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57-656: The family had close ties with the Angevin kings of Sicily . Later they also established links with French kings. The Fieschi family produced two popes and 72 cardinals. As Counts of Lavagna the Fieschi possessed a sort of judicial and political independence from the Republic of Genoa . This family, based in the nearby village of San Salvatore di Cogorno, built a vast noble domain in the Ligurian Levant and Chiavari hinterland. In 1010

114-583: A bastard son of infidelity. For this reason, after the death of Ladislaus IV. some of the Árpád dynasty 's cognates sought the family as extinct. In Naples, Charles Martel of Anjou , the eldest son of Mary of Hungary announced his claim to the Hungarian crown, backed by his mother, and the Pope. He started to style himself King of Hungary, but he never managed to gain enough support from the Hungarian magnates to realize his claim. With Andrew III's childless death (1301),

171-917: A couple of months altogether. Negotiations with the Polish nobility frequently took place in Hungary. Hungarians themselves were unpopular in Poland, as was the king's Polish mother who governed the kingdom. In 1376, circa 160 Hungarians in her retinue were massacred in Kraków and the queen returned to Hungary disgraced. Louis replaced her with their relative, Vladislaus II of Opole . The Hungarian-Polish union fell apart after Louis died in 1382. The dissatisfied Polish nobles demanded that his successor in Hungary, Mary , move to Kraków and reign over Hungary and Poland from there. Mary's mother, Elizabeth of Bosnia (widow of Louis and grandniece of Casimir III's father, Vladislaus I ), knew that

228-689: Is shown below. Charles also felt that he inherited the Hohenstaufen claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem , symbolized by Charles impaling the arms of Jerusalem with his own. This was shown in several different versions: Charles' son and successor Charles II of Naples married the hieress of Hungary. Their son Charles Martel quartered France ancien with the arms of the Hungarian Royal Árpád dynasty to symbolize their claim. Charles Martel's son Charles Robert became Hungarian King and impaled

285-672: The Guelph Capetians gained the Sicilian kingdom from the Ghibelline Swabians, this was cemented after victory at Tagliacozzo . In keeping with the political landscape of the period, Charles is described by scholars as shrewd, energetic and highly ambitious. He signed the Treaty of Viterbo in 1267 with Baldwin II of Courtenay and William II of Villehardouin , the political alliance gave many of

342-454: The Aegean islands aside from those already held by the Republic of Venice . For a while Charles was preoccupied helping his French brother in the unsuccessful Eighth Crusade on Tunis . After this he once again focused on Constantinople, but his fleet was wrecked in a freak storm off the coast of Trapani . With the elevation of Pope Gregory X , there was a truce between Charles and Michael in

399-509: The Angevin kings of England , continued to hold the title and territory until King Philip II Augustus seized the region and annexed it to the French crown lands . In 1360, the county was raised to a dukedom becoming known as Duke of Anjou , subsequently leading the Duchy of Anjou . The title was held by Philip V of Spain before his accession in 1700. Since then, some Spanish Legitimist claimants to

456-431: The French throne and became King Philip VI. At this time, the counties of Anjou, Maine, and Valois returned to the royal domain. On 26 April 1332, Philip granted the county to his eldest son, John: Following John's ascension to the throne as John II in 1350, the title again returned to the royal domain. The dukes contributed greatly to social reform in the 1300s and 1400s. On the death of Charles IV, Anjou returned to

513-598: The Hohenstaufen king, Manfred of Sicily . The newer arms can be seen in the contemporary illustration of Charles battling Manfred for control of the Kingdom of Sicily at the Battle of Benevento on 26 February 1266, where he carries his newer arms on his shield, the shields of his soldiers, and his pennant. Manfred's troops carry the while eagle alluding to the imperial Hohenstaufens. When Charles became King, he started minting coinage with his arms on it. An example

