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66-700: In 1858, local businessmen, Charles Reed Bishop and William A. Aldrich, opened Bishop & Co. This was the first successful banking partnership under the laws of the independent Kingdom of Hawaiʻi . It operated from a basement room in "Makee & Anthon's Building" on Kaʻahumanu Street. On the day Bishop & Co. opened, it took in $ 4,784.25 in deposits. In 1895, Samuel M. Damon bought Bishop & Co. from Charles Bishop. In 1910, Bishop & Co. bank opened its first branch in Hilo . It then opened its first Kauaʻi branch in Waimea in 1911. In 1919 Bishop & Co. incorporated as

132-716: A bicameral Hawaii Territorial Legislature . It consisted of a lower chamber, the House of Representatives , and an upper chamber, the Senate . Its members were elected by popular vote . The Act created the Territorial Supreme Court and additional appellate courts . All judges of these courts were appointed by the President with advice and consent of the Senate. The Act also provided that Hawaii, like other US territories , would have

198-622: A non-voting delegate to the US Congress . Hawaii's tourism industry began in 1882 when Matson Navigation Company , founded by William Matson , began sailing vessels between San Francisco and Hawaii carrying goods. His transports encouraged him to purchase passenger steamships that would carry tourists hoping to vacation in Hawaii from the US mainland. Matson's fleet included the SS Wilhelmina , rivaling

264-447: A car and detained five men, all plantation workers. Officers took the men to Massie's hospital bedroom where she identified them. Although evidence could not prove that the men were directly involved, national newspapers quickly ran stories about the brute locals on the prowl for white women in Hawaii. The jury in the initial trial failed to reach a verdict. One of the accused was afterwards severely beaten, while another, Joseph Kahahawai ,

330-525: A citizen of the Kingdom of Hawaii . He became an investor with Henry A. Peirce and Lee in a sugarcane plantation on the island of Kauaʻi , near where the Ladd company had been somewhat successful. From 1849 to 1853 he served as Collector General of Customs. He courted On Bernice Pauahi Pākī despite her resistance, and on June 4, 1850, he married, Bernice Pauahi Pākī of the royal House of Kamehameha , despite

396-566: A constitutional convention to establish the Republic of Hawaii . Thurston was urged to become the nation's first president but he was worried his brazen personality would damage the cause of annexation. The more conservative Sanford B. Dole , former Supreme Court Justice and friend of Queen Liliʻuokalani, was elected as the first and only president of the new government. During the Spanish–American War , Hawaii's strategic location relative to

462-566: A government for the Territory of Hawaii , which was signed into law by President William McKinley on April 30, 1900. This organic act established the office of governor of Hawaii . Territorial governors were appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the US Senate. They served for four years, unless removed sooner by the president. The Organic Act also created

528-530: A larger cannery in Iwilei near Honolulu Harbor in 1907. The Iwilei location made his main operations more accessible to labor. The cannery at Iwilei was in operation until 1991. Dole found himself in the midst of an economic boom industry. In response to growing pineapple demand in 1922, Dole purchased the entire island of Lanai and transformed the Hawaiian tropical low shrublands into the largest pineapple plantation in

594-569: A new subsidiary - Pacific One Bank - to hold the branches, with a charter in Oregon. During the same year, First Hawaiian also acquired ANB Financial Corporation, which was the owner of American National Bank in central Washington state. American National's branches eventually became part of Pacific One Bank. At the same time as all of these mergers, First Hawaiian built its new headquarters, the First Hawaiian Center . At 429 ft (131 m), it

660-754: A people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum". Hawaii's territorial history includes a period from 1941 to 1944, during World War II , when the islands were placed under martial law . Civilian government was dissolved and a military governor was appointed. After the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in January 1893, the Provisional Government of Hawaii set out to effect Hawaii's speedy annexation by

726-552: A territory. Following the Jones–Costigan amendment , another statehood bill was introduced to the House in May 1935 by Samuel Wilder King but it did not come to be voted on, largely because FDR himself strongly opposed Hawaii statehood, while " Solid South " Democrats who could not accept non-white Congressmen controlled all the committees. Hawaii resurrected the campaign in 1940 by placing

