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49-751: Five Races Under One Union was one of the major principles upon which the Republic of China was founded following the 1911 Revolution . Its central tenet was the harmonious existence under one nation of what were considered the five major ethnic groups in China : the Han , the Manchu , the Mongols , the Hui (Muslims) , and the Tibetans . This principle emphasized harmony between what were considered

98-480: A Mongolian writer, in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. This isn't the first time China has made these kinds of arrests on foreign soil against Mongols either, as this is the fifth occurrence. The Chinese government has even gone as far as accusing Mongolian herders / nomads of causing climate change in order to justify the forced relocation of Mongolians out of their ancestral land. Under the "ecological migration" policy,

147-710: A form of interculturalism that assimilated ethnic minorities into the dominant Han culture by a process of naturalization, rather than through brute force. The Three Principles of the People were partly related to cultural conservatism (文化保守主義) to defend the virtues of Chinese culture against Western imperialism, while embracing some of the modern elements. Sun Yat-sen defended socialism, but distanced himself from dogmatic Marxism . He criticized young people's obsession with Western-style Marxism and saw that similar ideas could be found in Chinese classics. Also, Sun embraced modernism, but at

196-556: A multitude of Anti-Mongolian discriminations by the current Chinese government on the goal of assimilating the Mongolian population into the Han population. Some instances of discrimination include: barring teaching the Mongolian language in schools, arresting Mongols on Mongolian soil, and forced evictions of Mongolians in China. Recently the NPC mandated that "minority language-medium education

245-649: A relatively small percentage of the population. The "five ethnic groups under one union" flag was no longer used after the Northern Expedition ended in 1928. A variation of this flag was adopted by Yuan Shikai's empire and the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . In Manchukuo , a similar slogan was used, but the five races it represented were the Yamato (red), Han (blue), Mongols (white), Koreans (black) and Manchus (yellow). Some of its own variations also made

294-462: A sample of current Mongols of China ( n =175, including n =97 from Inner Mongolia, n =27 from Liaoning, n =10 from Heilongjiang, n =10 from Jilin, n =3 from Qinghai, n =3 from Xinjiang, and n =25 from elsewhere in China) and found different haplogroup O subclades (107/175 = 61.1% in total) to be the most frequently observed Y-DNA haplogroup: The second most frequently observed Y-DNA haplogroup among

343-765: A whole regardless of ethnicity, or to the Uyghurs of Western China. The term "Muslim Territory" ( 回疆 ; Huíjiāng ) was an older name for Xinjiang during the Qing dynasty . The meaning of the term "Hui" gradually shifted to its current sense during the first half of the 20th century. Records from the Sui dynasty show a system of military banners using the five colors to represent the Five Elements : red for fire , yellow for earth , blue for wood , white for metal , and black for water . The Tang dynasty inherited this system, and has arranged

392-767: Is divided into five "Yuan"s: Legislative Yuan , the Executive Yuan , and the Judicial Yuan came from Montesquieuan thought; the Control Yuan and the Examination Yuan came from Chinese tradition. (Note that the Legislative Yuan was first intended as a branch of governance, not strictly equivalent to a national parliament.) The Principle of Mínshēng ( Chinese : 民生主義 ; pinyin : Mínshēng Zhǔyì ; lit. 'Principle of people's welfare/livelihood')

441-545: Is nearly twice as much as that of the sovereign state of Mongolia . The Mongols in China are divided between autonomous regions and provinces as follows: Besides the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, there are other Mongol autonomous administrative subdivisions in China. Prefecture level: County level: China classifies different Mongolian groups like Buryats and Oirats into the same single category as Mongol along with Inner Mongols. The Chinese government also classifies

490-577: Is said to be heavily influenced by Sun's experiences in the United States and contains elements of the American progressive movement and the thought championed by Abraham Lincoln . Sun credited a line from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address , "government of the people, by the people, for the people ", as an inspiration for the Three Principles. Dr. Sun's Three Principles of the People are inter-connected as