570-404: The Kingdom of Naples . Sinibaldo Fieschi , younger brother to Count Opizzo, was elected Pope Innocent IV in 1243. One nephew became Patriarch Opizzo of Antioch and another was elected Pope Adrian V as one of the three popes of 1276 . In the Fieschi conspiracy of 1547, Giovanni Luigi Fieschi and the nobles unsuccessfully attempted to recapture the dogate from Andrea Doria , and

627-626: The Middle Ages there were countless political clashes for the domination of Lavagna between the Fieschis and the Republic of Genoa which had an always faithful ally and a defensive border stronghold in the nearby Chiavari . During this time, the strongest antagonists of the family proved to be the Dorias . When the village became a free municipality, around the 12th century, the Fieschi lordship continued, within

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684-600: The Seventh Crusade , Charles was offered the Kingdom of Sicily by Pope Clement IV . At the time this included not only the island of Sicily but also the southern half of the Italian Peninsula . Pope Clement IV offered it to Charles because of a conflict between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire , and the latter was represented by the ruling House of Hohenstaufen . It was at the Battle of Benevento that

741-404: The "last golden branch" of the tree of King Saint Stephen's family ended. The Hungarian diet was determined to keep the blood of Saint Stephen (first king of Hungary) on the throne in the maternal line at least. In the upcoming years, a civil war followed between various claimants to the throne. After the short period of rule of Wenceslaus of Bohemia (1301–1305), and Otto of Bavaria (1305–1307)

798-563: The Angevian arms with Hungary. His son, Louis I the Great carried this through to his arms when he ruled Poland. As seen above, when Louis I of Hungary died without male hiers, Charles III of Naples , considered himself the heir to the Hungarian throne as the senior Angevin male and male descendant of the Arpads. He added the arms of Hungary to Jerusalem and Anjou, coming up with

855-552: The Capetian king first ruled the Kingdom of Sicily during the 13th century. The War of the Sicilian Vespers later forced him out of the island of Sicily , which left him with the southern half of the Italian Peninsula , the Kingdom of Naples . The house and its various branches would go on to influence much of the history of Southern and Central Europe during the Middle Ages until it became extinct in 1435. Historically,

912-1149: The French throne have borne the title even to the present day, as does a nephew of the Orléanist pretender. The Robertians , or Robertian dynasty, comprised: 1129–1151 also: count of Tours and Maine , duke of Normandy elder son of Fulk V of Anjou and Eremburga de La Flèche 17 June 1128 three sons Château-du-Loir aged 38 1151–1189 also: king of England , count of Maine , duke of Normandy , Aquitaine and Gascony , lord of Ireland Le Mans son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou and Empress Matilda 18 May 1152 Poitiers eight children Chinon aged 56 1189–1199 also: king of England , count of Maine and Nantes , duke of Normandy , Aquitaine and Gascony , lord of Ireland Beaumont Palace son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine 12 May 1191 Limassol No legitimate issue Châlus aged 42 1199–1203 also: duke of Brittany son of Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany and Constance of Penthièvre no issue Rouen aged 16 In 1204, Anjou

969-627: The Hungarian commander Ulrich von Wolfart commanded a strong resistance in Apulia. Joanna and Louis would await a new trial on Andrew's assassination, to be held in Avignon. The verdict was Joanna's acquittal from any charge in January 1352, and a peace was signed with Hungary on 23 March 1352. Ultimately, 37 years later, Louis' kinsman Charles III of Naples conquered Naples with Hungarian aid and put Joanna to death. Stephen of Anjou (1332–1354), Duke of Slavonia ,

1026-570: The Hungarian throne as the senior Angevin male, and ousted Louis' daughter Mary of Hungary in December 1385. It was not difficult for him to reach the power, as he counted with the support of several Croatian lords, and many contacts which he made during his period as Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia. However, Elizabeth of Bosnia, widow of Louis and mother of Mary, arranged to have Charles assassinated on 7 February 1386. He died of wounds at Visegrád on 24 February. His son, Ladislaus of Naples would try to obtain