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792-578: A two-story building. This structure is designated as a contributing property to the Merchant Street Historic District , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. In 1895 Bishop sold the bank to Samuel Mills Damon (1841–1924), son of American missionary Samuel C. Damon (1815–1885). Over time the bank grew and in 1960 was renamed as First Hawaiian Bank , formalizing its role in state history. Bishop served on

858-449: A two-year-long trial. The Hawaii 7 were eventually released in 1958: The first Congressional bill for Hawaii statehood was proposed in 1919 by Kuhio Kalanianaole , and was based upon the argument that World War I had proved Hawaii's loyalty. It was ignored, and proposals for Hawaii statehood were forgotten during the 1920s because the archipelago's rulers believed that sugar planters' interests would be better served if Hawaii remained

924-666: Is the tallest building in Hawaiʻi . In 1997, First Hawaiian merged in Pioneer Federal and the next year merged in First Hawaiian Creditcorp. In the following year, 1998, First Hawaiian merged with San-Francisco -based Bank of the West . The surviving company, First Hawaiian, Inc., was renamed BancWest Corporation. Former First Hawaiian, Inc. shareholders owned 55% of BancWest; Banque Nationale de Paris (BNP) , former owner of Bank of

990-685: The Democratic Party of Hawaii . During the years leading up to the ousting of the Republican Party, Cold War fears brewed and the U.S. was in the middle of the Second Red Scare . The FBI employed the Smith Act toward the ILWU and Communist Party of Hawaii , arresting those who would become known as the Hawaii 7 on August 28, 1951, in synchronized raids at 6:30 that morning. They were convicted in

1056-614: The Hawaiian Organic Act which organized the territory. United States Public Law 103-150 adopted in 1993, (informally known as the Apology Resolution ), acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and also "that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as

1122-606: The Newlands Resolution (named after US Representative Francis G. Newlands ), was signed into law three days later by President McKinley. The Newlands Resolution states: Whereas, the Government of the Republic of Hawaii having, in due form, signified its consent, in the manner provided by its constitution, to cede absolutely and without reserve to the United States of America, all rights of sovereignty of whatsoever kind in and over

1188-564: The Oregon Territory for new opportunities. The two young men sailed for Oregon on the Henry out of New York City, leaving February 23, 1846. By October the ship had rounded Cape Horn and needed to stop in Honolulu for provisions. At this time, the islands were still governed by the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, but numerous Americans were settling there for business opportunities and as missionaries. Lee

1254-504: The Philippines made it especially important to American interests, as argued by naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan . This and fears that the Empire of Japan would seize control of the islands provided momentum for the proponents of annexation. On July 4, 1898, the US Congress passed a joint resolution to provide for annexing of Hawaii to the United States. The resolution, commonly known as

1320-501: The overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii , in 1893, Bishop left Hawaii in 1894 and settled in San Francisco , California . He became vice-president of the Bank of California , serving until his death on June 7, 1915. He stayed involved in his Hawaiian estate affairs from California. For example, he hired architects Clinton Briggs Ripley and Charles William Dickey to design a new building for

1386-564: The 1990s. In 1991, First Hawaiian acquired First Interstate Bank of Hawaii. Then in 1992, it acquired the East West Bank, which had one branch in Honolulu and one on Maui. In 1993, the bank acquired Pioneer Federal Savings Bank, which continued to operate as a separate institution. In 1996, First Hawaiian acquired 31 branches in Oregon , Washington , and Idaho from U.S. Bancorp . It then created

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1452-558: The Bank of Bishop & Co. During the 1920s the bank steadily grew, acquiring the Bank of Honolulu in 1922, opening a branch in Kona in 1923, and opening yet another branch on Lānaʻi in 1924. The bank's growth slowed after it merged with First National Bank of Hawaii, First American Savings Bank, Army National Bank of Schofield Barracks, and Baldwin Bank (Maui) in 1929. The bank then changed its name to Bishop First National Bank of Honolulu. In 1933,

