The north wing, located on

2385-445: Was Frederick IV's first cousin once removed) out of Schleswig in 1713, and avoided the revenge contemplated by Charles Frederick's mother-in-law, Catherine I of Russia . Frederick was deemed a man of responsibility and industry — often regarded as the most intelligent of Denmark-Norway's absolute monarchs . He seems to have mastered the art of remaining independent of his ministers . Lacking all interest in academic knowledge, he

2438-586: Was called upon to redesign the parterre. Unusually of the time, he gave up the parterre completely and instead transformed the slope into a series of terraces. In the 1790s, as fashion changed, the park was adapted into an English landscape garden . P. Petersen created a new garden plan in 1795. He created a typical English-style landscape garden with winding lawns, lakes, canals and spinneys as well as grottos, temples, pavilions and summerhouses. The final result may well have been based on Johan Ludwig Mansa's book on English-style gardening written in 1798. Frederik VI

2491-470: Was carefully restored in 2019–2020 and is open tp the public as a restaurant. Another garden feature typical of the romantic garden is an artificial waterfall . The waterfall is 7 metres high and is partly created out of marble blocks from the building site of the Marble Church . The waterfall was left as a ruin for many years but was reconstructed in 2004. When Norman Foster , in collaboration with

2544-483: Was cut short by a message telling of his brother Prince Christian 's serious illness (he had, in fact, already died in Ulm ). Frederick later returned to Güstrow , where he was forced to choose the eldest of the unmarried princesses. On 5 December 1695 at Copenhagen Castle, he married Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow , herself a great-great-granddaughter of Frederick II of Denmark . At the death of Christian V on 25 August 1699,

2597-613: Was founded by Hans Niels Andersen in Copenhagen in 20 March 1897 on the basis of Hans' previous company Andersen & Co. Anderson & Co was established in 1884 with Danish Andreas du Plessis de Richelieu . Together, their company owned and operated the Oriental Hotel in Bangkok, which became the first foreign hotel in Thailand; it also was the main supplier to the Siamese Marine Forces which Andreas headed. He had purchased

2650-414: Was nevertheless a patron of culture, especially art and architecture. His main weaknesses were probably pleasure-seeking and womanising, which sometimes distracted him. He was the penultimate Danish king to make a morganatic marriage (the last was Frederick VII with Louise Rasmussen aka "Countess Danner" ). Without divorcing Queen Louise, in 1703 he married Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg (d.1704). After

2703-451: Was not meant to conceal his identity, but rather to avoid the cumbersome and costly etiquette required for a royal visit. During his nine-week stay, Frederick IV became a familiar figure in Venice. He was a frequent guest at operas and comedies, indulging in the city's vibrant cultural scene. The King was also a generous buyer of Venetian glass , which was highly prized at the time. His visit to

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2756-426: Was particularly fond of the garden. From 1804, he sailed the canals in a gondola . It was later moved to Frederiksborg Castle and Lake Esrum . Though a palace park, the general public had access to the grounds but sailors , dogs and people in poor clothing or carrying large bundles were turned away by the guard at the park's sole entrance. Not until 1865 did access to the park become unrestricted, in line with what

2809-517: Was the case elsewhere in the city, such as at Langelinie . Smørrebrødsplænen ( Smørrebrød Lawn), on the corner of Roskildevej and Pile Allé, where K. B.'s tennis halls are today, became a popular picnic destination for families. Frederiksberg Gardens is an English-style Romantic landscape garden with winding paths, canals, lakes, small islands and magnificent trees. A large variety of plants and birds can be seen, including mute swans, greylag geese, mallards, grey herons, and Canada geese. Typically of

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