1083-527: The Polish nobility's opposition to her intended husband, William, becoming king without further negotiation, or simply emphasized her status as queen regnant. With her mother's consent, Jadwiga's advisors opened negotiations with Jogaila , Grand Duke of Lithuania , who was still a pagan, concerning his potential marriage to Jadwiga. Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo , pledging to convert to Roman Catholicism and to promote his pagan subjects' conversion. Jogaila, who took

1140-747: The Polish–Lithuanian union grew into a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , and lasted until the Third Partition in 1795. The Kingdom of Albania , or Regnum Albaniae , was established by Charles of Anjou in the Albanian territory he acquired from the Despotate of Epirus in the year 1271. He took the title of "King of Albania" in February 1272. The kingdom briefly extended from

1197-438: The Pope's reversal, a group of noble conspirators (the involvement of Queen Joanna is unproved) determined to forestall Andrew's coronation. During a hunting trip at Aversa , Andrew left his room in the middle of the night and was set upon by the conspirators. A treacherous servant barred the door behind him, and, as Joanna cowered in their bed, a terrible struggle ensued, Andrew defending himself furiously and shrieking for aid. He

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1254-457: The Republic and always retaining their connection with their holdings here. In 1138, in an agreement between the Fieschi and the commune of Genoa, the Fieschi agreed to spend part of the year in the city. They earned great riches from trading and financial activities, and later developed in numerous different branches. Apart from Liguria, they possessed fiefs in Piedmont , Lombardy , Umbria and in

1311-584: The albanians to a small area centered around Durrës. The Angevins held Durrës until 1368, when Karl Thopia who was the great great grandson of Charles I of Naples captured the city. As a younger (youngest) son of Louis VIII the Lion of France, Charles was assigned the arms based on the coat of arms of France of the Capetian dynasty differenced, like his brothers, with the gold castle of Castile on red/ gules based on his mother, Blanche of Castile 's arms . Charles

1368-469: The arms of his paternal France , the fleur-de-lys with a simple red label. The label is most commonly depicted with 3 tabs, but can be seen with 4 or 5 tabs. He was not the first to use these arms. His uncle Philippe le Hurepel , count of Clermont used them until his death in 1234. Charles was invested by the Pope as King of Sicily in June 1265, and crowned by 5 cardinals on 5 January 1266 in opposition to

1425-426: The baptismal name Władysław, married Jadwiga on 15 February 1386. Jogaila, now in Polish styled Władysław Jagiełło , was crowned King of Poland on 4 March 1386. As Jadwiga's co-ruler, Jagiełło worked closely with his wife. Hedvig (or Jadwiga) was childless for over a decade. She became pregnant in late 1398 or early 1399. A newborn princess named Elizabeth Bonifacia was delivered on 22 June 1399 at Wawel Castle. However,

1482-548: The branches of Anjou-Hungary, which ruled Hungary (1308–1385, 1386–1395) and Poland (1370–1399), Anjou- Taranto , which ruled the remnants of the Latin Empire (1313–1374) and Anjou-Durazzo, which ruled Naples (1382–1435) and Hungary (1385–1386). The senior line of the House of Anjou-Durazzo became extinct in the male line with the death of King Ladislaus of Naples in 1414, and totally extinct with

1539-569: The civil war ended with Charles Robert's (1308–1342) victory, the son of Charles Martel of Anjou , but he was forced to continue fighting against the powerful Hungarian lords up to the early 1320s. I. Charles I of Anjou 1226/7–1285 king of Sicily(-Naples) = Beatrice of Provence The three surviving sons of Charles Robert (Charles I of Hungary) were Louis I of Hungary (1326–1382), Andrew, Duke of Calabria (1327–1345), and Stephen, Duke of Slavonia (1332–1354). Louis I had only two surviving daughters, Mary of Hungary (1371–1395), who married