1518-642: The Bishop estate headquarters, and for Pauahi Hall on the Punahou School campus. Bishop died in 1915 at the age of 93 in San Francisco , California . His ashes were returned to Hawaii and interred next to his wife's remains at the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii . A major street cutting through Bishop property in downtown Honolulu at 21°18′32″N 157°51′38″W  /  21.30889°N 157.86056°W  / 21.30889; -157.86056  ( Bishop Street )

1584-502: The Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies, and also to cede and transfer to the United States, the absolute fee and ownership of all public, Government, or Crown lands, public buildings or edifices, ports, harbors, military equipment, and all other public property of every kind and description belonging to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands, together with every right and appurtenance thereunto appertaining: Therefore, Resolved by

1650-615: The Hawaiian economy as the " Big Five ." James Dole , also known as the Pineapple King, arrived in Hawaii in 1899. He purchased land in Wahiawa and established the first pineapple plantation in Hawaii. Confident that canned pineapples could become a popular food export, Dole built a cannery near his first plantation in 1901. Hawaiian Pineapple Company, later renamed Dole Food Company , was born. With his profits soaring, Dole expanded and built

1716-669: The Privy Council for five Hawaiian monarchs from 1859–1891, and was appointed to the House of Nobles 1859–1886 by King Kamehameha IV . From 1869 to 1891, he served as an appointee to the Board of Education. During the brief reign of King Lunalilo , he was Minister of Foreign Affairs from January 10, 1873, to February 17, 1874. Bishop was one of the first trustees of and major donor to the Kamehameha Schools , founded at his late wife's bequest to provide education to Hawaiian children. He also

1782-478: The Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That said cession is accepted, ratified, and confirmed, and that the said Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies be, and they are hereby, annexed as a part of the territory of the United States and are subject to the sovereign dominion thereof, and that all and singular the property and rights hereinbefore mentioned are vested in

1848-412: The Senate did not act before March 4, 1893, when Harrison's term ended and Grover Cleveland took office . The new president was an anti-imperialist and strongly opposed to annexation. He withdrew the treaty from consideration, and ordered a congressional investigation into the events surrounding the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. After receiving the committee's first report , Cleveland recommended

1914-585: The State of Hawaii would not include Palmyra Island, the Midway Islands , Kingman Reef , and Johnston Atoll , which includes Johnston (or Kalama) Island and Sand Island. On July 4, 1898, the United States Congress passed the Newlands Resolution authorizing the US annexation of the Republic of Hawaii , and five weeks later, on August 12, Hawaii became a US territory . In April 1900, Congress approved

1980-501: The United States of America. The resolution took effect on August 12, 1898, and a formal ceremony marking the transfer of Hawaiian state sovereignty to the United States was held that day on the steps of the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu . The Hawaiian flag was lowered and the American flag was raised in its place. The Resolution also provided for the establishment of a five-member commission to study what new laws were needed regarding

2046-523: The United States. A commission, led by Lorrin A. Thurston , was sent to Washington, D.C. to negotiate an annexation treaty with US President Benjamin Harrison . A delegation led by Princess Victoria Kaʻiulani also went to Washington to protest the overthrow and to lobby against annexation. Harrison and the commission signed a treaty of annexation, which was sent to the US Senate for ratification. However,

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2112-473: The West, owned 45%. In 2001, First Hawaiian Bank acquired Union Bank of California 's branch network in Guam and Saipan . In December, BNP Paribas completed its acquisition of 100% of First Hawaiian Bank and its parent company BancWest. Bank of the West and First Hawaiian Bank, however, continued to operate as separate institutions. On December 23, 2015, First Hawaiian Bank announced that parent company BNP Paribas

2178-584: The bank's name became Bishop National Bank of Hawaii at Honolulu. The bank's name changed yet again in 1956, this time to Bishop National Bank of Hawaii. In 1966, Cooke Trust Company acquired the bank. It was then changed to First Hawaiian Bank in 1969. The next year, in 1970, the bank opened its first branch on Guam in Dededo . In 1975, First Hawaiian acquired Hawaii Thrift & Loan, which had been in financial difficulty, and turned it into First Hawaiian Creditcorp. First Hawaiian Bank acquired many other banks during