539-403: Is sometimes translated as "[Principle of] Government for the People" or " Socialism ". The concept may be understood as social welfare and as a direct criticism of the inadequacies of unregulated capitalism . He divided livelihood into four areas: clothing, food, housing, and mobility; and planned out how an ideal (Chinese) government can take care of these for its people. Sun was influenced by

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588-549: Is unconstitutional (People's Daily)," enforcing this within Inner Mongolian schools, banning the teaching of the Mongolian language, along with riding of different kinds of Mongolian material that are deemed to de-emphasize Chinese nationality and common identity. In 2023, a book on the history of the Mongols was banned for " historical nihilism ." Most recently on May 3, 2023, the Chinese government arrested Mr. Lhamjab Borjigin,

637-745: The Kuomintang under Chiang Kai-shek , the Reorganized National Government of China under Wang Jingwei , and an inspiration of the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong as the stage of ‘old democracy’. The Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party largely agreed on the meaning of nationalism but differed sharply on the meaning of democracy and people's welfare, which the former saw in Western social democratic terms and

686-653: The Muslims (such as the Uyghurs )—under one "Chinese Nation". This principle is symbolized by the Five Color Flag of the First Republic of China (1911–1928) . He believed that China must develop a "national consciousness" so as to unite the Chinese people in the face of imperialist aggression. He argued that "minzu", which can be translated as "people", "nationality", or "race", was defined by sharing common blood, livelihood, religion, language, and customs. Sun also believed in

735-572: The Republican Era . The three principles are often translated into and summarized as nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people (or welfarism). This philosophy has been claimed as the cornerstone of the nation's policy as carried by the Kuomintang ; the principles also appear in the first line of the national anthem of the Republic of China . In 1894 when the Revive China Society

784-602: The Sichuan Mongols (most of whom speak a form of Naic language ), the Yunnan Mongols (most of whom speak a form of Loloish language ), and the Mongols of Henan Mongol Autonomous County in Qinghai (most of whom speak Amdo Tibetan and/or Chinese ). As of July 2023 , official publications have avoided references to Mongolians in China and instead used the term "northern frontier culture" ( bei jiang wenhua ). Among

833-600: The Tuvans as Mongols, despite Tuvans being a Turkic, non-Mongolic ethnic group. The official language used for all of these Mongols in China is a literary standard based on the Chahar dialect of Mongol. The ethnic classification might be inaccurate due to lack of information regarding the registering policy. Some populations officially classified as Mongols by the government of the People's Republic of China do not currently speak any form of Mongolic language . Such populations include

882-421: The mercantilist position that China was being economically exploited by unbalanced trade and tariffs . Politically, he looked toward the unequal treaties signed by China as the reason of China's decline. Sun envisioned a future China that was strong and capable of fighting imperialists and standing on the same stage as western powers. Although Sun initially believed in a form of Han nationalism to oppose

931-676: The 1990s. Although the term "Sanmin Zhuyi" (三民主義) has been less explicitly invoked since the mid-1980s, no political party has explicitly attacked its principles with practices under the Martial Law ruling era then except the Tangwai movement groups such as Democratic Progressive Party . The Three Principles of the People remains explicitly part of the platform of the Kuomintang and in the Constitution of

980-518: The American thinker Henry George and intended to introduce a Georgist tax reform. The land value tax in Taiwan is a legacy thereof. Sun said that "[land value tax] as the only means of supporting the government is an infinitely just, reasonable, and equitably distributed tax, and on it we will found our new system." Sun proposed a land reform system known as "equalization of land rights", which involves

1029-702: The Brussels branch at the time, 20 in Berlin , and 10 in Paris . After the Tongmenghui was formed, Sun published an editorial in Min Bao (民報). This was the first time the ideas were expressed in writing. Later on, in the anniversary issue of Min Bao , his long speech of the Three Principles was printed, and the editors of the newspaper discussed the issue of people's livelihood. The ideology