1596-841: The crown of Hungary in the future, but never reached his goal. In 1355, the last Piast king of Poland, Casimir III , designated his sororal nephew, the Angevin king Louis I of Hungary , as his heir presumptive by the Privilege of Buda . Upon the death of Casimir (5 November 1370), who left no legitimate sons, Louis ascended the Polish throne virtually unopposed. The Polish nobility welcomed his accession, rightly believing that Louis would be an absentee king who would not take much interest in Polish affairs. He sent his mother Elizabeth , sister of Casimir III, to govern Poland as regent. Louis probably considered himself first and foremost king of Hungary; he visited his northern kingdom three times and spent there

1653-504: The death of his sister Joanna II in 1435. During the Middle Ages , there were several marriages between the Árpád dynasty and the House of Capet . Charles I , founder of the House of Anjou-Sicily, with his first wife, Beatrice of Provence fathered his eldest son, Charles II of Naples . (Their youngest daughter, Elizabeth was given in marriage to the future Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1269, but Ladislaus preferred his mistresses to her, and

1710-526: The exiled King of Spain, Alfonso XIII . In 1941, Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia, succeeded his father Alfonso XIII (Alphonse I of France according to the Legitimists) as the heir male of Louis XIV and therefore as the Legitimist claimant to the French throne. He then adopted the title of Duke of Anjou. On 8 December 2004, Henry, Count of Paris, Duke of France , Orléanist Pretender to the French throne, granted

1767-589: The form of the Council of Lyons , as Christians focused on improving ecumenical relations, with hopes of regaining the Kingdom of Jerusalem back from the Muslims. Charles had fully solidified his rule over Durazzo by 1272, creating a small Kingdom of Albania for himself, out of previously Despotate of Epirus territory; he was well received by local chiefs. Charles was driven out of Sicily in 1282, but his successors ruled Naples until 1435. This House of Anjou included

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1824-458: The future Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg , and Hedwig of Poland (1373/74–1399), who was given in marriage to the Grand Duke of Lithuania Władysław II Jagiełło , the future King of Poland . (See the section of Poland.) After Louis I's death without male heirs, Mary's husband, Sigismund of Luxembourg (1368–1437) managed to be accepted as Mary's co-ruler, by the Hungarian lords. When

1881-413: The government of Poland. Margaret gave birth to a daughter Elizabeth (in 1370 she married Philip of Taranto ), and a son John , who inherited Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia from his father, but he was still a child when he died in 1360. On the death of Louis I of Hungary, Charles III of Naples , son of Louis of Durazzo (1324–1362), the great-grandson of Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary, claimed

1938-589: The house ruled the Counties of Anjou , Maine , Touraine , Provence and Forcalquier ; the Principalities of Achaea and Taranto ; and the Kingdoms of Sicily , Naples , Hungary , Croatia , Albania and Poland . A younger son of the House of Capet king Louis VIII of France the Lion , Charles was first given a noble title by his brother, Louis IX of France who succeeded to the French throne in 1226. Charles

1995-464: The infant died after only three weeks, on 13 July 1399.[153] Jadwiga, too, was on her deathbed. She died on 17 July 1399, four days after her newborn daughter. Thus, the Polish throne went over to the Jagiellonian dynasty of Lithuanian origin. The union of Poland and Lithuania was a decisive moment in the histories of both countries; it marked a beginning of the four centuries of shared history. By 1569,

2052-518: The investiture of the Fieschi took place at Genoa : the family were created Counts of Lavagna. In the words of Henry the Holy , King of Italy since 1004 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1014 and the last of the Ottonian dynasty, 'Ordiniamo il predominato Fieschi vicario generale di essa città con ampio potere.' ('We appoint the pre-eminent Fieschi to be Vicars General of this city-state with broad powers'). During

2109-454: The kingdom's barons swore loyalty to the new ruler as he marched to Naples from Benevento. While visiting Aversa, where his brother had been murdered, Louis had Charles of Durazzo assassinated in revenge by his condottiero. The Neapolitans, who had quickly grown unhappy with the severe Hungarian rule, called back Joan, who paid for her return expedition by selling her rights on Avignon to the popes. She landed near Naples and easily captured it, but