2244-551: The banning of courts that required witnesses and juries. Traffic violations were said to have netted prison terms and the military courts evidenced bias against civilians. There ensued a turf battle between the federal Departments of War, Justice and Interior, in which the middle one played a mediating or flip-flopping role. Indeed, it appeared War if not the Pacific Command was operating autonomously. The Glockner and Seifert cases, actually two detained, naturalized Germans, tested

2310-467: The best passenger ships serving traditional Atlantic routes. With the boom in interest of Hawaiian vacations by America's wealthiest families in the late 1920s, Matson added the SS Mariposa , SS Monterey and SS Lurline (one of many Lurlines) to the fleet. Matson Navigation Company operated two resort hotels in Honolulu near royal grounds. The first (and for a time the only) hotel on Waikīkī

2376-447: The coastlines with the construction of a "Ring of Steel," a series of gun batteries mounted on steel coastal walls. One of the few surviving batteries completed in 1911, Battery Randolph , is today the site of the U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii . List of territorial installations: As a territory of the United States, sugarcane plantations gained a new infusion of investment. By getting rid of tariffs imposed on sugarcane sent to

2442-427: The continental United States, planters had more money to spend on equipment, land and labor. Increased capital resulted in increased production. Five kingdom-era corporations benefited from annexation, becoming multimillion-dollar conglomerations : Castle & Cooke , Alexander & Baldwin , C. Brewer & Co. , Theo H. Davies & Co. , and American Factors (later Amfac ). Together, the five companies dominated

2508-500: The implicated fall of military power. List of military governors: The Democratic Revolution of 1954 was a nonviolent revolution consisting of general strikes , protests , and other acts of civil disobedience . The Revolution culminated in the territorial elections of 1954 where the reign of the Hawaii Republican Party in the legislature came to an abrupt end, as they were voted out of office to be replaced by members of

2574-602: The management and disposition of public lands in Hawaii, and to develop a frame of government for the islands. Its members were Sanford B. Dole (who, under the terms of the Resolution, retained the powers he previously exercised as President of Hawaii), Walter F. Frear (who likewise remained Judge of the Supreme Court of Hawaii), US Senators Shelby M. Cullom (R-Illinois) and John T. Morgan (D-Alabama), and US Representative Robert R. Hitt (R-Illinois). The commission's final report

2640-495: The military's suspension of habeas corpus. In the second year of martial law, August 1943, US District Judge Metzger subpoenaed General Richardson as to why these two were held without charges. The General, according to General Order No. 31, could have had the server arrested for bringing charges against a military person, but instead had the Marshal manhandled so as to evade summons. The prisoners were released outside of Hawaii, avoiding

2706-481: The most prominent challenges territorial Hawaii had to face was race relations. Intermarriage was tolerated and even sought after. Many native women married immigrant men and joined their community. By 1898, most of Hawaii's population was made up of plantation workers from China, Japan, the Philippines, and Portugal. Their plantation experiences molded Hawaii to become a plantation culture. The Hawaiian Pidgin language

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2772-415: The news and media, censored all mail, prohibited alcohol , assigned business hours, and administered traffic and special garbage collection. The military governor's laws were called General Orders. Violations meant punishment without appeal by military tribunals . Anthony, the shadow Attorney General of the period, provides different information. The "aged and weak" Poindexter (sic), an appointed Democrat,

2838-565: The objections of her parents. Their private ceremony in the Royal School was not attended by her family. Within a year her father Pākī made peace with the marriage and invited the couple to live in the family estate called Haleakala. Bishop formed a partnership with William A. Aldrich, selling merchandise to be shipped to supply the California Gold Rush . He became known as a trusted person with whom traders could deposit and exchange

2904-524: The restoration of Queen Liliʻuokalani . This did not go over well even with his own party. Eventually a bipartisan congressional vote called for a "hands off" policy in regards to internal events in Hawaii. Further investigation by Congress led to the Morgan Report , which established that US troops in Hawaii had been completely neutral during the overthrow, and exonerated the US military from any accusations of complicity. The Provisional Government convened