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1078-434: The Chinese government has moved thousands of Mongolians into city/urban areas away from their home grasslands on the basis that the Mongolian nomadic lifestyle is destroying the grasslands and causing climate change symptoms like desertification and sandstorms . The Chinese government also justifies the movement of Mongols, calling it poverty relief, as hundreds of thousands of Mongols live in extreme poverty, however many of

1127-469: The Chinese people could pressed together, using the metaphor of adding cement to sand. The power of politics ( Chinese : 政權 ; pinyin : zhèngquán ) are the powers of the people to express their political wishes and keep administrative officers in check, similar to those vested in the citizenry or the parliaments in other countries, and is represented by the National Assembly . The power of

1176-483: The Mongols of China, mitochondrial haplogroup D was in first place (27.07%), followed by mitochondrial haplogroups B (11.60%), F (10.77%), Z (8.01%), G (7, 73%), C (6.91%), A (6.08%), N (5.25%) and M7 (5.25%). Other mitochondrial haplogroups (HV, H, I, M8, M9, M10, M11, R, T, U, W and Y) were sporadically distributed among the studied Mongols of China with frequencies of no more than 1.66%. Guang-Lin He et al. (2022) examined

1225-472: The Republic of China . As for Taiwan independence supporters, some have objections regarding the formal constitutional commitment to a particular set of political principles. Also, they have been against the mandatory indoctrination in schools and universities, which have now been abolished in a piecemeal fashion beginning in the late 1990s. However, there is little fundamental hostility to the substantive principles themselves. In these circles, attitudes toward

1274-538: The Three Principles of the People span the spectrum from indifference to reinterpreting the Three Principles of the People in a local Taiwanese context rather than in a pan-Chinese one. Mongols in China As of 2020, there are 6,290,204 Mongols in China, a 0.45% increase from the 2010 national census. Most of them live in Inner Mongolia , Northeast China , Xinjiang and Qinghai . The Mongol population in China

1323-462: The Three Principles of the People" cultural campaign. This program sought to censor cultural products deemed unwelcomed by the KMT, such as works by left-wing artists or writers. There were several higher-education institutes (university departments/faculties and graduate institutes ) in Taiwan that used to devote themselves to the 'research and development' of the Three Principles in this aspect. Since

1372-589: The United Nations Chinese unification Taiwan independence movement Taiwanese nationalism Tangwai movement The Three Principles of the People ( Chinese : 三民主義 ; pinyin : Sānmín Zhǔyì ; also translated as the Three People's Principles , San-min Doctrine , or Tridemism ) is a political philosophy developed by Sun Yat-sen as part of a philosophy to improve China made during

1421-628: The colors in a united flag according to the above order of the elements, for military use. During the Liao and Song periods, paintings depict the Khitan people using the same flag design. During the reign of the Mongol Yuan dynasty the five colors began to symbolize ethnicities ( 五色四夷 ) in a multi-ethnic state. In later historical periods, this "flag of the five united elements" was altered and re-adapted for military and official uses. A Qing-era painting depicting

1470-458: The existence of land purchase and land taxation guarantees that landowner wouldn't over-report (which would lead to high taxation on land) nor under-report (which would lead to their land being cheaply acquired for eminent domain) their land values. However, the Kuomintang failed to achieve any successful land reform Sun envisioned in mainland China and only succeeded in Taiwan . Sun died before he

1519-533: The five major ethnic groups in China , as represented by the colored stripes of the Five-Colored Flag of the Republic : the Han (red); the Manchus (yellow); the Mongols (blue); the Hui (Muslims) (white); and the Tibetans (black). The term "Hui" ( 回 ) presently refers specifically to the Hui people , but before the establishment of the People's Republic of China, it was used to refer to Muslims in China as

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1568-462: The guideline for China's modernization development as stretched by Hu Hanmin . Because " Mínzú " or "People" describes a nation rather than a group of persons united by a purpose, the 'Principle of Mínzú' ( Chinese : 民族主義 ; pinyin : Mínzú Zhǔyì ) is commonly rendered as " nationalism ". Sun saw the Chinese Nation as under threat of annihilation by the imperialist powers. To reverse