2166-492: The lack of supporters would render her influence at least as restricted as that of her mother-in-law and refused to move. She abandoned the idea of attempting to subdue the Polish nobility by force and agreed to send her younger surviving daughter, Hedwig , to be crowned as Louis' successor in Poland. Hedvig (known as Jadwiga in Poland) was crowned "king" in Poland's capital, Kraków, on 16 October 1384. Her coronation either reflected

2223-529: The limits, to carry out the administrative and political work of Lavagna. In the fourteenth century, with the absorption of the Fieschis into the highest Genoese nobility, a gradual downsizing of the Lavagna dominions began. Males of the Fieschi—; all of them styled Conte di Lavagna — played major roles as Guelph partisans in the governance and military history of medieval Genoa , ever in conflict with

2280-661: The marriage remained childless). In 1270, Charles II married Mary of Hungary , daughter of Stephen V of Hungary and Elizabeth the Cuman . They had fourteen children which provided the House of Anjou-Sicily with a secure position in Naples. The childless Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1262–1290), was succeeded by Andrew III as King of Hungary. He was the son of Stephen the Posthumous , considered by Stephen's much older half-brothers ( Béla IV of Hungary , Coloman of Halych , Andrew II of Halych )

2337-562: The meantime had married her cousin Louis of Taranto and had signed a peace with Naples' traditional enemy, the Kingdom of Sicily. The army of Naples, 2,700 knights and 5,000 infantrymen, was led by Louis of Taranto. On 11 January 1348, in the Battle of Capua, the king of Hungary defeated the army of Louis of Taranto. Four days later the queen repaired to Provence, while her husband followed soon afterwards. All

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2394-454: The power of the Fieschi was broken. Capetian House of Anjou The Capetian House of Anjou , or House of Anjou-Sicily , or House of Anjou-Naples was a royal house and cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty . It is one of three separate royal houses referred to as Angevin , meaning "from Anjou" in France . Founded by Charles I of Anjou , the youngest son of Louis VIII of France ,

2451-508: The queen died (1395) the Hungarian crown passed over to the House of Luxembourg. In 1333, the six years old second son of Charles Robert, Andrew (1327–1345) was taken to the court of Naples by his father for dynastic purposes, who put him under guardianship of Robert the Wise . Andrew was betrothed in 1334 to his cousin Joanna, granddaughter and heiress apparent of King Robert of Naples; Andrew's father

2508-553: The region of Dyrrhachium (present-day Durrës in Albania) south along the coast to Butrint . A major attempt to advance further in direction of Constantinople, failed at the Siege of Berat (1280–1281) . A Byzantine counteroffensive soon ensued, which drove the Angevins out of the interior by 1282. The Sicilian Vespers further weakened the position of Charles, and the kingdom was soon reduced by

2565-543: The rest of Joanna's reign, although she was twice acquitted of any charge in the trials that followed. Andrew's elder brother Louis I of Hungary several times invaded the Kingdom of Naples and drove out Joanna, only to meet with reverses. In November 1347, Louis set out for Naples with some 1,000 soldiers (Hungarians and Germans), mostly mercenaries. When he reached the border of Joanna's kingdom, he had 2,000 Hungarian knights, 2,000 mercenary heavy cavalry, 2,000 Cuman horse archers and 6000 mercenary heavy infantry. Joanna in

2622-451: The right to reign along with Joanna. With the approval of Pope Clement VI , Joanna was crowned sole monarch of Naples in August 1344. Fearing for his life, Andrew wrote to his mother Elizabeth that he would soon flee the kingdom. She intervened, and made a state visit, before she returned to Hungary allegedly bribing Pope Clement to reverse himself and permit the coronation of Andrew. Hearing of

2679-583: The rights of the Latin Empire to Charles and a marriage alliance for his daughter Beatrice of Sicily . The Byzantines had taken back the city of Constantinople in 1261 and this was a plan to take it back from Michael VIII Palaiologos . It also recognised Charles' possession of Corfu and cities in the Balkans such as Durazzo , as well as giving him suzerainty over the Principality of Achaea and sovereignty of