2970-561: The statehood question on the ballot. Two-thirds of the electorate in the territory voted in favor of joining the Union. After World War II, the call for statehood was repeated with even larger support, even from some mainland states. The reasons for the support of statehood were clear: A former officer of the Honolulu Police Department , John A. Burns , was elected Hawaii's delegate to Congress in 1956. A Democrat , Burns won without

3036-463: The territorial constitution suspended, the legislature and supreme court were also dissolved indefinitely. Military law was enforced on all residents of Hawaii. The formation of the military government was mostly done by Major General US Army Judge Advocate General's Corps , who became military Attorney General. General Walter Short appointed himself military governor December 7, 1941. He assumed control of Hawaii and governed from ʻIolani Palace , which

3102-640: The territory. This pressured Governor Lawrence M. Judd to commute the sentences to an hour each in his executive chambers. Hawaii residents were shocked and all of America reconsidered what they thought of Hawaii's racial diversity. The term "local" (Hawaii's non-Caucasian population) was galvanized through the Massie Trial From 1941 to 1944, following the attack on Pearl Harbor and America's entry into World War II, Territorial Governors Joseph Poindexter and Ingram Stainback stripped themselves of their administrative powers by declaring martial law . With

3168-496: The various currencies in use at the time. In 1853 Bishop was elected as representative to the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom . On August 17, 1858, Aldrich split off the shipping business. Bishop founded Bishop & Co. as the first chartered bank in the Kingdom. It is the second oldest bank west of the Rocky Mountains . On its first day it took in $ 4784.25 in deposits. By 1878 it outgrew its basement room and expanded to

3234-469: The white vote but rather with the overwhelming support of Japanese and Filipinos in Hawaii. His election proved pivotal to the statehood movement. Upon arriving in Washington, D.C., Burns began making key political maneuvers by winning over allies among Congressional leaders and state governors. Burns' most important accomplishment was convincing Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (D-Texas) that Hawaii

3300-451: The world. For a long stretch of time, Lanai would produce 75% of the world's pineapple and become immortalized as the "Pineapple Island." By the 1930s, Hawaii became the pineapple capital of the world and pineapple production became its second largest industry. After World War II, there were a total of eight pineapple companies in Hawaii. Today pineapples are imported from Thailand and elsewhere; few are commercially grown in Hawaii. One of

3366-543: Was a founder of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum , which he named after his late wife. Bishop hired William Tufts Brigham , whom he had met on a scientific visit in 1864 with Horace Mann Jr. , to be the museum's first director. He also donated funds for buildings at the private Punahou School . Bishop was elected and served as president of the Honolulu Chamber of Commerce 1883–1885 and 1888–1894. After

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3432-632: Was a toll collector for ship traffic on the Hudson River near the town. Charles' mother Maria died two weeks after giving birth to her next son, Henry. Their father Samuel Bishop died when Charles was four, and the boy was taken in by his grandfather on his 125-acre (0.51 km ) farm in Warrensburg and, by 15, was working for Nelson J. Warren in the town's largest store. Charles Bishop worked on his grandfather's farm, learning how to care for sheep, cattle, and horses. While living with his grandfather, Bishop

3498-562: Was an American businessman, politician, and philanthropist in Hawaii . Born in Glens Falls , New York, he sailed to Hawaii in 1846 at the age of 24, and made his home there, marrying into the royal family of the kingdom. He served several monarchs in appointed positions in the kingdom, before its overthrow in 1893 by Americans from the United States and organization as the Territory of Hawaii . Bishop

3564-572: Was baptized in a Methodist church. Bishop spent his early years of education at a village school, and finished his formal schooling at 8th grade, as was customary for many boys in that period. Bishop was hired as a clerk and soon started working for Nelson J. Warren, who headed the largest mercantile company in Warrensburg. He befriended William Little Lee (1821–1857) from nearby Hudson Falls , then called Sandy Hill. Charles' paternal uncle Linus Bishop married Lee's sister Eliza. After attending Harvard Law School , Lee persuaded Bishop to go with him to

3630-405: Was considering strategic options for the subsidiary, including an initial public offering . On August 4, 2016, shares of the company started being sold on the NASDAQ . In 2018, Banque Nationale de Paris (BNP) reduced their stake in First Hawaiian to 33.3%, and by January 2019, it had sold its remaining stake. Charles Reed Bishop Charles Reed Bishop (January 25, 1822 – June 7, 1915)