1617-482: The implementation of four different acts: regulation of land price, in which each landowner reports the value of their property sans improvement; taxation of land, which involves a land value tax set on all land properties; purchase of land, which sets up a system where government can purchase land for public use by eminent domain ; and profit belongs to the public, in which a 100% tax is levied on all profit gained from trading of land (sans improvement). According to Sun,

1666-507: The late 1990s, these institutes have re-oriented themselves so that other political theories are also admitted as worthy of consideration, and have changed their names to be more ideologically neutral (such as Democratic Studies Institute). In addition to this institutional phenomenon, many streets and businesses in Taiwan are named "Sān-mín" or for one of the three principles. In contrast to other politically derived street names, there has been no major renaming of these streets or institutions in

1715-459: The latter interpreted in Marxist and communist terms. The Japanese collaborationist government interpreted nationalism less in terms of anti-imperialism and more in terms of cooperating with Japan to advance theoretically pan-Asian , but in practice, typically Japanese interests. During the Republic of China 's Nanjing period , the KMT developed a national censorship apparatus as part of its "Arts of

1764-531: The legislative branch. He expanded and reworked the European-American three-branch government and the system of checks and balances by incorporating traditional Chinese administrative systems to create a government of five branches (each of which is called a Yuan ( Chinese : 院 ; pinyin : yuàn ; lit. 'court')) in a system known as the Five Power Constitution. The state

1813-496: The military units of Wuchang wanted a 9-star flag featuring a taijitu, while Sun Yat-sen preferred the Blue Sky and White Sun flag to honor Lu Haodong . Despite the uprisings targeting a Manchu-dominated regime, Sun Yat-sen , Song Jiaoren and Huang Xing unanimously advocated racial integration , which was symbolized by the five-color flag. They promoted a view of the non-Han ethnicities as also being Chinese, despite their being

1862-419: The people is guaranteed by four constitutional rights: the right to election (選舉), recalling (罷免), initiative (創制), and referendum (複決). These may be equated to " civil rights ". The power of governance ( Chinese : 治權 ; pinyin : zhìquán ) are the powers of the administration to govern the people. He criticized the traditional three-branch democratic government for vesting too much power in

1911-497: The rule of the Qing dynasty, he later came to accept Liang Qichao ’s multi-ethnic nationalist idea of a unified Chinese nation. To achieve "national independence", Sun believed that China must first develop a " China-nationalism ," Zhonghua Minzu , as opposed to an mono-ethnic nationalism . Sun developed the principles of Five Races Under One Union to unite the five major ethnic groups of China— Han , Mongols , Tibetans , Manchus , and

1960-590: The same time highlighted a positive part of Chinese tradition . The framing of ' democracy ' ( Chinese : 民權主義 ; pinyin : Mínquán Zhǔyì ; lit. 'Principle of people's right') in the Three Principles of the People differs from the typical Western view democracy, being based in Liang's interpretation of General will , which prioritizes the power of the group over individual freedoms. Sun viewed traditional Chinese society as too individualistic and stated that individual liberty must be broken down so that

2009-463: The sampled Mongols from China was C2 (22.9%, including 16.6% "Northern" i.e. Mongolian/Siberian C2b1a, 1.7% typically Mongolic C2c1a1a1-M407, and 4.6% "Southern" i.e. East Asian C2c1(xC2c1a1a1)), followed by N1-CTS3750 (6.3%, including 2.9% N1a2a1a~, 1.1% N1a2b2a1c~, 1.1% N1b2a2~, 0.6% N1a1a1a1a3a, and 0.6% N1b1), Q (4.6%, including 4.0% Q1a1a1 and 0.6% Q2a1a1), R1a1a1b2a-Z94 (2.3%), and D-M533 (1.1%). Y-chromosomal haplogroup E1b1b1a1b2 (V22)