2736-562: The royal domain. 1672 After the death of Henri, Count of Chambord , only the descendants of Philip V of Spain remained of the male line of Louis XIV. The most senior of these, the Carlist claimant to the Spanish throne, became the eldest of the Capetians. Some of them used the courtesy title of Duke of Anjou , as shown below: At the death of Alfonso Carlos in 1936, the Capetian seniority passed to

2793-492: The third surviving son of Charles Robert , died before his older brother. For this reason, he (and his son) had no chance to take over the rule neither in Hungary, nor in Poland. In 1350, he married Margaret of Bavaria . His marriage with a German princess made him unpopular in Poland. The Polish noblemen acknowledged Louis as Casimir III's sole heir in July 1351 only after he had promised that he would not allow Stephen to participate in

2850-476: The tripartite arms. He had some success, but as seen above he was assassinated and his son, Ladislaus of Naples never became King of Hungary. These arms were inherited by the House of Valois-Anjou when Johanna I adopted Louis of France, Duke of Anjou , • Great-great-grandson of Charles II through female line, as her heir. The house also had some cadet lines that never became king: Counts and dukes of Anjou The Count of Anjou

2907-525: Was a fraternal nephew of King Robert. At the age of 15 he married Joanna I of Naples . After the death of Robert (1343), the King of Naples, Andrew became a victim of power clashes in the court of Naples. Robert's claim to the throne was rather tenuous and did not follow primogeniture . Andrew's grandfather, Charles Martel of Anjou , had died young; therefore, the throne should have passed to Andrew's father. However, due to fears of impending invasion from Sicily, it

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2964-500: Was felt that a seven-year-old heir was too risky and would not be able to hold off invasions. The throne was offered to the next son of Charles II of Naples , Louis , but he refused on religious grounds, and it thus passed to Robert. To recompense Andrew's father, Charles II decided to assign him the claim to Hungary. When King Robert died in 1343, in his last will and testament, he formally bequeathed his kingdom to his granddaughter Joanna, making no mention of Andrew and thus denying him

3021-538: Was finally overpowered, strangled with a cord, and flung from a window. Isolde, Andrew's Hungarian nurse took the Prince's corpse to the church of the monks, and remained with it until next morning mourning it. When the Hungarian knights arrived she told them everything in their mother tongue so no one else would learn about the truth, and soon they left Naples reporting everything to the Hungarian King. The deed would taint

3078-449: Was invested in August 1246 by his brother Louis IX of France as Count of Anjou and Maine . Also, in 1246 Charles married an heiress of the County of Provence , Beatrice of Provence . She was a member of the House of Barcelona ; this meant Charles became Count of Provence in right of his wife. The arms that Charles had were changed sometime on or after 1246 to the ones below,

3135-407: Was lost to king Philip II of France . It was re-granted as an appanage for Louis VIII's son John, who died in 1232 at the age of thirteen, and then to Louis's youngest son, Charles , later the first Angevin king of Sicily. In 1290, Margaret married Charles of Valois , the younger brother of king Philip IV of France . He became Count of Anjou in her right. In 1328, Philip of Valois ascended

3192-430: Was named Count of Anjou and Maine ; the feudal County of Anjou was a western vassal state of the Kingdom of France , which the Capetians had wrested from the House of Plantagenet only a few decades earlier. Charles married an heiress of the County of Provence named Beatrice of Provence . She was a member of the House of Barcelona ; this meant Charles' holdings were growing as Count of Provence . After fighting in

3249-582: Was the ruler of the County of Anjou , first granted by King Charles the Bald of West Francia in the 9th century to Robert the Strong . Ingelger and his son, Fulk the Red , were viscounts until Fulk assumed the title of count. Ingelger's male line ended with Geoffrey II . Subsequent counts of Anjou were descended from Geoffrey's sister Ermengarde and Count Geoffrey II of Gâtinais . Their agnatic descendants, who included

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