3696-436: Was developed on the plantations so they all could understand each other. Buddhism and Shintoism grew to become large religions. Catholicism became Hawaii's largest Christian denomination. Race relations in Hawaii took to the national spotlight on September 12, 1931 when Thalia Massie , a US Navy officer's wife, got drunk and alleged that she was beaten and raped. That same night, the Honolulu Police Department stopped

3762-407: Was murdered. Police caught the Kahahawai killers: Massie's husband Thomas, mother Grace Fortescue , and two sailors. Famed criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow defended them. A jury of locals found them guilty and sentenced to hard labor for ten years. Outraged by the court's punishment, the territory's white leaders as well as 103 members of Congress signed a letter threatening to impose martial law over

3828-441: Was named Bishop. Territory of Hawaii The Territory of Hawaii or Hawaii Territory ( Hawaiian : Panalāʻau o Hawaiʻi ) was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from April 30, 1900, until August 21, 1959, when most of its territory, excluding Palmyra Island , was admitted to the United States as the 50th US state , the State of Hawaii . The Hawaii Admission Act specified that

3894-468: Was one of the first trustees of and a major donor to the Kamehameha Schools , founded by his late wife's request to provide education to Hawaiian children. He founded Hawaii's first successful bank, now known as First Hawaiian Bank . Based on his business success, he also founded the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum , named for his late wife. On January 25, 1822, Charles Reed Bishop was born to Maria (Reed) and Samuel Bishop in Glen Falls, New York . His father

3960-440: Was quickly barricaded and fitted with trenches. He was relieved December 17 and charged with dereliction of duty , accused of making poor preparations in case of attack before the attack on Pearl Harbor. Under martial law, every facet of Hawaiian life was under the control of the military governor. His government fingerprinted all residents over the age of six, imposed blackouts and curfews , rationed food and gasoline, censored

4026-502: Was ready to become a state, despite the continuing opposition of such Deep Southerners as James Eastland and John Sparkman . In March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act and US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed it into law. On June 27, 1959, a plebiscite was held asking Hawaii residents to vote on accepting the statehood bill. The plebiscite passed overwhelmingly, with 94.3% voting in favor. On August 21, church bells throughout Honolulu were rung upon

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4092-416: Was recruited to stay as the second western-trained lawyer in the Hawaiian islands ; he was later appointed as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Bishop decided to stay as well. He soon was hired by some Americans to sort out the failed land deal of Ladd & Co. , which was the first major formal law proceeding. He next worked for the U.S. Consul . On February 27, 1849 Bishop became accepted as

4158-447: Was submitted to Congress for a debate which lasted over a year. Many Southern Representatives and Senators raised objections to establishing an elected territorial government in Hawaii, as doing so would open a pathway for the admission of a state with a "non-white" majority population at a time when strict " Jim Crow laws " enforced white political control throughout the American South. In early 1900, Congress passed an Act To provide

4224-411: Was the Moana Hotel which opened in 1901. As the first hotel in Waikīkī, the Moana Hotel was nicknamed the "First Lady of Waikīkī." The hotel gained international attention in 1920 when Edward, Prince of Wales and future King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom , stayed as a guest. In 1927, the luxurious Royal Hawaiian Hotel , informally called the "Pink Palace of the Pacific", opened for business. It

4290-421: Was the preferred Hawaii residence of President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he visited Hawaii during World War II. With annexation, the United States saw Hawaii as its most strategic military asset. McKinley and his successor US President Theodore Roosevelt expanded the military presence in Hawaii and established several key bases, some still in use today. By 1906, the entire island of Oahu was being fortified at

4356-420: Was variously misled into surrendering his powers. Anthony does not mention fingerprinting; corroborates gasoline rationing but not food (the latter unlike the mainland); and disproves a liquor ban by showing how the military gained handsome profits by liquor permits and fees. The military government instituted employment stasis by General Order No. 91 (no leaving an employer without a letter of good standing); and

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