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2058-735: The trajectory of such decline, China needed to become nationally independent both externally and internally. Internally, national independence meant independence from the Qing Manchus who ruled China for centuries. Sun thought that the Han Chinese people were a people without their own nation and thus strove for national revolution against Qing authorities. Externally, national independence meant independence from imperialist foreign powers. Sun believed China to be threatened by imperialism in three ways: by economic oppression, by political aggression, and by slow population growth. Economically, Sun held

2107-628: The victory of the Banners over the Muslim Du Wenxiu rebellion in Yunnan , includes a Qing military flag with the five elements arranged in the order of yellow, white, black, green and red. After the Wuchang uprising , the Qing dynasty was replaced by the Republic of China . Prior to the adoption of the five-colored flag by the Republic, several different flags were promoted by the revolutionaries. For example,

2156-1966: The yellow more prominent, rather than display each color equally. During the Second Sino-Japanese War , the flag was used by several Japanese puppet governments, including the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in the northern part of the country and the Reformed Government of the Republic of China in Central China . Three Principles of the People Nationalism (Mínzú) Democracy (Mínquán) Socialism (Mínshēng) Lai Ching-te ( DPP ) Hsiao Bi-khim ( DPP ) Cho Jung-tai ( DPP ) 11th Legislative Yuan Han Kuo-yu ( KMT ) Shieh Ming-yan acting Vacant Vacant Vacant Control Yuan Chen Chu Lee Hung-chun Local government Central Election Commission Kuomintang Democratic Progressive Party Taiwan People's Party Others New Power Party Taiwan Statebuilding Party People First Party Taiwan Solidarity Union New Party Non-Partisan Solidarity Union Newspapers United Daily News Liberty Times China Times Taipei Times Propaganda Censorship Film censorship Lin Chia-lung Cross-Strait relations Special state-to-state relations One Country on Each Side 1992 Consensus Taiwan consensus Chinese Taipei Australia–Taiwan relations Canada–Taiwan relations France–Taiwan relations Russia–Taiwan relations Taiwan–United Kingdom relations Taiwan–United States relations Republic of China (1912–1949) Chinese Civil War One-China policy China and

2205-535: Was a book compiled from notes of speeches that Sun gave near Guangzhou (taken by a colleague, Huang Changgu, in consultation with Sun), and therefore is open to interpretation by various parties and interest groups (see below) and may not have been as fully explicated as Sun might have wished. Indeed, Chiang Kai-shek supplied an annex to the Principle of Mínshēng, covering two additional areas of livelihood: education, land, and leisure, and explicitly arguing that Mínshēng

2254-566: Was able to fully explain his vision of this Principle and it has been the subject of much debate within both the Chinese Nationalist and Communist Parties, with the latter suggesting that Sun supported socialism . Chiang Kai-shek further elaborated the Mínshēng principle of both the importance of social well-being and recreational activities for a modernized China in 1953 in Taiwan. The most definite (canonical) exposition of these principles

2303-559: Was formed, Sun only had two principles: nationalism and democracy. He picked up the third idea, welfare, during his three-year trip to Europe from 1896 to 1898. He announced all three ideas in the spring of 1905, during another trip to Europe. Sun made the first speech of his life on the "Three Principles of the People" in Brussels . He was able to organize the Revive China Society in many European cities. There were about 30 members in

2352-409: Was not to be seen as supporting either communism or socialism . The French historian of Chinese history, Marie-Claire Bergère's view is that the book is a work of propaganda. Its purpose is to appeal to action rather than to thought. As Sun Yat-sen declared, a principle is not simply an idea; it is "a faith, a power." The Three Principles of the People were claimed as the basis for the ideologies of

2401-461: Was observed in one Mongol individual from Hohhot , G2a2b2a1a1a2a1a (L654.2) was observed in one Mongol individual from Alxa League , and I2a1b2a1a1a1 (BY128/Y5596) was observed in one Mongol individual from Hinggan League . Not all groups of people related to the medieval Mongols are officially classified as Mongols under the current system. Other official ethnic groups in China which speak Mongolic languages include: Mongols living in China face

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